FISH PRODUCTION

(PRESANTATION)

Afrostain Farmtech
Onward Marumura
 INTRODUCTION
 Fish
Production- growing, rearing and fattening of fish for
meat production.

What are the objectives of fish farming enterprise?

 To produce white meat that is demanded by the consumer
 To generate income from fish sales
The Fish industry in Zimbabwe
 Agriculture –mainstay of the economy of Zimbabwe
 Per capita fish consumption is very low, amounting to
about 2.2 kg in 2010.
 Lake harvest owning 90% market share
 In 2014, imports of fish and fishery products were valued
at USD 27.9 million and exports USD 15.3 million.
 Nearly 75% of fish farms produce their own seed while
about 14%
 Most of the farms (about 80%) grow tilapia, especially the
Nile tilapia.
The Fish industry in Zimbabwe
 Pieces of legislation for fisheries are embedded in the
Wildlife Act of ZPWMA
 Mazvikadei Fish Farm’, near Banket, established in the
1970s and producing about 50 tonnes of tilapia per
annum.
 The Lake Kariba fishery is currently overexploited
 On the aquaculture front, a new association, the
Zimbabwe Fish Producers Association (ZFPA) was
formed in 2016
Fish management system
 Fish ponds
 Fish cages (dams, lakes & rivers)
 Fish tanks
Tilapia breeds in Zimbabwe
 Mocambique Bream
 Green-headed Bream
 Red-breasted Bream
 Nile Tilapia
Mocambique Bream
 Adults are omnivorous.
 This fish is slowly becoming extinct due to excessive
capture in the Zimbabwe water bodies.
 It is a fast growing fish attaining 150g to 350g per year.
 It favors a temperature range of 20 to 35 degrees Celsius.
 This type of bream is a mouth brooder
Nile Tilapia
 It comes from the Nile River hence the name Nile tilapia.
 The Nile tilapia is very tolerant to varied conditions and does
well in warm waters with a temperature range of 22 to 35
degrees Celsius.
 The Nile tilapia is also a mouth brooder.
 It is a relatively fast grower reaching 230g to 500g in six
months to a year.
 This is the export fish for Zimbabwe and is farmed in most fish
farms because of its good growth rate and omnivorous feeding
habits.
 It is also well accepted in the market due to its good taste. Lake
Harvest Africa’s largest fish farm in Zimbabwe breed, farm and
export the Nile tilapia around the globe.
Green headed bream
 The Green-headed bream has a greenish colored head and
is a mouth brooder like the Mocambique bream.
 Its diet is, however different with microscopic plants e.g
algae providing most of its food sources.
 This bream is tolerant to cold water temperatures with its
lower limit being 12 to13 degrees Celsius.
 Growth is estimated at 150g to 200g per year in fish
ponds.
Red breasted bream
 This fish can be recognized by its reddish orange color on
the ventral part of the fish or on the breast of the fish.
 Adults of this fish tend to feed on higher plant matter.
 They are however, omnivorous and have been known to
predate on the eggs of the Mocambique bream if there are
insufficient amounts of organic material in the pond.
 The red-breasted bream is relatively a slow grower around
100g to 150g per year.
 Their ability to utilize vegetable matter e.g. grass cuttings,
vegetable scraps and various kitchen wastes makes them a
reasonable proposition for pond culture.
 The red breasted bream is a substrate spawner.
Tilapia breeds
Other Fish found in Zimbabwe

 Cat fish
 Common Carp
 Rainbow Trout
Breeding cycle of mouth brooders

The males and Female will lay

females pair off eggs in the nest.
Male will then
Males will fertilize the
construct nests. eggs.

The fry are then Female will take

brooded in the the eggs into her
mouth till day mouth and
21 when they brood them until
are able to swim they hatch
effectively and
fend for Brooding takes
themselves. 5 to 10 days.
Breeding cycle of substrate Spawners
Female lays eggs,
male fertilizes the
eggs. Both parents
Male and female guard the nest
pair off. Males against predators.
build crater like Eggs are regularly
nests with several moved from one
smaller depressions depression to the
within the nest. other to aerate &
prevent sediment
from collecting on
them

It takes about 5 to
When the fry are
10 days for the
21days old they are
eggs to hatch. After
left in shallow
hatching the fry are
waters to fend for
guarded against
themselves.
predators.
Pond construction
Site selection
 the "squeeze method";
 the ground water test;
 the water permeability test
An ideal pond

 The shallow end should be 0.3 meters deep to ensure

breeding ground for the fish.
 5 – 10 % of pond should be 1.5 meters deep
 The deepest point of the pond should be at least 1.5 meters
deep.
 Length of pond depends on farmers preference according
to production but it is recommended that a pond be at least
20m to 50m
 Suitable varieties of grass are Star grass, Kikuyu, Star
grass,
Cross sectional plan view of a pond
Grassed pond
Fish cages
Fish tanks
Fry Management
 The fry are stocked in nursery ponds or tanks for one
month.
 Stocking rate of 0,8kgs/m3 or per every 1000liters.
 Water temperature should be above 28 degrees Celsius
 Feed 45% protein, fed 20% of their body weight. Their
average body weight being 0,02g. Therefore per day each
fish should be given 0,02gx20/100= 0.004g.
 The feed should be divided so that the fish are fed at least
eight times.
 The fry should grow from 0,02g to 0,2g in the nursery
tanks or ponds. At 0,2g a fry is now known as a fingerling.
Fingerlings
Juvenile fingerling
 At this stage the fish weigh 15g.
 They are then transferred into stage two fingerling or
juvenile ponds or tanks.
 The juvenile are fed on 30% protein diet which
mainly constitutes pellets.
 The amount of feed to be fed is 5% of their body
weight per day.
 The juvenile period of growth to the next stage is 12
weeks in the ponds.
 The survival rate of juveniles is 85%.
Juvenile fingerlings
Grow management
 Market size ranges from 300g - 500g per fish, within a
period of 35 weeks.
 Survival rate at this stage is at 85%.
 At this stage the fish are able to survive in water
temperatures that range from 22 degrees Celsius going
upwards.
 The grow out fishes are fed on a diet of 25% CP.
 15cm length the fish are ready to be harvested for the
market.
Grow out fishes
Suitable tilapia food.

 Pellets
 Vegetables
 Artificial diets (commercial feeds.)
 Supplementary diets
Management of fish wastes
 Floating feed
 Careful feeding
 Timing
Pond management
 Correctly stock a pond.
 Fertilize a pond with organic or inorganic fertilizers.
 Check and rectify water quality or opacity.
 Identify and control predators.
Stocking rates

Stock at correct densities

Fry - fingerling 0,8kgs/ m3

Fingerling – 0,8kgs – 5kgs/ m3

Juvenile

Grow out 5 – 50kgs/ m3

Methods of organic fertilization

 Sack method
 Liquinure method
 broadcasting
Sack method
Well fertilized pond water
Inorganic fertilization of pond
 SSP
 Compound D
 DSP
 Lime (according to water testing)
Pond maintenance and predator control
 Good quality water
 Fencing
 Mowing
 Use of nets
 Water should be lime green when getting black half
remove and half fill with clean water.
Integrated Livestock Rearing System
 These will provide the garden or fields with organic
manure.
 The livestock section also benefits from the garden or
field as the livestock are given forage from maize stalks
and bedding if cotton or wheat is also being farmed.
 All enterprises on the farm can benefit from each other
and help reduce costs and increase profits.
Tilapia integration
Poultry/rabbit Tilapia integration
Tilapia and layers in one production
Small scale fish integration
General Considerations of Fish Transportation.

 It is possible to transport fishes and have total survival,

using large amounts of space and water.
 An easy way of overcoming this problem is by changing
the water frequently during transport.
 Fish should not be fed 24 hours before transport
 Water for fish transport should be clean, and well water or
rainwater should be used.
Method of transporting fish
 Room temperature water can be used.
 1 kg/13 liters of water (200 fingerlings/600 fry)
 Use of double plastic bag (40 L)
 Open containers (splashing) e.g 200L, 20L
Pond harvesting
 Rod and line
 Netting
 Complete harvesting
 Traps
Pond harvesting methods
Data collection & monitoring
Model Growth Chart
600
500
ABW(g)

400
300
200
100
0
1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57
WEEKS
Summary of fish management

Harvesting
completely of the
pond. Drying out Stocking of pond.
and general This can be done
repairs of the from August to
pond which may September
also include
liming .

Day to day
management of
the enterprise
which includes
feeding and
weighing etc
Processing and value addition
 Slaughtering
 Degutting
 Removal of scales
 Filleting
 Making of fish oil
 Fish meal
Methods of preservation
 Freezing
 Salting – brine
 Drying (sun)
 Smoking
Methods of preservation
Parasites & diseases in fish farming
 Infectious diseases
 Nutritional diseases
 Environmental diseases
Prevention and Control of Fish Diseases

Pathogen

Disease
Environment Host
 Profit story $ (1000 fishes)
Type of fish Size of feed Feed until Amount of feed Fish size Total costs of feed Feeding frequency
end of required (USD)

Starter 1 Small crumble Week 6 1kg <1g $1 8

Starter 2 Medium Week 9 5kg 1-5 g $7 6

crumble

Starter 3 Large crumble Week 12 10kg 5-15 g $15 4

Juvenile 1 Small pellet Week 16 40kg 15-50 g $42 3

Juvenile 2 Medium pellet Week 20 80kg 50-100 g $82 3

Grower Large pellet Week 30 320kg 100-300 g $304 3

Harvest Large pellet Week 34 160kg 300-400 g $136 3

Total 616 kg $587

Pond culturing 20 m by 20 m
Item Total costs (US$)
1. Pond construction $900.00

1. Fish fingerlings @US$40 for 4000 $160

fingerlings

1. Fish feed costs $0.65 fingerlings (from $2600

fingerling size to harvest for 4000
fingerlings)

1. Black plastic pepper 0.80

1. Net or shed cloth to control predators ----------------

especially fish birds

Total costs $2730.00

 Thank you !!!!!!!!!!
End of the presentation

55 Zoom Presentation- Afrostain Farmtech Sunday, May 23, 2021