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Tugas DB

1. Sound is defined as energy waves of particle displacement within an elastic medium that triggers the sensation of hearing. 2. The decibel scale is used to measure sound intensity on a logarithmic scale and is a relative measure with different reference levels including sound pressure level, hearing level, and sensation level. 3. Sound pressure level (SPL) measures sound strength using decibels referenced to micropascals, with 0 dB SPL being the lowest sound pressure level audible to normal human ears.

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Eveline Sabrina Ranti
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28 views

Tugas DB

1. Sound is defined as energy waves of particle displacement within an elastic medium that triggers the sensation of hearing. 2. The decibel scale is used to measure sound intensity on a logarithmic scale and is a relative measure with different reference levels including sound pressure level, hearing level, and sensation level. 3. Sound pressure level (SPL) measures sound strength using decibels referenced to micropascals, with 0 dB SPL being the lowest sound pressure level audible to normal human ears.

Uploaded by

Eveline Sabrina Ranti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ACOUSTICS

1. Sound: energy waves of particle displacement, both compression (more dense) and
rarefaction (less dense) within an elastic medium; triggers sensation of hearing.
2. Amplitude of sound: extent of vibratory movement from rest to furthest point from rest
in compression and rarefaction phases of energy waves.
3. Intensity of sound: amount of sound energy through an area per time; refers to sound
strength or magnitude; psychoacoustic correlate is loudness.
4. Sound pressure: sound force (related to acceleration) over a surface per unit time.
5. Decibel (dB): unit to express intensity of sound; more specifically the logarithm of the
ratio of two sound intensities. One-tenth of a Bel (named for Alexander Graham Bell).
6. Frequency: number of cycles (complete oscillations) of a vibrating medium per unit
of time; psychoacoustic correlate is pitch. Time of one cycle is period.
7. Hertz (Hz): in acoustics, unit to express frequency (formerly cycles per second or cps).
Human ear capable of hearing from approximately 20 to 20,000 Hz.
8. Pure tone: single-frequency sound; rarely occurs in nature.
9. Complex sound: sound comprising more than one frequency.
10. Noise: aperiodic complex sound. Types of noise frequently used in clinical audiology
are white noise (containing all frequencies in the audible spectrum at average equal
amplitudes), narrow band noise (white noise with frequencies above and below a center
frequency filtered out or reduced), and speech noise (white noise with frequencies
above 3000 and below 300 Hz reduced by a filter). However, the term “noise” can also
mean any unwanted sound.
11. Resonant frequency: frequency at which a mass vibrates with the least amount of
external force. Determined by elasticity, mass, and frictional characteristics of the
medium. Natural resonance of external auditory canal is 3000 Hz; of middle ear, 800
to 5000 Hz, mostly 1000 to 2000 Hz; of tympanic membrane, between 800 and 1600
Hz; of ossicular chain, between 500 and 2000 Hz.

The Decibel
The decibel scale is:
1. A logarithmic expression of the ratio of two intensities
2. Nonlinear (eg, the energy increase from 5 to 7 dB is far greater than the increase from
1 to 3 dB because it is a logarithmic scale)
3. A relative measure (ie, 0 dB does not indicate the absence of sound)

4. Expressed with different reference levels, such as, sound pressure level, hearing level,
and sensation level

Sound Pressure Level


The referent of sound pressure level (SPL) is the most common measure of sound strength.
1. Decibels SPL are currently usually referenced to micropascals (but can be referenced to
dynes per centimeter squared or microbars).
2. Sound pressure is related to sound intensity.
3. The formula for determining the number of decibels is:
dB Intensity = 10 log Io/Ir
where,
Io = intensity of output sound being measured
Ir = intensity of reference
However, intensity is proportional to pressure squared, as:
I ∝ p2
∴ dB SPL = 10 log (po
2/pr
2) or
dB SPL = 10 log (po/pr)2
= 10 × 2 log (po/pr)
= 20 log (po/pr)
where,
po = pressure of the output of sound being measured
pr = pressure of the reference, usually 20 μPa.

Hearing Level
When the reference is hearing level (HL):
1. Zero dB HL at any frequency is the average lowest intensity perceived by normal ears
50% of the time.
2. This scale (dB HL) was developed because the ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies.
The human ear, for example, cannot perceive 0 dB SPL at 250 Hz; rather, a
250-Hz sound must be raised to 26.5 dB SPL before it is heard. This level is assigned
the value 0 dB HL. The referent is to normal ears (Table 2-1).
3. This scale takes into account differences in human sensitivity for the various frequencies:
normal hearing is 0 dB HL across the frequency range rather than 47.5 dB SPL at 125 Hz,
26.5 dB SPL at 250 Hz, 13.5 dB SPL at 500 Hz, 7.5 dB SPL at 1000 Hz, and so on.
4. HL is the reference used on clinical audiometers.

Sensation Level
When the reference is sensation level (SL):
1. The referent is an individual’s threshold.
2. Zero dB SL is the level of intensity at which an individual can just perceive a sound
in 50% of the presentations (ie, “threshold”).
3. For example, if a person has a threshold of 20 dB HL at 1000 Hz, 50 dB SL for that
individual would equal 70 dB HL.

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