Enriching Knowledge for the SS Tourism and

Hospitality Studies Series:

Destination Geography– Basic Concepts of

World Geography and Attractions (New)

高中旅遊與款待課程知識增益系列：

地理名勝 – 世界地理及景點的基本概念 (新辦)

Dr Dave CHAN 陳駿輝博士

Instructor 香港理工大學酒店及
School of Hotel and Tourism Management 旅遊業管理學院導師
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
 Our Agenda Today
14:30 – 14:35 簡介 Introduction

14:35 – 15:50 世界地理的基本概念 Basic Concepts of World Geography

問與答 Q&A

15:50 – 16:00 小休 Break

16:00 – 17:30 旅遊景點 Tourist Attractions

問與答 Q&A
Basic Concepts of
World Geography
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

1. Hemispheres

• The world is split by degrees North

and South of the equator.
• Northern Hemisphere and Southern
Hemisphere

• The world can be divided by into

Eastern and Western Hemispheres
dividing by the Atlantic Ocean
Source: Encyclopedia Britannica
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

2. Continents

• The world has seven continents

• North and South America (sometimes referred to as one continent called ‘The Americas’)
• Europe
• Africa
• Asia
• Australasia (including Oceania)
• Antarctica
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

North America

• Consists of Canada, the United States of America (USA) and Mexico

• Continent spreads over eight time zones and including most of the
world’s climates

• Urban and ethnically diverse populations

• Rich variety of landforms

• Accounts for 15 % of global tourist arrivals and for 23% of all receipts*

• Tourism and lifestyle highly dependent on cars (Over 80% of holiday trips are taken
by car)
* UNWTO, International Tourism Highlights, 2020 Edition
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Major Tourism Characteristics in North America

• Tourism is an important element in the quality of life of resident of North America

most spend 1/5 of their time on leisure activities*

• Diversified attractions

• Pioneers in designing the national parks system

• Banff National Park in Canada
• Yellowstone National Park in USA

*IBISWorld Consulting Company 2022, Business Environment

Profiles – United States
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Major Tourism Characteristics in North America

• Urban tourism can be found in major cities

• New York, San Francisco, Los Angles, Washington, Miami, Vancouver, Toronto, Montreal

• Apart from city attractions North America features thousands of square kilometers
of wilderness and natural areas where camping, river rafting, fishing and hunting
are the major attractions.

• Mexico forms the continental bridge to Central America

• Attractions are mainly based on the heritage of cultures such as the Aztec and Maya Indians
• Also well known for its beach resorts in places such as Cozumel, Acapulco and Cancun and for
its capital
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

South America
• Landforms of South America
• Plains
• Hills
• Plateaus e.g. The Plateaus of Brazil and Guiana

• Mountains e.g. The Andes which stretching from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile

• River Lowlands e.g. The Amazon basin in northern Brazil

• High inflation rate and interest rate

• The economic gap between the rich and poor in most South American nations is
considered to be larger than in most other continents
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

South America

• South America can be divided into 3 distinct cultural

regions:
1. The Andes countries
• Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, & Chile
2. The middle-latitude countries
• Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay
3. Brazil
• Both its size and cultural distinctiveness is a region by
itself

• Influenced by the historical connection with Europe

(Spain & Portugal) and the U.S.
• With the exception of Brazil, the language most spoken on
the continent is Spanish.
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Major Tourism Characteristics in South America

• Tourism in South America takes place in a variety cities

• Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)(里約熱內盧), Buenos Aires (Argentina) (布宜諾斯艾利斯), Santiago de Chile
(Chile) (聖地牙哥)and Lima (Peru) (利馬).

• Access to South America usually requires tourists to use air transport or to approach
aboard a cruise vessel.

• South America receives less than 2.5% of the world’s international tourist arrivals*

• This continent remains a destination for the wealthy or adventurous travelers,

because:
• High cost of air fares
• Lack of charter flights

* UNWTO, International Tourism Highlights, 2020 Edition

1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Tourism in South America

• Notable attractions:
• Natural attractions
• The Amazon basin (亞馬遜平原) - the world’s largest tropical rainforest can still be found (but
it is under threat from extensive logging)
• Waterfalls of Iguazu (伊瓜蘇瀑布) on the border of Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil
• The Atacama desert in Chile (阿他加馬沙漠)- rainfall is hardly ever recorded
• The high mountain ranges of the Andes (安第斯山脈)–the volcanic mountains that run down
the west coast of Central America.

• Man-made (or historical) attractions

• Machu Picchu (馬丘比丘), Christ the Redeemer (救世基督像), Cusco (庫斯科), Easter Island (復
活節島)
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Europe

• Europe’s surface area covers more than 10 million square kilometers, that is, one
fourth of Asia.

• The third most populated area in the world, behind China and India.

• Europe is a region of immense economic, social and cultural diversity

• 35 official languages, plus 222 secondary languages (e.g. Basque, Welsh, Gaelic, Irish, Sardinian,
etc.)

• Religion – Catholicism, Protestant, Orthodox, Muslim…

• Strong economies in the region  a major tourist generating region

1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Europe – Land Area and Regions

It has 5 major geographic areas, each comprising large European regions:

Northern Europe Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom

Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,

Western Europe
Monaco, Netherlands, Switzerland

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Former

U.S.S.R., Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania,
Central and Eastern Europe
Poland, Rep Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

Albania, Andorra, Bosnia Herzegovina, Croatia, F.Yug.Rp. Macedonia,

Southern Europe Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia & Montenegro,
Slovenia, Spain

East Mediterranean Europe Cyprus, Israel, Turkey

1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Major Tourism Characteristics in Europe

1. Seasonality
• Seasonality is a major issue in European tourism
• Reasons: Climate and traditions

2. Choice of Travel Product

• Europeans continue to take more, but shorter trips
• Short-break city and cultural tourism is growing rapidly
• Tourists are tiring of the all-inclusive format of tour
• Beach tourism still dominates the European product, other sectors of tourism are also increasing
• The market is also moving increasingly towards holidays that involve active pursuits, and/or
exposure to local society and culture
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Major Tourism Characteristics in Europe

3. Mode of Travel
• Overland travel is still dominant, because of many short-cross-border trips
• The popularity of car and train for leisure-based trips is decreasing
• On the other hand, use of air travel is increasing, which is encouraged by the growth of Low -
cost Carriers (LCC)(低成本航空公司)

4. Intra-regional Tourism (區域性旅遊)

• Intra-regional flows of tourism dominate European tourism, but their share is decreasing
• Traditional north-south holidays are still a significant feature of European domestic tourism, but
east-west travel is also growing rapidly

5. Inbound Tourism (入境旅遊)

• France, Italy and Spain are in the lead, not just for the region, but also for the world
• The bulk of tourism in Europe is generated from within the region
• Outside the region, the U.S.A. is a major market
• Mainland China is also a fast growing tourist market for Europe
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Major Tourism Characteristics in Europe

6. Outbound Tourism (出境旅遊)

• Long-haul destinations are growing in popularity
• Asia
• North / South / Central America
• Africa
• Purpose of outbound travel*
• 55% for leisure
• 11% for business
• 28% for VFR (Visiting Friends and Families)

7. Tourism Market Segments

• Europe’s population exceeds 500 million, which represents a very significant tourism market for
both within the region and elsewhere around the world
• Significant market segments for growth of tourism will be those aged over 55, and those aged
under 25 of age
* UNWTO, International Tourism Highlights, 2020 Edition
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Asia
• Stretches from Turkey in the West to Japan, and from the tundra of Siberia to the
islands of Indonesia.
• Inhabited by a great variety of people and their cultures and amazing diversity of
landscapes
• Combination of busy urban centres of China, Japan and South Korea
• Historical and cultural attractions like the Great Wall or Angkor Wat
• Divided into 3 regions
• East Asia
• Southeast Asia
• South Asia
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Major Tourism Characteristics in Asia

• East Asia
• A long traditional of civilization and
human occupancy, with China
being the world’s most populous
country

• Modern Chinese, Japanese, and

Korean cultures are reach
distinctive

• Combination of busy urban centres

of China, Japan and South Korea

• Historical and cultural attractions

like the Great Wall or Angkor Wat
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Major Tourism Characteristics in Asia

• Southeast Asia
• A group of diverse tropical countries between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

• Cultures influenced by both India and China and hosting large communities of Overseas
Chinese

• Pristine beaches, with white sand and crystal water in Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia

• Rich culture and religious resources from the Muslim countries (Indonesia, Malaysia), Buddhist
countries (Thailand, Laos, Cambodia) and Christian (Philippines)

• A favorite corner of the world for globe-tramping backpackers, well-known for its perfect
beaches, tasty cuisine, friendly hospitable locals, low prices, and good air connections.
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Major Tourism Characteristics in Asia

• South Asia
• Major destinations: Nepal, India, Pakistan, Sri
Lanka, Maldives
• The population is concentrated in the river
basin
• Tourism is localised in relatively few countries
and places in the region, such as the
Himalayan Mountains
• Underdeveloped infrastructure and
transportation hinder the accessibility of rural
destinations
• Personal safety and political problems retard
the growth of tourism
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Africa
• Second only to Asia, the entire continent of Africa totals 11,685,000 square miles,
covering 20.4% to the world’s total land area
• The part of Africa south of the Sahara is itself a large area, totaling approximately 9
million square miles
• There are around 60 countries in this continent, accommodating 19.3% of the
world’s human population*
• Africa is the most multilingual continent in the world. UNESCO has estimated that
around 2000 languages are spoken in Africa
• Africa is a land of poverty, with the lowest per capita incomes in the world
• In many countries, income of US$100 a year or less is the norm

* The World Bank Group, World Population Open Data 2021

1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Africa

• The most sparsely populated and least visited

continent

• Only a very limited number of countries in

Africa have a vibrant tourism industry.

• The continent only receives 5% of world tourist

arrivals and only 3% of tourism receipts*

• The main tourist-receiving countries in Africa

are:
• Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, The Gambia, Kenya,
Tanzania, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa

* UNWTO, International Tourism Highlights, 2020 Edition

1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Major Tourism Characteristics in Africa

• It accounts for 4.8% of the world’s international

tourist arrivals in 2019*

• Subsaharan Africa received the majority of

international visitors*

• Most attractions are based on the local culture and

heritage, natural features and wildlife

• Tourism is limited in Africa

• Low level of Accessibility
• Low level of economic development
• Poor Organization
• Political instability
• Perceived health and safety risks
• Doubtful investment environment

* UNWTO, International Tourism Highlights, 2020 Edition

1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Major Tourism Characteristics in Africa

There are 5 tourism regions in Africa:
1. North Africa
• Accounts for the largest share of international tourist arrivals (more than 1/3)
• Countries in this region include Algeria, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia
• Accounts for 36.6% of tourist arrival in Africa*

2. Southern Africa
• This is the second important tourism region in Africa
• Other countries in this region include Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, and Eswatini (Swaziland)

• South Africa, East Africa, West Africa and Central Africa are merged as Subsaharan Africa
in tourism arrival statistics, which accounts for 63.4% of tourist arrivals of Africa*

* UNWTO, International Tourism Highlights, 2020 Edition

1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Major Tourism Characteristics in Africa

3. East Africa
• East Africa ranked third in terms of international tourist arrivals
• Among the 17 destinations in this region, Zimbabwe, Kenya and Mauritius are the most
popular

4. West Africa
• West Africa is not a significant tourism region
• Senegal is the most popular destination in West Africa

5. Central Africa
• Central Africa is the least visited destination in Africa
• There is even no official tourist arrival statistics released by countries like Central Africa
Republic, Congo, Gabon, etc
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Oceania
• The continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean
• Mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast
• Pacific: the world’s largest and deepest body of water
• 1/3 of the earth’s surface
• Climate
• generally arid to semiarid
• temperate in south and east
• tropical in north
• the north of New Zealand is subtropical and the south temperate
• No formal territorial claims were made until 1770, when Capt. James COOK took possession
of Australia in the name of Great Britain.
• Six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th centuries; they federated and became
the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
• Long-term concerns include pollution, particularly depletion of the ozone layer, and
management and conservation of coastal areas, especially the Great Barrier Reef.
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Major Tourism Characteristics in Oceania

• Australia and New Zealand benefited from:

• their larger size
• close cultural and economic ties to Europe and North America
• highly developed economies
• high literacy levels, high incomes, large amount of leisure time

• Travel by air – International and domestic

• Travel by rail or road. Australia has a vast network of well-maintained roads and
highways with some of the most beautiful road touring in the world.

• Number of arrivals are relatively small due to

• their long distance
• transportation links with other parts of the world are weak
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Major Tourism Characteristics in Oceania

Australia
• The wonderful variety of Australia’s culture is reflected in its cities. Each offers its own distinct character
reflected in design, arts, food and entertainment experiences.
• Sydney, Adelaide, Cairns, Melbourne
• Islands of natural wonders, colonial heritage and wildlife
• Queensland islands
• Tasmania & its islands
• Kangaroo Island
• Beaches
• Coastline of Queensland
• Gold Coast Rainforest and mountains
• Blue Mountains
• Tropical North Queensland
• Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves
1.1 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans 半球、大陸和海洋簡介

Major Tourism Characteristics in Oceania

New Zealand

• The country has strong ties with the United Kingdom

• Emphasis on landscape and eco-tourism, the average length of stay is between 19-22 days
(1996-2016)*

• Maori culture is part of the aboriginal culture, the tourism resource for New Zealand

• North Island
• Auckland
• Rotorua

• South Island
• Christchurch
• Southern Alps: Mt. Cook
• Fjordland National Park
* Stats NZ 2017
Climate Zones and Seasonality
of Destinations
1.2 Climate Zones and Seasonality of Destinations 名勝的氣候帶及季節性

• Geographical characteristics determine the nature of tourism resources in

destination

• Resources in destination affect the attractiveness to tourists

• 3 types of geographical resources in a destination:

a) Physical
• Climate, landforms, vegetation and wildlife, natural beauty
b) Human
• Language, food and clothing, religion, architectural styles
c) Economic
• Infrastructure, superstructure
1.2 Climate Zones and Seasonality of Destinations 名勝的氣候帶及季節性

Primary factors affecting the climate of a location

• Climatic Resources
• Latitude (circle the globe in an east/west direction)
• Mountains – Higher altitude, lower temperature
• Proximity to major bodies of water
• Land surface heat and cool quickly, and water bodies heat and cool slowly. This
phenomenon affects the temperature of a place. Proximity to major bodies of water also
affects the humidity of a place
• Prevailing wind and ocean current pattern
• Ocean current can raise or lower the temperature of nearby land masses – depending on
where the ocean current comes from
1.2 Climate Zones and Seasonality of Destinations 名勝的氣候帶及季節性
Climate Zone Example Rain Fall Temperature Seasons
Hot-Equatorial Singapore Average 27.2 °C Very humid at all times; wettest from
炎熱 — 赤度 241.3cm per November to January; temperature
annum fairly constant all year
Hot-Tropical Northern Australia, Average153.4c 26.7 °C A short rainy season; generally warm
炎熱 — 熱帶 Coastal Regions m per annum and dry

Hot-Desert Sahara Less than Can drop to 0 °C at Climate constant throughout year
炎熱 — 荒漠 12.7cm per night; rising to 54.4 °C
annum during the day
Temperate Warm Rome, Italy Average Winter 7 °C ; summer Distinct changes from Spring,
/Mediterranean 65.7cm per 25 °C Summer, Autumn and Winter
溫和 — 暖溫帶／地中海 annum
Temperate-Cool Edinburgh, Average Winter 3.5 °C ; summer Distinct Spring, Summer, Autumn
溫和 — 涼溫帶 Scotland 65.3cm per 14.5 °C and Winter
annum
Cold Scandinavia Average Winter -8.9 °C ; summer Long winters changing quickly to
寒冷 (South) 58.5cm per 15.6 °C short summers
annum
Arctic/Polar Antarctic Interior Less than 5cm As low as -88.3 °C Almost continual darkness in winter
北極／極地 changing to continual day light in
summer
1.2 Climate Zones and Seasonality of Destinations 名勝的氣候帶及季節性

Climates of the World - Tropical Climates

(Hot-Equatorial/ Hot-Tropical)

• Near equator

• No winter

• High temperature

• Humid with high rainfall

• The tropical climate is closest to the equator, rainfall all year e.g. Hawaii
• The tropical savannas has a distinct dry season e.g. Caribbean, Mexico, Kenya
• Driest month: less than 60mm-rainfall normally can find this at the outer margins of the tropical zone, inner-
tropical location
1.2 Climate Zones and Seasonality of Destinations 名勝的氣候帶及季節性

Relations Between Climates and Travel Activities

- Dry Climates (Hot Desert)

• Desert and steppe regions

• Deserts are those areas that are very dry, with

less than 10 inches of rain per year
• E.g. Sahara, Arizona

• Minimal travel activities/ adventure travel

1.2 Climate Zones and Seasonality of Destinations 名勝的氣候帶及季節性

Mesothermal Humid Climates (Temperate Warm, Temperate-Cool )

• The mesothermal humid climates occupy the middle latitudes

• Temperatures are either warmer because of the latitude location or moderated by

the water and winds
• Mediterranean climate (地中海型氣候)
• dry and hot summers and moist and mild winters, ideal summer tourist destination
• Marine west coast climate (海洋性氣候)
• relatively moderate temperatures all year, with no dry season, e.g. London, Paris, and
Seattle
• Humid subtropical climate (亞熱帶濕潤氣候)
• hot summers and mid winters, e.g. Orlando and other Florida cities
1.2 Climate Zones and Seasonality of Destinations 名勝的氣候帶及季節性

Microthermal Humid Climates (Humid Continental Climate) (Cold Climate Zone)

• In the middle latitudes but has cooler winters

• Cold snowy winters alternate with warm humid summer

• e.g. Toronto, Alaska, Moscow

• Seasonal travel activities between May-Sept

1.2 Climate Zones and Seasonality of Destinations 名勝的氣候帶及季節性

Polar Climates (Arctic/Polar)

• Polar climates include subarctic, tundra and ice-

cap climates

• Limited tourism, restricted tourism season

• Tourism is associated with hunting, fishing,

camping and naturalist-related activities like
animal photography
• e.g. Arctic and Antarctica

• More commercial travel activities due to global

warming Source: Encyclopedia
Britannica
1.2 Climate Zones and Seasonality of Destinations 名勝的氣候帶及季節性

Climate Elements Associated With Tourists Needs and Comfort Level

• Climate is an attraction
• Temperature & relative humidity
• High temperature and humidity – Heat Stroke
• High temperature with low humidity - Dehydration

• Wind
• Reduces Heat
• Too windy  Make Body Chilling
• Affect the outdoor activities

• Rainfall, cloud cover and sunshine

• Enhance tourists’ holidays if the weather is fine
• Affect the attractiveness of a destination
1.2 Climate Zones and Seasonality of Destinations 名勝的氣候帶及季節性

Seasonality

• People travel to escape from unpleasant

weather and climatic condition
• E.g. People in the northern parts of the United States
and in Canada escape their winters by heading
south to places such as Florida.
• E.G. Europeans from Sweden, Norway, Finland,
Great Britain or Germany escape their winter
climates by flying to countries such as Spain,
Portugal, Greece and Turkey or even as far a the
Canary Islands or the Maldives.

• Sunny destinations could be safe for travel (self-

driving)
• E.g. Maldives and Caribbean
1.2 Climate Zones and Seasonality of Destinations 名勝的氣候帶及季節性

Seasonality

• Best time to travel to some destinations based on their climate features

Case Destination Best months to Average Avoid Reasons
No. travel Temperature
1. Caribbean cruise January to April 24 - 29°C July to early of Hurricane season
December
2. Sydney Australia September to 13 - 22°C December to Hottest months and
November February most rain in February

3. Sapporo Japan December to -4.9 – 4.7°C February Peak snow season

March
4. Kenya January to 14 – 34°C April to June Rainy seasons and
March and October to flooding often occurs
December
1.2 Climate Zones and Seasonality of Destinations 名勝的氣候帶及季節性

Climate Change

• Long-term significant change in weather patterns that local people consider to be the
normal weather for their specific region.

Impact to Tourism Activities

• Tourism will be impacted by a changing climate in many ways.

• E.g. Low altitude ski resorts may have to close if there is insufficient snowfall.
• E.g. Low lying islands in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean may be submerged if sea levels rise
significantly.

• Climate will lead to a displacement of local populations and to the collapse of the tourism
industry.

• We all play our part in minimizing our negative impacts on the environment.
1.3 GMT, UTC, International Day Line and Time Zones
格林威治時間 、協調世界時、國際日期線及時區的定義

GMT (Greenwich Mean Time格林威治時間)

• World time is understood in relation to longitudinal location

• The Meridian passing through the Principal Transit Instrument (主要中星儀) (the
telescope) at the Observatory at Greenwich, in London was to be the Prime
Meridian (本初子午線)

• The meridian marking the change of date at 180 degrees is called the
International Date Line (國際換日線)

• The surface of the earth is divided into 24 time zones (=24-hour clock)
Source: Gisgeography.com
1.3 GMT, UTC, International Day Line and Time Zones
格林威治時間 、協調世界時、國際日期線及時區的定義

Co-ordinated Universal Time (UTC)/ Zulu Time

• Replaced Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) as the World standard for time in 1982
• UTC uses precise atomic clocks
• reliable, accurate standard for scientific and navigational purposes
• Standard time zone for the Prime Meridian remains unchanged

Time zones need to be considered when people travel on long flights.

Twenty-four Time Zones (二十四個時區)
• East and west of Greenwich with the International Date Line lying along the 180°
line of longitude
• 12 time zones to the east and 12 time zones to the west
• Most adjacent time zones are exactly one hour apart, and by convention
compute their local time as an offset from UTC
1.4 Latitude and Longitude 經緯度 North latitude: extends from 0º (at the
equator) to 90º (North Pole)
What is Latitude (緯度)?
• Circles the globe in an east/west direction
• North and south latitudes are measured parallel lines
located north and south of the equator respectively
South latitude: extends from 0º (at the
• That the measurement is subdivided into minutes and equator) to 90º (South Pole)
seconds north or south latitude Source: Time and Date AS
1.4 Latitude and Longitude 經緯度

What is Longitude (經度)?

• Longitude - is a measure of a point eastward and
westward respect to the prime meridian of
Greenwich
• Prime meridian - base point of reference
• Since the earth is circular, it has 360 degrees of
Prime Meridian is at 0° and there
longitude are 180 degrees in both east and
• In 1884, the Greenwich meridian as the universal west directions.
prime meridian or zero point of longitude Source: Time and Date AS
Q&A
Tourist Attractions
and Destinations
Tourist Attractions
and Destinations
2.1 Tourism Attractions and Destinations 旅遊景點與目的地

• ‘Attractions’ are generally single units, individual sites or very small, easily
delimited geographical areas based on a single key feature.

• ‘Destinations’ are larger areas that include a number of individual attractions

together with the support services required by tourists.
Swarbrooke (2003)

• Popular attractions will grow into important tourist destinations.

• Services and facilities such as hotels, restaurants and shops would gather
around the attractions for serving the tourists.
• E.g. Orlando (USA) – Disney World
• E.g. Luxor (Egypt) - Pyramids
• E.g. Dubai (UAE) – Burj Al Arab
2.1 Tourism Attractions and Destinations 旅遊景點與目的地

Cluster of Attractions
• Attractions are the main pull factor of
tourist flow
• entices travelers to a destination and create
demand for other tourist services
• Marketing attractions = marketing destinations
• Attractiveness of a destination will be
different for different people
• E.g. students -> Korea
• Combination of attractions may help to
create a stronger tourist appeal

Source: Swarbrooke, J. (2003). The Development

and Management of Visitor Attractions, 2nd ed.
Oxford, UK: ButterworthHeinemann.
2.2 Role and Attributes of Attractions 景點的作用與特性

• Destinations
• Popular attractions facilitate the growth of a destination and services

• Transport
• New public transport services to meet the demand of visitors. E.g. The Disneyland Resort Line
• Have you ever travelled to Antarctica

• Tour Operations
• Attractions are vitally important to tour operators who put together in package holidays
• Tour operators provide special interest tour (SIT) to specialist attractions
• E.g. Wine tours to vineyards and tours for sports competition
2.2 Role and Attributes of Attractions 景點的作用與特性

1. High quality
• A pleasing clean appearance, offering smooth customer-oriented operations and procedures,
resource protection and friendly hospitality

2. Authenticity
• The distinctive local flavor of a community -> sense of place
• Does this attraction reflect the natural, cultural or economic heritage of the community?

3. Uniqueness
• The “edge” that sets an attraction in your community apart from the competition

4. Drawing Power
• Number of visitors who will travel a specified distance to visit your community and whether
they will return for repeat visits

5. Activity Options
• First impulse is to concentrate on buildings, sites and facilities.
• Does the attraction offer a varied and changing set of activities?
2.3 Typology of Attractions 景點的類型

Primary Attractions

• Main reason for taking a leisure trip, where visitors will spend most of their time vital
resources for a preferred activity or it is necessary to spend several hours
• E.g. beaches and theme parks

Secondary Attractions

• Visited on the way to and from the primary attractions

• Break a long journey, to provide an opportunity for eating and drinking, or to give
the trip some variety
• A compromise solution to please members of the family or party
2.3 Typology of Attractions 景點的類型
2.3 Typology of Attractions 景點的類型

1. Natural Attractions

a) Climate
• Climate itself is an attraction
• E.g. Alps of France and Switzerland

• Climatic elements are associated

with human comfort:
• Temperature
• Relative humidity
• Wind
2.3 Typology of Attractions 景點的類型

1. Natural Attractions

b) Physical Features and Scenery

• Landforms
• Mountains and hills
• Beaches, bays lagoons, and reefs
• Rivers and lakes
• Special natural phenomena
(volcanoes, hot springs)

• Natural vegetation and wildlife

• Observation of natural vegetation and
animals in their natural environment
• Hunting of wildlife (Wildlife safaris in
Kenya and South Africa
• Expensive hunting trips in Eastern Source: Goeldner, Charles R, Ritchie, J.R. Brent, Mcintosh,
Europe in Autumn Rober W, Tourism – Principles, Practices, Philosophies, 8th
ed., Wiley, 1999, p.217
2.3 Typology of Attractions 景點的類型
2.3 Typology of Attractions 景點的類型

2. Cultural Attractions a) Historic resources

• Each country and the various

cultural groups within a country
have their own unique history
which attracts many interested
tourists.
2.3 Typology of Attractions 景點的類型

b) Cultural and Customs • Why do tourists find historic/cultural resources

• Traditions attractive?
• Ancient relics of their own cultural origins (e.g.
• Art Colosseum in Rome)
• Appreciation of the beauty of the art and
• Handicrafts architecture (e.g. Taj Mahal in India)
• Historical/cultural meaning (e.g. Omaha beach in
• Food Normandy/ Summer Palace 頤和園 in Beijing)
• Tourists are interested in how other people live,
• Music and dance work and play. (e.g. Buckingham Palace)

• Lifestyle
2.3 Typology of Attractions 景點的類型

c. Religious Attractions d. Built Attractions/ Facilities

• Pilgrimages, meetings or visits to • Types of built attractions / facilities are

religious headquarters and historical board which may or may not be
sites. originally designed for tourists.
• Golden Gate Bridge
• BoC Tower (HK)
• The Great Wall
2.3 Typology of Attractions 景點的類型

3. Entertainment Attractions 4. Social Events and Festivals (Events)

• Theme and Amusement Parks • Sports events

• Zoos • Arts and culture

• Aquariums • Commercial events

• Science Museums
2.3 Typology of Attractions 景點的類型

5. Recreation

• Sunbathing

• Nightlife

• Gambling

• Skiing

• Hunting and fishing

• Shopping
2.4 Supply Side Aspects of
Tourism and Its Role in the
Process of Tourist
Destination Image
Formation

旅遊業各方面的資源
及其對塑造旅遊目的地形象的作用
2.5 Impacts of COVID-19
Pandemic on Tourist
Destinations and Attractions

2019冠狀病毒病疫情對旅遊目的地
和景點的影響

SCMP, 26 Oct 2022

2.5 Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourist Destinations and Attractions
2019冠狀病毒病疫情對旅遊目的地和景點的影響

Imapct to the destinations

• International tourist arrivals

• International tourism receipts

• Vulnerability of destinations
• Tourism as share of GDP
• Tourism as share in total exports
• International tourism as share of total tourism (including domestic)

• Jobs and income

• Phuket, Maldives, Bali, etc
2.5 Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourist Destinations and Attractions
2019冠狀病毒病疫情對旅遊目的地和景點的影響

• Current Air Travel Regulations • Destination-specific Restrictions

• Flight suspensions • Attractions
• Entry restrictions • Events
• Quarantine • Facilities
• Restriction level • Accommodation
• COVID-19 test • Food and Drinks
• Transit through the country
• Health Regulations • Public transport
• Health Protocols • Stay-at-home requirements
• Mask policies
2.5 Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourist Destinations and Attractions
2019冠狀病毒病疫情對旅遊目的地和景點的影響

Tourism back to 1990 levels as arrivals fall by more than 70%

• International arrivals to decline by 70% to 75% for the whole of 2020.
• 1 billion fewer arrivals and a loss of some US$ 1.1 trillion in international tourism receipts.

Source: UNWTO
2.5 Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourist Destinations and Attractions
2019冠狀病毒病疫情對旅遊目的地和景點的影響

• Models/ studies were outdated to reflect the latest situation

• Impact of COVID-19 is not limited to Hong Kong, or some industries

• Changes were permanent

Source: Forbes Source: Express.co.uk

Source: The Guardian

Source: Los Angles Times

2.5 Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourist Destinations and Attractions
2019冠狀病毒病疫情對旅遊目的地和景點的影響

>25%

>90%

Source: UNWTO
 Source: UNWTO

>90%
>25%
Airlines (Except Cargo) – The Biggest Loser Under the Pandemic

• Highly competitive

• High investment cost

• High operating cost

• Maintenance cost

• Fuel cost

• Low-profit margin
2.5 Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourist Destinations and Attractions
2019冠狀病毒病疫情對旅遊目的地和景點的影響

Measures Taken (Hong Kong)

• $3.88 billion funding commitment to support the travel trade, including providing
seven rounds of direct financial support to the travel trade through the Anti-
epidemic Fund (AEF)
• 1 700 travel agents
• around 21 000 practitioners covering travel agent staff, tourist guides, tour escorts, and drivers of
tour service coaches
• 2 100 hotels and guesthouses
2.5 Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourist Destinations and Attractions
2019冠狀病毒病疫情對旅遊目的地和景點的影響

Examples
Source: Digital Giza
Educational
Resources

Source: HKFP, BBC Chinese,

Royal Caribbean Group
Destination Geography– Basic Concepts of World
Geography and Attractions (New)

世界地理的基本概念 Basic Concepts of World Geography

- 半球、大陸和海洋 Hemispheres, Continents and Oceans
- 旅遊目的地的氣候帶及季節性 Climate Zones and Seasonality of Destinations
- 格林威治時間 (GMT)、協調世界時(UTC)、國際日期線及時區 GMT, UTC,
International Day Line and Time Zones
- 經緯度 Latitude and Longitude

旅遊景點 Tourist Attractions

- 景點的作用與特性 Roles and Attributes of Attractions
- 景點的類型 Typology of Attractions
- 旅遊業各方面的資源及其對塑造旅遊目的地形象的作用
Supply Side Aspects of Tourism and Its Role in the Process of Tourist Destination
Image Formation
- 2019冠狀病毒病疫情對旅遊目的地和景點的影響 Impacts of COVID-19
Pandemic on Tourist Destinations and Attractions
Q&A
 Thank You
Dr Dave CHAN 陳駿輝博士
Instructor 香港理工大學酒店及
School of Hotel and Tourism Management 旅遊業管理學院導師
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

[email protected] 3400 2295