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CH 23 - Atomic Physics

The document discusses nuclear physics and the structure of atoms. It describes Rutherford's alpha scattering experiment which provided evidence for the existence of the nucleus. It then presents the model of the atom, which includes a small, dense nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons. It also discusses nuclear reactions, isotopes, nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission occurs when heavy nuclides split upon absorbing neutrons, releasing energy. Nuclear fusion is the combining of low mass nuclei into more stable high mass nuclei, also releasing energy.

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Muhammad Amin Suhaimi
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44 views

CH 23 - Atomic Physics

The document discusses nuclear physics and the structure of atoms. It describes Rutherford's alpha scattering experiment which provided evidence for the existence of the nucleus. It then presents the model of the atom, which includes a small, dense nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons. It also discusses nuclear reactions, isotopes, nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission occurs when heavy nuclides split upon absorbing neutrons, releasing energy. Nuclear fusion is the combining of low mass nuclei into more stable high mass nuclei, also releasing energy.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Amin Suhaimi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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24/1/2019

NUCLEAR PHYSICS
◼ CONCERN OURSELVES WITH
REACTIONS INVOLVING THE
NUCLEUS OF THE ATOM

1.1 Alpha Scattering Experiment


Provides evidence for the existence and structure
of the nucleus
Sulphide screen
Vacuum
chamber

Alpha source-
positively charged
helium ions
Gold foil

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24/1/2019

Interpretation
◼ Observation:most alpha particles pass
through foil undeflected
◼ Result: much of atom is empty space
◼ Observation: some particles deflected at
an angle
◼ Result: positive particles repelled by some
positively charged object
◼ Observation: very few particles were
turned completely around
◼ Result: existence of a very heavy core

1.2 MODEL OF THE ATOM

NUCLEUS 10-15m ORBITING


ELECTRON
(charge –1e)

PROTON NEUTRON
(charge +1e) (no charge)-1800 times
-1800 times heavier heavier than electron
than electron
10-10m

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24/1/2019

MODEL OF THE ATOM


◼ no. of protons = no. of electrons
(neutral atom)
◼ no. of protons > no. of electrons
(positive ion)
◼ no. of protons < no. of electrons
(negative ion)
◼ no. of protons need not equal no. of
neutrons

2. Nuclides Notation
Sum of protons and neutrons
- nucleon number (mass number)
Symbol of element

A eg. Na, Fe, H etc

Z X
No. of protons-
proton number

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2.2 Isotopes
◼ Elements with same no. of protons
but different no. of nucleons i.e.
different no. of neutrons
35
o Cl (17 p and 18 n) and 1377Cl (17 p and 20 n)
17

are the common isotopes of chlorine.


2 3
o Deuterium (1 H ) and tritium(1 H ) are both
1
isotopes of hydrogen(1 H ) .

Nuclear Reactions
14
7 N + 24He→178O+11H
◼ Proton number must be conserved
◼ Nucleon number must be conserved
◼ Mass-energy conservation

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24/1/2019

N + 01n→11H +146C
14
7

He+13
4
2
27
Al →15
30
P +01n

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24/1/2019

Nuclear Fission
◼ Heavy nuclides with high mass number
when bombarded with neutrons can
disintegrate into lighter nuclides,
releasing energy in the process

U +01n→36
235
92
92
Kr +141
56Ba +30 n + energy
1

Nuclear Fission

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Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Fusion
◼ nuclei with low mass number
combine to form more stable nuclei
of higher mass number, releasing
energy in the process

3
1 H +12H →24He+01n + energy

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24/1/2019

Nuclear Fusion

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