CHAPTER:2.PHOBIAS AGAINST PSXCHOLOGICAL BALANCE2. PHOBIAS AGAINST YCOLOGICAL hoblas sre pecuizar absurd fears that the person fools tut is unable to ox~ plain cr overcene, ‘The judge- ment on which such feelings ure regarded, as normal or abnottal, depends primarily on the degree to which they inca pseitate or distress the indi- vidusl end on the extent to which be understands the ori- gin and significance of the fear BALANCE 1, abporgul i sychology. & €linies] aproach to Psycho- eal Deviants. By: Janes Rew York & London. 11 Hook Co. Inc. Dictionary of Esychology. yard C, Vatren. afflin man's mind. Contiitutors: gotha H. bowley, Ph. D. In this chapter Phobias are dealt with according to otherwise normal individual and how they experience pho- bias and why ? There are many kinds of Phobias e.g. Agora Fhobia: places. Claustre Phovii closed places. Acrophobia: Fear of high-places Nyeto Phobia: Fear of darkness. Ochlophobia: Fear of cronds. oo Phobia: Fear of animals or car of open rar of ary Collins, Ph. D. Fret, Be Sc. R.G. Gordon, F +) 3 Patricia fant, "Ll4l; ALG. Mewle, 2 Arthur Tinsent, fae, £.Sc. Fercival Smith, b.A.’Odhans Fress Ltd., Long cr London. 2a of a certain particular aninal. AGORA FHOBIA: Fear of Open Places. We can say that due to social or economical or cli- matical reasons, or all of them, sone sort of a buddled or clustered Housing might occur which in turn results in the dueller's acquaintance with certain limits in space thus, out of these limits in space, Agora-Phobia is born ard developed in such a dweller. Examples of Agora-Phobia can be soon in Sima Oasis through the case of the old city of Shali where the whole city was a cluster of housing on a rocky bill, and due to the intensity and increase of the population they had to 42.ove sone of the families live in the open valley She result was, that the lies ani especial- the old aged wore very un- long years ith confinement nC, and absolu- ell in this nyitenuont, Soe f any person watches a mall enild, he will notice ie tried to ES Gf Arch: tences, tecwure' org Schulz, Fig. Lab ola city of Sbali, Sina Oasis on a rocky Hill, Reff. (Photo taken)Figs lee Kew city Sbali, the new building in the open Valley. Fig. 1.d Oldeity of Shalt, Siwa Oasis on a rocky Bini. Anduce a feeling of enclosure in the Unite d'Habitation at Warseilles in the planning of tho parapet arcund the child- ren's playgroun:on top of the building. The inclination of the parapet was for tke purpo= se of giving the child the feoling of being confined ina space; duc to the presexco of hills near the building, That is the inclined parapet gives a grading realization of the hills height and brings then nearer so that the child fools be is playing within an enclosure on the ground. Fis. 2 3in the towns cf the middle ages the streets were never left with open vistas, but were designed to always industryFig. 2. Unité Dihabitation at liarseilles. The roof of the fuilding a playsiound for children, Refi: architecture. The Appreciation of the arts/1 Sinclair Gauldie have a feeling of enclosure end, almost, always with a building of some importance as a focus on the turing point of the street; and a visual transition inducing at the came tine a continuity of differentiated spaces. Fig. 3 Thus we can say that the architects mst put in mind always to have a feeling of enclosure, but at the same time suggesting visually a continuation of space in the form of a succession of va~ rinted and aifforentiate streets and squares, ‘therefore the Arabs solved their design of streets curved, so that at every step there is a teoling of enclosure with a d erent view and a continuation of space. In the Pharaonic period another cymptom of Agora F bia is that the people could es not bear to leave blank spaces without filling it with Has- rolief and Hieroglyphs, but ne can at the sane time say that in thio way they bolgad in sol- ving another visuel problem which is the problem of the near scale, That the observer should also find new points of interest at the near scale of the building.The Arabs also filled wite arabesque geouetric patterns and fleuristic patterns. ‘The Arab due to his tiresome life in the esert, although be is a quainted with it, yet be gives bis back to the severe side of such spaces, (heat, dust, seni storms, nonoto- nous view, slare) amd accepts the soft and soothing side ef such spaces, that is wey he closes bis bouse to the outside ani turns it toxards an open court and pathio, open to the sky, whick be changes to a man - rade paradise by using cer- vain refresbing elenents, greenery & water: that is why he sleeps on the roof with bis face urwards to the endless sky, cool, enjoying the surmer nights. Also the Pharoes used the roofs of the temples for festivals in the summer ccol nights. However, we can say that the inhabitants of olé quar- ters or industriel slum areas, with their mixed social life and confined spaces, are never satisfied with big spaces end open views in newly planned Housing projects. CIAUSTRO PHOBIA: Fear of closed places. Ke can begin speaking about Cleustrophobia by point- ing out that those buman beings acquainted all their life with open ani wide spa- ces, are apt to feel Claustro— phobia when they are obliged to change their environment. One of the most apparent examples is the Fallab anc the inmigration of large nunters of fallabins to the city and their uneasiness witb srell confined rooms and narrow streets and linited views. Another example in the Cnsyad period is thet the Onaysd Caliphs and princess could not tear to live in their palaces in the middle of the eity of Damascus and built shell rest palaces (horror - vacui) for chase isolated in the syrian Sabera fax froz the citys and due to their insis- tence on cleanliness they built baths attached to them. e.g. Rusir Ara Fig. 4., Hammam EL Sarkh Fig. 5., Kasr Khorana. Generally speaking we cen say that in the bot regions (hot, dry & hot wet) usually 47."anra". Elam. of short accoun rehitecture™. Librairie Du iban fj is designed high for climatical reasons and in the cold regions ciclings ve be ted economically and easily ened 10 Fig. 5 Hamman as~Sarakh Refft 4 short account of Early Hoslim Arehitec— ture. Ke Ase Creswell. arly iuslin K.a.G. Cresnell This resulted in the people's acquaintance with this certain height, therefore ending in either Claustro phobia or Agora phobia. : en O If we look backwarés we will see that from old ages rooms very small scales 1 x 1p meters (prisons) were used for severe punishment and even in 48.convents suall rooms were used for colitoée, although they were xeaily use Tor the tor- ‘ure of onete soul, 20 that he would be sore near to the aleignty, but that 19 really due te the fact that the smal ler the room, the wore close As will ke to the coffin and tthe person feels suffocated. aie proven can be solved by opening the rooms fon eich other to give the feeling of wore open opace and this how severent bogan by Wrenk Ley Wright as 40 bturges House ot Rrentwood aut. California (2929). 3 min ein was For ard at the {ine helped Jn solving tue feoling of Cloustzophebia. Jonnie) reasen “towover, the height of ‘any space with respect to ite wiete was 0.8, Cordova, tthe great Mosque 585 ft x aio ft. Pig. 6 If a Dig space bave a enol height, thon Clauste phobia could be avoided ty Oitferentiating it into snal- ler spaces. ¢.g. restaurante with snail beights are eividea inte alooves te avoid Claus— ‘trophobia apd at the sane tine to maintain privacy in eating. Aso, Clavetrophobia could te solved by mirror walls or ¢iz- ferent colour planes; cold ‘oe History of Archites- Sir Banister Pletcher. Pigs 6+ Gordova: The Groat Koaque ‘The Genstruction of exchad: Reff. 4 short Account of Early Noslin deobitecture FAcc. Creavell. 496colours recede, while warm colours protrude. Yot Claustrophobia is nostly felt by small children in the age of action am the age of playing (begining at 4 yoors old), in any room with any space they will feel the salls closing in on them und the only way to make ther Teal at ease is by de- nin, for them large play grounds. Ze3e ACROPOLE-T Fear of nigh places. Thet 4s in bigh buildings. especially for those who have always lived in the greenery and in the desert where almost always horizontal planning is their most, Acro-Phobia is experienced on rising in more than one storey. However, this feeling could be avoided Uy many treatuents in the Perapets either by sradual- ly rising the height of the ra~ rapets with the grodually ris— ing from the gound. Secondly by widening the parapet so that the observer's view ie always upwards or horizontal. ‘Thirdly by the inclination of the parapet for the sane ain &. Le Cortusier's Unite ati bitation at barscilles. Fig. 2 Thus the main eie is to protect the observer from look- ing own. If we want to understand Acro phobia, we will find that the basis for this fear is the result of ground gravity and the fear of felling, therefore we can say that if the obser- ver does not see the ground or feel the height be will never experience Acro=phobia. ¢. Any person seated in 2 cero- plane, although bigher than any sky screper, will never experience dcro-phobia dus to the fact that he cannot define the line of earth and cannot sense the exact height. 2.4, HICTOFHORTA: Fear of darkness. Fear of darkness is con- nected with fear of danger and crine and deat, consequently connected with change of ievel or direction e.g. it is usual- ly felt in steirs, ramps, un- dorgrounds. ‘Thus we can solve this kind of phobie by strong lights and in places designed for the maxicum light in tue most nocd- ed points "For lights on thesioes of the stairs of any dezk spaces. e.g. Night clubs Cinecas, Theatres, Restau- rants, In the idole ages, prisons wore tilt in the undergrounds, and darkness woe used as a tormenting elesent reflected from the feline that one Lies in bis coffin in the ¢ar- kness. we can notice that in any country when a part oF streot has beon designed with an under pass and an over pass, we will find that the underpass is preferably for cars and the overpass for pedestrians due to the fect that the quick flow of cars permits the person to spend the least tine in the darkness of the underpass es- pecially if it tc not suffi- ciently lighted. gl.