Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Effects of Using Internet of Things (I.o.T) Systems in

Transportation on Customer Service Delivery
1
KANYANDEKWE Emmanuel (Master’s) 2
Dr.MUSONI Wilson (PhD)
1 2
Dept. of Information Technology Dept. of Information Technology
1 2
University of Kigali, Rwanda University of Kigali, Rwanda
3
NIYONSHUTI Eugene (Master’s) 4
UWAMAHORO Bonaventure (Master’s)
3 4
Dept. of Information Technology Dept. of Information Technology
3 4
University of Kigali, Rwanda University of Kigali, Rwanda

Abstract:- The growing of Internet of Things (IoT) Kigali City: the findings have summarized 162 out of 171
introduces new ways of delivering transportation respondents said that having full information from a
services. By moving product from locations wherever transport company may improve the quality of
they are demanded to its suppliers and customers. The transport. Lastly, results have shown to which extent the
transportation corporations use IoT hardware devices information was given to the passengers employing this
and software package applications to deliver services to technology in transport at KBS transport company.
customers, and these devices are equipped with sensors, Results summarized the information to passengers on
which create an interaction between the application the using IoT in transport. They also summarized the
layers and service layer of the vehicle. The cards must be challenges in using IoT in transport, and has shown the
sensed by the sensors which are embedded within the effects of information in using IoT in transport.
electronic devices called POS machine and transferred to
service layer through a proper communication, and Keywords:- Internet of Things, IoT Systems, Transport,
card’s information are processed for payment. The main Service Delivery.
problem during this study was the lack of real time
information from facts on the financial management of I. INTRODUCTION
the daily transportations on the side of transport
companies and easy of services delivery on the side of Internet of Things (IoT) is the term used once devices
customers. The main objective of this study was to or objects area unit embedded with the power to speak
discuss the effects that IoT might have on transport in through the net. In IoT, two devices are equipped with
Kigali City, mentioning its implications, challenges and sensors, actuators, processors and hardware for wireless
technical solutions. The specific objectives were: to study affiliation. Sensors are used to collect information from the
technologies currently used for transport in Kigali City, encircling physical environment. (Sethi & Sarangi, 2017).
to investigate the challenges faced by transportation for Nowadays, IoT is grabbing a lot of attention, with the
customer service delivery in Kigali City, to conduct the terminologies like smart homes and smart cities. Everyday
analysis of Internet of Things skills, and finally to appliances like coffee makers, refrigerators and TVs are
evaluate the effects of IoT technology for transport in already equipped with the capability of connecting to the
Kigali City. Data were collected and analyzed using internet (Yung-yu, 2020). All these devices can
Machine Learning (ML) Models. The results indicated communicate wirelessly and send or share their data.
that 62.57% of respondents were male, 76.1% of
respondents had bachelor level of education, 27.49% of While sensors are used to sight any changes within the
respondents were KBS drivers, and 21.64% of physical surroundings, actuators are used to move with the
respondents have between 6-10 of years of experience. surroundings, like the information from the temperature
The first objective of this study was to study technologies sensing element is used to mechanically management the
currently used for transport in Kigali City: the findings thermostat (Rashid, 2016). The sizes of IoT devices are
have shown that the system that was being used was little, and due to their size and power they need restricted
made up with devices with application layer, sensing computing capabilities (Sethi & Sarangi 2017). The
layer, communication layer, service layer, and information collected from the sensors are, if doable,
infrastructure layer. The second objective of this study processed at intervals the sensing element or sent to a close-
was to investigate the challenges faced by transportation by device, or to a remote server for process and storage. All
for customer service delivery in Kigali City: the findings IoT devices are equipped with the hardware that allows
have shown the information to challenges of using IoT in them to attach wirelessly. The sort of communication that
transport. The third objective of this study was to happens in IoT is mainly thirty machine to machine (M2M).
conduct the skills: the findings have revealed 168 out of There’s very little human interaction, for instance, when
171 respondents confirmed that may enhance financial installing the devices, giving directions or accessing the
security. The fourth objective of this study was to information (Alaba et al., 2017).
evaluate the effects of IoT technology for transport in

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
II. LITERATURE REVIEW

According to Joseph (2018), public transportation -

also known as public transportation, public transit, mass
transit, or simply transit - is a system of public
transportation for passengers that is managed on a schedule,
operates on established routes, and charges a posted fee for
each trip. In Rwanda, licensed public bus and minibus
companies and cooperatives, motorbike cooperatives,
vehicle rental firms, and taxi cab companies and
cooperatives provide road transportation for people.

A. Public Transport in Rwanda

 Express Buses
They travel between large towns on a regular schedule Fig 1. Iot Architecture for Transportation (Ibrahim, 2020)
(typically every 30 minutes), stopping only at designated
points near the station. Even if you exit earlier, The fare to  Application Layer
the next major stop must be paid.. Almost all routes in Within the case transportation, application layers
Kigali pass via Nyabugogo. Private companies operate the involves the tasks associated with thirteen people, vehicles,
buses, which sell tickets in advance at a government-set roads, merchandise and different services and traffic.
fare.
 Sensing Layer
 Taxi Cab Sensing layer is that the one that has associate
A taxi, often known as a taxicab or cab, is a interaction between the applying layers to the vehicle
form of private vehicle with a driver that is frequently captains by suggests that of electronic devices referred to as
used for non-shared transport by a single passenger or small sensors network. Many of the electronic parts or gadgets got
number of people Taxicabs transport clients to their to be used, these includes: CCTV, Cameras, sensors, RFIDs,
preferred destinations. This is in contrast to public microwave technology, infrared technology, image or text
transportation, where the service provider, rather than the readers.
consumers, selects the pick-up and drop-off locations.
 Communication Layer
 Moto Taxi This layers acts as information bridge between the
Moto-taxis make up a major fraction of the vehicles sensor layers and the service layers. This layer helps in the
on Rwandan roadways, particularly in Kigali. A single data transmission from sensor layer to the service layer by
person can board and disembark from the back of a means of 3G/4G/5G Network, Wi-Fi, Wired Network,
motorcycle or scooter, pay the fee for the voyage. Optical Fiber, Public and Private Network.

B. Internet of Things (IoT)  Service Layer

Service layer gets the detailed information from sensor
 General Overview layer through the communication layers. The obtained
The Internet of Things is a sophisticated technology information is processed in many ways and different
that specialize in broader perspective in providing solutions analytics were performed various computing tools.
to engineering issues. IoT is associate embodiment of each a
pair of data and communication technologies connected to  Infrastructure Layer
specific application. In IoT no matter is also the application, Infrastructure layer is the one which creates the
few sensing instruments that has each the nano and small technology required for performing the various services.
sized electro-mechanical equipment’s are present (Joseph, These includes the GIS mapping service, cloud computing
2018). platform, cloud storage, big data analytics tools etc. This
layer mainly allows the improvements required for
 Iot Architecture for Transportation performing the reliable services.
IoT design for installation consists of 5 completely
different layers. These layers include the applying layer, C. Iot Solutions for Public Transport
sensing layer, communication layer, service layer, and
infrastructure layer (Ibrahim, 2020).  E-Ticketing System
Smart cards - also known as "Tap & Go" - are used by
passengers to board buses. With POS machines, the system
use NFC technology - Smart card tag and Card reader.
Smart cards are available for purchase at the bus station
store. Smart cards with a RWF 500 pre-loaded balance are
marketed for RWF 1,000.

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Tools for data collection
Data collection involves gathering of data using
defined techniques in order to answer the pre-determined
research question of the study. Researcher used
questionnaire as an instrument consisting of questions for
the purpose of gathering information from respondents.
Researcher used questionnaire because the study concerned
with variables that could not be observed such as views,
opinions, perceptions, and feelings of the respondents.

IV. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

Fig 2. Tap & Go Smart Card (JICA, 2021).
A. Software Environment
The smart cards and the card reader are designed by  Python 3.10 - Python is a high level and effective general
AC Group. The system vendor, AC Group, receives a 5% use programming language. It supports multi-paradigms.
commission on gross revenue collected per bus. AC Group In this thesis, the following python libraries were used.
collaborated with the Rwandan government and the bus  Pandas - It is a python package that provides expressive
company to develop the smart cards and card reader data structures designed to work with both relational and
(Ibrahim, 2020). labelled data. It is an open source python library that
allows reading and writing data between data structures.
 Smart Ticket Management System  Numpy - It is an open source python package for
RURA collects bus location information, in addition to scientific computing. Numpy also adds fast array
the number of passengers and the amount of money received processing capacities to python.
every bus and per bus ride, using the Smart Ticket  Matplotlib - It is an open source python package used for
Management System. The system has yet to be updated to making plots and 2D representations. It integrates with
reflect changes in bus routes. It is not possible to collect python to give effective and interactive plots for
precise, relevant data that represents actual bus operations, visualization.
because it just takes data from POS machines rather than the  Sklearn - It is an open source python machine-learning
genuine ones from the bus, it may obtain the number of library designed to work alongside Numpy. It features
passengers and the amount collected per bus at bus terminals various machine-learning algorithms for classification,
and bus stops, which is a problem. clustering and regression.

III. METHODOLOGY B. Results of Model Testing by Python.

A. Research Design; Study Population; Sample Size; Data  Information to Passengers on the Use of Iot in Transport
Collection Tools
Table 1. Dataset: Information to Passengers
 Research Design
Researcher consulted secondary data and experts
publications on the subject being studied. Literature to
consult was obtained from tangible and/or non-tangible
media and Internet media in the form of journals, e-books
and other materials relevant to cybercrime frameworks and
model development to find out how to bridge the gap
identified in current model.

 Study population
The target population was the KBS staffs and
employees. In this context, the population of this study shall
be KBS staffs and employees, KBS drivers, KBS Line
Managers, KBS Monitoring Officers, Card Recharge
Agents, and passengers. The total population is 300
individuals.

 Sample Size
The sample is done in from knowledge gained to
represent the entire target under study (Cohen et al., 2011).
Sampling is the action of selecting the quantity of
observations to include in a statistical sample. The sample
size of 171 respondents was drawn from the target
population

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 The dataset used was from the machine where they were
stored. We first imported dataset with use of CSV library
called “transport_iot.csv”.

Fig 3: Information to Passengers

Fig 4. Information to Passengers About Iot an Transport

 Information in the Figure 4 shows different graphs

generated using: a, b – linear regression, and b – lasso
regressor. The graphs were represented with the same
data retrieved from the same dataset so to have the data
represented using different models.

 Challenges of Using Iot in Transport

Table 2. Dataset: Challenges _ Iot

Fig 5. Challenges of Using Iot in Transport

 The dataset used was from the machine where they were
stored. We first imported dataset with use of CSV library
called “Challenges_iot.csv”.

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fig 6. Challenges of Using Iot in Transport

 Information in the Figure 6 show different graphs V. CONCLUSION

generated using: a, b – linear regression, and b – lasso
regressor. The graphs were represented with the same The drive of this research was to discuss the effects
data retrieved from the same dataset so to have the data that IoT might have on transport in Kigali City, mentioning
represented using different models. its implications, challenges and technical solutions. During
this research, different methods and techniques have been
 Effects of Using Iot in Transport employed to collect and analyze data. The main objective of
this study was to discuss the effects that IoT might have on
Table 3. Dataset: Effects of Using Iot in Transport transport in Kigali City, mentioning its implications,
challenges and technical solutions. This study was a success
in terms of achieving specific objectives that were set at the
beginning of this journey, including but not limited to
studying technologies currently used for transport in Kigali
City, investigating the challenges faced by transportation for
customer service delivery in Kigali City, conducting the
analysis of Internet of Things skills, and finally evaluating
the effects of IoT technology for transport in Kigali City.
Researcher consulted experts opinions and publications on
this subject and compiled a model simulation with Python
Programming Language for laying a discussion that can be
used to assess the effects that IoT might have on transport in
Kigali City. The researcher has shown how the research
contributed to the existing knowledge for the new ideas
generated during this study. The data gathering instruments
included structured questionnaires and document review.
The research has recommended different personnel
including future researchers and transport actors.

Fig 7. Effects of Using Iot in Transport

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
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