Jay-Z

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"J-Z" redirects here. For the subway lines, see J/Z (New York City Subway service).
Not to be confused with Jaz-O.

Jay-Z

Jay-Z in 2011

Born Shawn Corey Carter

December 4, 1969 (age 53)

New York City, U.S.

 The Carter Administration

Other names
 Jigga

 Hova

 El Presidente

 HOV[1]

Occupations  Rapper

 songwriter
  record producer

 entrepreneur

 record executive

 media proprietor

Years active 1986–present[2][3][4]

Organization Shawn Carter Foundation

Works  Albums

 singles

 songs

 videography

Television Free Meek

Women of the Movement

Title  Founder of 40/40 Club and Roc Nation

 Co-founder of Rocawear
 CEO of Project Panther Bidco

Board member of  Tidal

 Aspiro
Beyoncé
Spouse
 

(m. 2008)

Children 3, including Blue Ivy

Awards Full list

Musical career

Genres Hip hop

Labels  Roc Nation

 Atlantic

 Def Jam

 Roc-A-Fella

 Freeze

 NorthWestSide[5]

 Priority

 Payday
  FFRR

Member of  The Carters

Formerly of  The Commission

 High Potent

 Murder Inc.

 The Throne

Website lifeandtimes.com

Shawn Corey Carter (born December 4, 1969), known professionally as Jay-Z,[a] is an

American rapper, record producer, entrepreneur, and founder of Manhattan-based
conglomerate talent and entertainment agency Roc Nation. He is regarded as one of
the most influential hip-hop artists.[8] He was the CEO of Def Jam Recordings and he
has been central to the creative and commercial success of artists including Kanye
West, Rihanna, and J. Cole.[9][10]
Born and raised in New York City, Jay-Z first began his musical career in the late 1980s;
he co-founded the record label Roc-A-Fella Records in 1995 and released his debut
studio album Reasonable Doubt in 1996. The album was released to widespread critical
success, and solidified his standing in the music industry. He went on to release twelve
additional albums, including the acclaimed albums The Blueprint (2001), The Black
Album (2003), American Gangster (2007), and 4:44 (2017).[11][12] He also released the full-
length collaborative albums Watch the Throne (2011) with Kanye West and Everything
Is Love (2018) with his wife Beyoncé, respectively.[13]
Through his business ventures Jay-Z has become the first hip-hop billionaire.[14][15] In
1999, he founded the clothing retailer Rocawear,[16] and in 2003, he founded the
luxury sports bar chain 40/40 Club. Both businesses have grown to become multi-
million-dollar corporations, and allowed him to start up Roc Nation in 2008. In 2015, he
acquired the tech company Aspiro and took charge of their media
streaming service Tidal.[17][18] In 2020, he launched "Monogram", a line
of cannabis products.[19]
One of the world's best-selling music artists, with over 140 million records sold, Jay-Z
has won 24 Grammy Awards, the joint-most Grammy awards of any rapper along with
Kanye West. Jay-Z also holds the record for the most number-one albums by a solo
artist on the Billboard 200 (14).[20][21] Additionally, he is a recipient of
the NAACP's President's Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, and a Sports Emmy Award;
and has also received a nomination for a Tony Award. Ranked by Billboard and Rolling
Stone as one of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, [22][23] Jay-Z was the first rapper
honored in the Songwriters Hall of Fame,[24] and the first solo living rapper inducted in
the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[25] In 2013, Time named him one of the 100 most
influential people in the world. [26]

Contents
  1Early life
 2Music career
o 2.11995–1997: Reasonable Doubt and In My
Lifetime, Vol. 1
o 2.21998–2000: Vol. 2..., Vol. 3... and The Dynasty
o 2.32001–2002: Feud with Nas, The Blueprint and The
Blueprint2
o 2.42003–2005: The Black Album and initial retirement
o 2.52005–2007: Kingdom Come and American
Gangster
o 2.62008–2011: The Blueprint 3 and Watch the Throne
o 2.72012–2016: Magna Carta Holy Grail and other
ventures
o 2.82017–present: 4:44 and Everything Is Love
 3Musical style
o 3.1Influences
o 3.2Rapping technique
 4Business career
o 4.1Apparel
o 4.2Alcohol Beverages
o 4.3Technology
o 4.4Music Industry
o 4.5Sports Industry
o 4.6Media
o 4.7Other ventures
 5Personal life
o 5.1Relationship with Beyoncé
 6Legal issues
 7Philanthropy
 8Politics
 9Discography
 10Filmography
 11Tours
o 11.1Headlining
o 11.2Co-headlining
o 11.3Supporting
 12Books
 13Awards and nominations
 14See also
 15Notes
 16References
 17Further reading
 18External links

Early life
Shawn Corey Carter was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City on December
4, 1969.[27] He was raised in Marcy Houses, a housing project in Brooklyn's Bedford–
Stuyvesant neighborhood.[28] After their father, Adnis Reeves,[29][30] abandoned the family,
Jay-Z and his three siblings were raised by their mother, Gloria Carter. Reeves would
later meet and reconcile with Jay-Z shortly before dying in 2003. Jay-Z claims in his
lyrics that in 1982, at age 12, he shot his older brother in the shoulder for stealing his
jewelry.[31][32] Along with rapper AZ, he attended Eli Whitney High School in Brooklyn until
it was closed. He then attended nearby George Westinghouse Career and Technical
Education High School with rappers The Notorious B.I.G. and Busta Rhymes, followed
by a stint at Trenton Central High School in Trenton, New Jersey, though he did not
graduate.[33] According to his interviews and lyrics, he sold crack cocaine[32] and was shot
at three times during this period.[31]
According to his mother, Jay-Z used to wake up his siblings at night banging out drum
patterns on the kitchen table. She bought him a boombox for his birthday, sparking his
interest in music, and he began freestyling and writing lyrics.[34] Known as "Jazzy" around
the neighborhood, he later adopted the stage name "Jay-Z" in homage to his
mentor Jaz-O.[28][35] Jay-Z can be briefly heard on several of Jaz-O's early recordings in
the late 1980s and early 1990s, including "H. P. Gets Busy", "The Originators" and
"Hawaiian Sophie".[36][37] Jay-Z became embroiled in several battles with rapper LL Cool
J in the early 1990s.[38] He first became known to a wide audience on the posse
cut "Show and Prove" on the 1994 Big Daddy Kane album Daddy's Home. Jay-Z has
been referred to as Big Daddy Kane's hype man during this period,[39] although Kane
explains that he did not fill the traditional hype man role, and was instead basically
making cameo appearances on stage. "When I would leave the stage to go change
outfits, I would bring out Jay-Z and Positive K and let them freestyle until I came back to
the stage."[40][41] The young Jay-Z appeared on a popular song by Big L, "Da Graveyard",
and on Mic Geronimo's "Time to Build", which also featured early appearances
by DMX and Ja Rule in 1995. His first official rap single was called "In My Lifetime", for
which he released a music video in 1995. An unreleased music video was also
produced for the B-side "I Can't Get with That." [42]

Music career
1995–1997: Reasonable Doubt and In My Lifetime, Vol. 1
With no major label to give him a record deal, Jay-Z sold CDs out of his car, [31] and
with Damon "Dame" Dash and Kareem "Biggs" Burke, created Roc-A-Fella Records as
an independent label in 1995. After striking a distribution deal with Priority, Jay-Z
released his 1996 debut album Reasonable Doubt with beats from acclaimed producers
such as DJ Premier and Super DJ Clark Kent and an appearance by The Notorious
B.I.G. The album reached number 23 on the Billboard 200, and was generally favored
by critics.[28] This album would later be included in Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums
of All Time as No. 248 and eventually reach platinum status. [43]
After reaching a new distribution deal with Def Jam in 1997, Jay-Z released his follow-
up In My Lifetime, Vol. 1. Produced by Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs, it outsold his
previous release.[citation needed] Jay-Z later explained that the album was made during one of
the worst periods of his life when he was reeling from the death of his close friend, The
Notorious B.I.G. The album was a personal revelation for Jay-Z as he told the stories of
his difficult upbringing.[citation needed] The album's glossy production stood as a contrast to his
first release, and some dedicated fans felt he had "sold out." However, the album did
feature some beats from producers who had worked with him on Reasonable Doubt,
namely DJ Premier and Ski. Like its predecessor, In My Lifetime, Vol. 1 earned platinum
status in the United States.[43]
1998–2000: Vol. 2..., Vol. 3... and The Dynasty
In 1998, Jay-Z released Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life which spawned the biggest hit of his
career at the time, "Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)". He relied more on flow and
wordplay, and he continued with his penchant for mining beats from the popular
producers of the day such as Swizz Beatz, an upstart in-house producer for Ruff
Ryders, and Timbaland.[44] Other producers included DJ Premier, Erick Sermon, The 45
King, and Kid Capri. Charting hits from this album included "Can I Get A...", featuring Ja
Rule and Amil, and "Nigga What, Nigga Who", featuring Amil and Jaz-O. Vol. 2 would
eventually become Jay-Z's most commercially successful album; it was certified 5×
Platinum in the United States and has to date sold over five million copies. [43] The album
went on to win a Grammy Award, although Jay-Z boycotted the ceremony protesting
DMX's failure to garner a Grammy nomination.[45]
In 1999, Jay-Z collaborated with Mariah Carey on "Heartbreaker", a song from her
seventh album, Rainbow. The song became Jay-Z's first chart-topper in the US,
spending two weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100.[46] In that same year, Jay-Z
released Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter. The album proved successful and sold
over 3 million copies.[43] Vol. 3's most successful single was "Big Pimpin", featuring UGK.
In 2000, Jay-Z released The Dynasty: Roc La Familia, which was originally intended to
become a compilation album for Roc-A-Fella artists but Def Jam turned into a Jay-Z
album.[47] The album helped to introduce newcomer producers The Neptunes, Just
Blaze, Kanye West, and Bink, which have all gone on to achieve notable success. This
is also the first album where Jay-Z utilizes a more soulful sound than his previous
albums. The Dynasty sold over two million units in the U.S. alone. [43]
2001–2002: Feud with Nas, The Blueprint and The Blueprint 2

In 2001, Jay-Z spoke out against Prodigy after he took an issue with a Jay-Z line from
"Money, Cash, Hoes" that he felt alluded disparagingly to Mobb Deep and Prodigy's
dispute with Tupac Shakur, Snoop Dogg, and Death Row Records. He later performed
the song "Takeover", at Summer Jam 2001, which initially attacked Prodigy and
revealed photos of Prodigy dressed like Michael Jackson.[48] A line at the end of
"Takeover" referred to Nas, who criticized him on "We Will Survive".[49] Nas responded
with a diss track called "Ether" and Jay-Z straightaway added a verse to "Takeover"
which dissed Nas and would start a feud between the two rappers. The feud had ended
by 2005, Jay-Z stated Mark Pitts had helped them settle the feud.[50]
On September 11, 2001, hours before the September 11 attacks, Jay-Z released his
sixth studio album, The Blueprint, which received a coveted five-mic review from hip-
hop magazine The Source. Written in just two days,[51] the album sold more than 427,000
copies, debuted at number one on the Billboard 200[52] and reached 2× Platinum status
in the U.S.[43] It was lauded for its production and its balance of "mainstream" and
"hardcore" rap. Eminem was the only guest rapper on the album, producing and rapping
on the song "Renegade". Four tracks were produced by Kanye West and the album
represents one of West's first major breaks in the industry. The Blueprint includes the
popular songs "Izzo (H.O.V.A.)", "Girls, Girls, Girls", "Jigga That Nigga", and "Song
Cry". As of February 2012, the album had sold 2.7 million copies worldwide.[53] In
2019, The Blueprint was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in
the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically
significant", even though its initial success had been overshadowed by the tragic events
of 9/11.[54]
In October 2001, Jay-Z pleaded guilty to stabbing record producer Lance Rivera at the
Kit Kat Klub in New York City in 1999.[55] For this second-degree felony, Jay-Z was
sentenced to three years' probation.[56]
Jay-Z's next solo album was 2002's The Blueprint2: The Gift & The Curse, a double-
album. The album debuted on the Billboard 200 at number one, selling over 3 million
units in the U.S. alone[43] and surpassing The Blueprint.[57] It was later reissued in a single-
disc version, The Blueprint 2.1, which retained half of the tracks from the original. The
album spawned two massive hit singles, "Excuse Me Miss" and "'03 Bonnie & Clyde",
which features Jay-Z's then-girlfriend Beyoncé Knowles. "Guns & Roses",
featuring Lenny Kravitz, and "Hovi Baby" were two successful radio singles as well. The
album also contained the tracks "A Dream", featuring Faith Evans and the late The
Notorious B.I.G.; and "The Bounce", featuring Kanye West. The Blueprint 2.1 featured
tracks that do not appear on The Blueprint2: The Gift & the Curse, such as "Stop", "La
La La (Excuse Me Again)", "What They Gonna Do, Part II" and "Beware" produced by
and featuring Panjabi MC.[58]
2003–2005: The Black Album and initial retirement

Jay-Z in 2003

After visiting the south of France,[59] Jay-Z announced work on his eighth studio
album The Black Album at the opening of the 40/40 Club. [60] He worked with several
producers including Just Blaze, The Neptunes, Kanye West, Timbaland, Eminem, DJ
Quik, 9th Wonder, The Buchanans, and Rick Rubin. Notable songs on the album
included "What More Can I Say", "Dirt Off Your Shoulder", "Change Clothes", and "99
Problems". The Black Album has sold more than 3 million copies in the U.S.[43] Jay-Z
collaborated with R. Kelly and released a collaborative studio album, The Best of Both
Worlds.
On November 25, 2003, Jay-Z held a concert—billed as a "retirement party" at Madison
Square Garden in New York City, which would later be the focus of his film Fade to
Black. All proceeds went to charity. Other performers included collaborators like the
Roots (in the form of his backing band), Missy Elliott, Memphis Bleek, Beanie Siegel,
Freeway, Mary J. Blige, Beyoncé, Twista, Ghostface Killah, Foxy Brown, Pharrell
Williams and R. Kelly with special appearances by Voletta Wallace and Afeni Shakur,
the mothers of The Notorious B.I.G. and Tupac Shakur, respectively.[61] While Jay-Z had
attested to a retirement from making new studio albums, various side projects and
appearances soon followed. Included in these were a greatest hits record, as well as
the release and tour of Unfinished Business, the second collaborative album between
Jay-Z and R. Kelly.
In 2004, Jay-Z collaborated with rock group Linkin Park, in which they released their
collaborative remix EP Collision Course, which featured mashups of both artists' songs,
as well as a concert DVD. The album's only single, "Numb/Encore", went on to win a
Grammy for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration, and was performed with Linkin Park live at
the Grammys, with a special appearance by Paul McCartney, who added verses from
the song "Yesterday". The EP sold over 1 million copies in the U.S.[43] Jay-Z was the
executive producer of The Rising Tied, the debut album of Fort Minor, the hip hop side
project of Linkin Park rapper Mike Shinoda. Jay-Z also planned to retire in 2004. [62]
Later in 2004, Jay-Z was named president of Def Jam Records, which led to Jay-Z,
Dash and Biggs selling their remaining interests in Roc-A-Fella Records and Jay-Z
taking control of both of the companies.[63] Reportedly this major industry move was
prompted by disagreements between Jay-Z and Dash as to what direction Roc-A-Fella
could undertake.[64] The publicized split between Jay-Z, Dash, and Biggs led to the
former partners sending jabs at each other in interviews. [65]
2005–2007: Kingdom Come and American Gangster

Jay-Z at a concert in 2006

On October 27, 2005, Jay-Z headlined New York's Power 105.1 annual concert,

Powerhouse. The concert was entitled the "I Declare War" concert leading to intense
speculation in the weeks preceding the event on whom exactly Jay-Z would declare
war. As he had previously "declared war" on other artists taking lyrical shots at him at
other events, many believed that the Powerhouse show would represent an all-out
assault by Jay-Z upon his rivals.[66] The theme of the concert was Jay-Z's position as
president and CEO of Def Jam, complete with an on-stage mock-up of the Oval Office.
Many artists made appearances such as the old roster of Roc-A-Fella records artists, as
well as Ne-Yo, Teairra Marí, T.I., Young Jeezy, Akon, Kanye West, Paul Wall, The LOX,
and Diddy.[67]
At the conclusion of the concert, Jay-Z put many arguments to rest to the surprise of hip
hop fans. The most significant development in this show was closure to the infamous
hip hop rivalry between Jay-Z and Nas. The two former rivals shook hands and shared
the stage together to perform Jay-Z's "Dead Presidents" blended with Nas's song "The
World is Yours".[68]
Jay-Z returned with his comeback album on November 21, 2006, titled Kingdom Come.
[69]
 Jay-Z's comeback single, "Show Me What You Got", was leaked on the Internet in
early October 2006, scheduled to be released later on that month, received heavy air-
play after its leak, causing the FBI to step in and investigate.[70] Jay-Z worked with video
director Hype Williams, and the single's video was directed by F. Gary Gray. The album
features production from Just Blaze, Pharrell, Kanye West, Dr. Dre and Coldplay's Chris
Martin (single entitled "Beach Chair").[71][72] The first week saw 680,000 sales of the CD,
which Entertainment Weekly said was "the highest single-week total in Jay's decade
long career".[73] This album has sold 2 million copies in the U.S.[43]
Jay-Z released his tenth album entitled American Gangster on November 6, 2007. After
viewing the Ridley Scott film of the same name, Jay-Z was heavily inspired to create a
new "concept" album that depicts his experiences as a street-hustler. [74] The album is not
the film's official soundtrack, although it was distributed by Def Jam.[75] Jay-Z's American
Gangster depicts his life in correlation to the movie American Gangster. At the start of
the album's first single, "Blue Magic", Jay-Z offers a dealer's manifesto while making
references to political figures of the late 1980s with the lyric: "Blame Reagan for making
me to into a monster, blame Oliver North and Iran-Contra, I ran contraband that they
sponsored, before this rhymin' stuff we was in concert." [76] Also notable about the "Blue
Magic" music video was Jay-Z flashing €500 notes; Harvard Business
School professor Rawi Abdelal called this a "turning point in American pop culture's
response to globalization." The album has sold 1 million copies in the U.S.[43] On January
1, 2008, Jay-Z resigned as president of Def Jam.[77]
2008–2011: The Blueprint 3 and Watch the Throne
Jay-Z performing in 2008

In winter 2008, it was announced that Jay-Z would become the first major hip hop artist
to headline Britain's Glastonbury Festival.[78][79] Tickets sold out quickly. Former
headliner Noel Gallagher of Oasis condemned the festival organizers for choosing Jay-
Z to headline a traditionally guitar-driven festival. "I'm sorry, but Jay-Z?" Gallagher
asked, swearing. "No chance. Glastonbury has a tradition of, kind of, guitar music, do
you know what I mean? And even when they throw the odd curve balls in on a Sunday
night—you go, 'Kylie Minogue? I don't know about that', do you know what I mean?—
but I'm not having hip hop at Glastonbury, no way, no, no. It's wrong." [80] As controversy
mounted, Jay-Z replied, "We don't play guitars, Noel, but hip hop has put in its work like
any other form of music. This headline show is just a natural progression. Rap music is
still evolving. We have to respect each other's genre of music and move forward." [81] Jay-
Z opened his Glastonbury set with a tongue-in-cheek cover of Oasis's iconic song
"Wonderwall",[82] and went on to deliver a performance heralded as a successful
response to pre-festival criticism.[83]
He also headlined many other summer festivals in 2008, including Roskilde Festival in
Denmark,[84] Hove Festival in Norway[85] and O2 Wireless Festival in London.[86] During
Kanye West's concert of August 6, 2008, at Madison Square Garden, Jay-Z came out to
perform a new song and he and West proclaimed that it was to be on The Blueprint 3.
[87]
 On May 21, 2009, Jay-Z announced he would be parting ways with Def Jam, and had
struck a multi-million-dollar deal to sign with Live Nation, with whom he would start
his Roc Nation imprint which would serve as a record label, talent/management agency,
and music publishing company[88] and also partnered with production team Stargate to
start a record label called StarRoc.[89][90] Jay-Z's 11th studio album The Blueprint 3 was
originally to be released on September 11, 2009, [91] but was instead released in North
America on September 8, 2009, due to increasing anticipation. [92] Its international release
followed on September 14.[93] It is his 11th album to reach No. 1 on the Billboard
200[94] and has surpassed Elvis Presley's previous record, making him the current solo-
artist record holder.[95] On October 9, 2009, Jay-Z kicked off his tour for The Blueprint 3,
during which he supported his new album in North America. In a Shave
Magazine review of his performance at Rexall Place in Edmonton, Jake Tomlinson
expressed that "It was the type of smooth performance you would expect from the hip-
hop superstar." The review gave this performance 4 stars. His North American tour
continued until November 22, 2009.[96] At his concert on November 8, 2009,
at UCLA's Pauley Pavilion, Rihanna joined him on stage and performed "Hard" for the
first time, then performed "Run This Town" with Jay-Z. [97] Among his success, Jay-Z has
ventured into producing Broadway shows. Along with Jada Pinkett Smith and Will
Smith, Jay-Z helped produce the play Fela!, a musical celebrating the work of the late
Nigerian star Fela Kuti.[98] Jay-Z said he was inspired by the power of Kuti's work and his
life story, which resulted in his interest to help produce the musical. [98] Fela! is a story
about an African pioneer and political activist who made his first moves on the scene
during the 1970s.[98]
Jay-Z performing at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in April 2010

On January 23, 2010, Jay-Z released a track, "Stranded (Haiti Mon Amour)", with
Rihanna, and U2's Bono and The Edge, as well as performing it at the Hope For Haiti
Now telethon.[99] In June 2010, Eminem and Jay-Z announced they would perform
together in a pair of concerts in Detroit and New York. The event was dubbed The
Home & Home Tour. The first two concerts rapidly sold out, prompting the scheduling of
an additional show at each venue.[100] Jay-Z was the supporting act for U2 on the
Australian and New Zealand leg of their U2 360° Tour, beginning in Auckland, New
Zealand, in November 2010, followed by Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane and Perth in
December.[101] Jay-Z also appeared on stage during U2 performances of "Sunday Bloody
Sunday", and in Auckland also on a five-track EP entitled Watch the Throne, although it
was later revealed by West that the project had become a full-length LP. Recording
sessions for the album took place at various recording locations and began in
November 2010. The first single released for the project was "H•A•M". The track was
co-produced by Lex Luger and West himself. The track ended up being on the deluxe
edition of the album. The follow-up to that was the second single "Otis", which
premiered on Funkmaster Flex's Hot 97 radio show, and was later released to
the iTunes Store eleven days later. The song's existence, along with several other
tracks from the album, was confirmed during a listening session hosted by Jay-Z. [102] The
album was first released on the iTunes Store, five days prior to its being released in
physical format, a strategy Jay-Z later said was used to block an internet leak. It
debuted at No. 1 on the iTunes Store in 23 countries. It also broke Coldplay's record for
most albums sold in one week on the online retailer, selling 290,000 copies on iTunes
alone. It held that record until Lil Wayne's Tha Carter IV was released twenty-one days
later, selling 10,000 copies more. It debuted on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart at No. 1,
selling 436,000 copies in its first week. The album received generally positive reviews.
Jay-Z and West later gave a surprise performance of "Otis" at the 2011 MTV Video
Music Awards.
2012–2016: Magna Carta Holy Grail and other ventures
Jay-Z embraces wife Beyoncé after his performance of "Tom Ford" on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour, 2013

Jay-Z collaborated with M.I.A on her single "XXXO", which achieved a fair level of
success and went on to become remixed by several producers worldwide. In May 2012,
Jay-Z and Philadelphia Mayor Michael A. Nutter announced Jay-Z as the curator and
the headliner for the first annual "Budweiser Made in America" festival at Fairmount
Park in Philadelphia on September 1 and 2, 2012. The performance was produced
by Live Nation and assembled an eclectic lineup of "rock, hip hop, R&B, Latin
music and dance" musicians.[103] Jay-Z and Rihanna were the two main headlining acts
for BBC Radio 1's 2012 Hackney Weekend music festival on June 23 to 24.[104] Jay-Z
opened his set with an appearance from Rihanna, they performed "Run this Town". On
September 6, "Clique" was released, a single from the album "Cruel Summer",
by GOOD Music. Kanye West and Big Sean starred alongside Jay-Z on the track. Jay-Z
took the subway to his sold-out show at The Barclays Center on October 6, 2012. [105] On
November 12, 2012, Coldplay announced that they will be playing with Jay-Z at
the Barclays Center in Brooklyn on December 31.[106]
On September 23, 2010, Q-Tip confirmed working on Jay-Z's follow-up album to The
Blueprint 3, saying the album was to hit stores by spring 2011. [107] In May 2012 it was
reported that Jay-Z would work on new music with Roc Nation producer Jahlil Beats.
Beats told XXL magazine: "Me and Jay-Z been going back and forth. He picked a
couple of my joints that he's working on. I don't even wanna say too much about Jay,
but we definitely working on some stuff. I haven't even sent him a bunch of beats. I sent
him my favorite stuff. He hit me right back like, 'Yo, I'ma go in on this,' or, 'I like
this.'"[108] The album has been named one of the most anticipated albums of 2013
by Complex Magazine, MTV, and XXL. Production will come from Jahlil Beats, Kanye
West, Rick Rubin, Swizz Beatz, Timbaland, and Pharrell Williams.[109][110] Jay-Z also made
an appearance on Justin Timberlake's comeback single "Suit & Tie" from his third studio
album The 20/20 Experience, the song itself was produced by both Jay-Z and
Timberlake's mutual friend, Timbaland.[111] Timberlake and Jay-Z embarked on the co-
headlining Legends of the Summer Stadium Tour.[112] During the fifth game of the 2013
NBA Finals, Carter announced his twelfth studio album, Magna Carta Holy Grail, and
was released on July 4, 2013. Not long after, Jay-Z confirmed that the hyphen in his
stage name would be left out and officially stylized in all capital letters. [113] Magna Carta
Holy Grail debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 528,000 copies in its
first week, which bypassed its predicted debut in the range of 350,000 to 400,000. [114] In
December 2013, it was announced that Jay-Z had received nine nominations at
the 2014 Grammy Awards, more than any other artist.[115] Jay-Z appeared on his wife
Beyoncé's self-titled fifth studio album, Beyoncé, with a feature on the song "Drunk in
Love". They performed this song together at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards opening.
[116]
 The song and its accompanying album would later win three Grammy Awards
including Best R&B Performance at the 2015 ceremony.
In 2016, he won a lawsuit for the song "Made in America" with Kanye West
featuring Frank Ocean against Joel McDonald.[117]
2017–present: 4:44 and Everything Is Love

Announcement of the new collaborative album in London

In early June 2017, posters were displayed in New York City and Los Angeles, as well
as banner ads on the Internet promoting a Tidal-related project titled 4:44.[118] A teaser ad
was aired during the NBA Finals on June 7 featuring actors Mahershala Ali, Lupita
Nyong'o and Danny Glover in a one-minute video, ending in "4:44 – 6.30.17, Exclusively
on Tidal". On June 18, the project was confirmed to be a new Jay-Z album, and a clip
featuring a song titled "Adnis" was posted on Sprint's YouTube page. [118]
4:44 was released through Roc Nation and Universal Music Group, as an exclusive
to Sprint and Tidal customers. The album is the first in a planned series of music
exclusives from the Sprint–Tidal partnership. For a short time, on July 2, the album was
made available for free digital download in Tidal's site. A physical edition was released
on July 7, including three additional tracks. On the same day, the album was made
available to other streaming platforms, such as Apple Music, Google Play
Music and Amazon Music.
The album received widespread acclaim from critics, who praised its emotional and
personal content. On July 5, the album was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry
Association of America (RIAA), in recognition of one million copies purchased by Sprint
and offered to consumers as free downloads.[119] It debuted at number one on the
U.S. Billboard 200, making it Jay-Z's 13th consecutive studio album to top the chart.
The album spawned two singles, the title track "4:44" and "Bam", as well as several
music videos, directed by a variety of high-profile collaborators. The album received
a Grammy Award nomination for Album of the Year, while the title track was nominated
for Song of the Year and "The Story of O.J." was nominated for Record of the Year at
the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.[120]
On June 6, 2018, Jay-Z and Beyoncé kicked-off the On the Run II Tour in Cardiff,
United Kingdom. Ten days later, at their final London performance, the pair
unveiled Everything Is Love, their much-awaited joint studio album, credited under the
name The Carters. The pair also released the video for the album's lead single,
"Apeshit", on Beyoncé's official YouTube channel.[121][122] The song won two awards from
eight nominations at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards.[123]
In 2021, Jay-Z was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with fellow
rapper LL Cool J.[124][125] He also appeared on the song "Jail" on Kanye West's 2021
album Donda,[126] which went on to win Grammy Award for Best Rap Song at the 64th
Annual Grammy Awards[127] and on the song "Love All" from Drake's 2021
album Certified Lover Boy.[128]
In 2022, his first feature was a collaboration with fellow rapper Pusha-T, "Neck & Wrist"
featuring Pharrell Williams from Pusha-T's album It's Almost Dry.[129] He also was
awarded the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special (Live), as a
producer for the Super Bowl LVI halftime show.[130]

Musical style
Influences
Jay-Z says his earliest exposure to music was through his parents' record collection,
which was mostly of soul artists such as Marvin Gaye and Donny Hathaway. He says "I
grew up around music, listening to all types of people... I'm into music that has soul in it,
whether it be rap, R&B, pop music, whatever. As long as I can feel their soul through
the wax, that's what I really listen to."[131] He often uses excerpts from these artists
as samples in his work, particularly in the Kanye West productions included on The
Blueprint.[131]
Rapping technique
Royce da 5'9" and Fredro Starr of Onyx both describe Jay-Z's emphasis on flow in the
book How to Rap—Starr says that Jay-Z is "a master of the flow—he can flow fast, he
can flow slow".[132] The book describes how Jay-Z uses 'rests' to provide structure to a
verse[133] and how he uses 'partial linking' to add more rhymes to a verse.[134] Jay-Z's early
style is described by Vibe as "a distinctly Das EFX-type, stiggety style" on his 12" single
"Can't Get With That",[135] referring to the fast rhythms and vocal delivery of the group
Das EFX. He is also known to write lyrics in his head, as described by Pusha
T of Clipse in How to Rap,[136] a style popular with many MCs such as The Notorious
B.I.G.,[136] Everlast,[137] Bobby Creekwater[138] and Guerilla Black.[138] Shock G of Digital
Underground describes Jay-Z's live performance style, saying he "rarely breaks a
sweat, and instead uses smoothness and clever wordplay to keep the audience
interested and entertained".[139] Jay-Z's fast rapping technique, also known as the "triplet
rhyme", was developed during his early years of creating music with former mentor Jaz-
O.[140][141]

Business career
Jay-Z has also established himself as a successful entrepreneur with a business empire
spanning a variety of industries from clothing lines, beverages, real estate, sport teams,
and record labels.[142] In an interview, he stated that "my brands are an extension of me.
They're close to me. It's not like running GM, where there's no emotional attachment." [143]
Apparel
Jay-Z appeared in a 2003 Reebok collection advertising his S. Carter Collection. [144]
Jay-Z and Damon Dash are the founders of the urban clothing brand Rocawear.
[145]
 Rocawear has clothing lines and accessories for men, women and children. The line
was taken over by Jay-Z in early 2006 following a falling out with Dash. In March 2007,
Jay-Z sold the rights to the Rocawear brand to Iconix Brand Group for $204 million. He
retains his stake in the company and continues to oversee the marketing, licensing and
product development.[145][146]
Alcohol Beverages
In 2014, Jay-Z invested $200 million in Armand de Brignac champagne—owned at the
time by Sovereign Brands, a New York–based wine and spirits company—for a 100
percent stake, making it the second alcoholic product acquisition in his financial
investment portfolio.[147][148][149] The brand is known for its popularity with high-profile artists
as being the gold bottles often referred to in media. [150][151][152][153][154] His ties to the company
date back to 2006, and he received millions of dollars per year for his association with
Armand de Brignac before he bought the entire company. [155]
Jay-Z serves as co-brand director for Budweiser Select and collaborates with the
company on strategic marketing programs and creative ad development. He provides
direction on brand programs and ads that appear on TV, radio, print, and high-profile
events.[156]
Technology
In March 2015, Jay-Z completed the $56 million acquisition of Aspiro, a Norwegian
media technology company that operates the subscription-based music streaming
service Tidal, which has been in operation since October 2014. [157] The music service
was acquired through his company Project Panther Bidco Ltd. (an entity indirectly
owned by Jay-Z's S. Carter Enterprises a company holding interests in leading
international music, media and entertainment companies). [158][159] The music service
combines audio and music videos with curated editorial. The main idea of the service is
to bring major revenue streams back to the music artists themselves as the idea of an
artist-owned streaming platform was stated as to "restore the value to music by
launching a service owned by artists." Jay-Z currently [when?] is a major shareholder in the
company.[160][161]
In July 2015, Carter made a significant investment to JetSmarter, an app helping people
book private executive plane flights. The app was built by Sergey Petrossov. [162]
Music Industry
From 2005-2008 Jay-Z was president of Def Jam Recordings. Under Jay-Z's leadership,
Def Jam launched the successful careers of contemporary R&B
singers Rihanna and Ne-Yo. At the end of 2007, after he released American Gangster,
Jay-Z decided not to renew his contract as the president and CEO of Def Jam in order
to start his new Live Nation venture, Roc Nation.[163]
In April 2011, it was reported that Jay-Z had outbid executives at Universal
Music and Jive Records to acquire independent record label Block Starz Music.[164][165]
Sports Industry
For ten years (2003–2013), Jay-Z enjoyed his role as a part-owner of the Brooklyn
Nets NBA team, having paid a reported $1 million for his share, which declined in value
to $350,000 in April 2013, based on Forbes magazine's valuation of the team.[166] He
encouraged the team's relocation to Brooklyn's Barclays Center (from New Jersey) in
the 2012–2013 season, at which point the team took on the Brooklyn Nets moniker. [167][168]
On April 18, 2013, Jay-Z officially announced through his Life + Times website in a
press release that he would be relinquishing his ownership in the Brooklyn Nets. [169] The
shares were eventually sold to singer, rapper, actor and entrepreneur Will Pan, making
Pan the first American of Taiwanese descent to own a U.S. professional sports
franchise.[170][171] Jay-Z's cited Pan's athletic background (he was a team captain of his
high school basketball team and played in college), his multitude of musical styles, his
influence in the Taiwanese American community, and his business acumen and
portfolio (including being the founder and chief executive of software company Camigo
Media and a co-founder of streetwear boutique N.P.C [New Project Center]), as reasons
why his bid was successful.[170][171]
In September 2013, his stake in Barclays Center was sold for $1.5 million.[172]
On April 2, 2013, ESPN reported Jay-Z's plans to launch his own sports agency, Roc
Nation Sports, with a focus on the representation of various professional athletes.
The sport management group is a partnership with Creative Artists Agency.[173] In
conjunction with the agency's launch, New York Yankees's second baseman Robinson
Canó left agent Scott Boras to sign with the company. ESPN also mentioned that Jay-Z
himself was planning to be a certified sports agent, first in baseball and eventually in
basketball and football. In order to represent clients in basketball, he would have to give
up his small share of the Brooklyn Nets.[173][174]
In October 2005, he was reported in English media as considering buying a stake
of Arsenal F.C., an English soccer team.[175] Through his conglomerate company Gain
Global Investments Network LLC, he had an interest estimated between 2 and 7% in
the Aqueduct Entertainment Group (AEG) consortium, which in January 2010 was
awarded a contract to operate a 4,500-slot-machine racino at the Aqueduct Race Track.
Jay-Z became interested in the project after New York Governor David Paterson who
awarded the contract said there had to be an affirmative action component to the
ownership. Jay-Z was initially approached by casino mogul Steve Wynn, who was also
bidding on the contract. On March 9, 2010, Jay-Z and Flake withdrew from the project,
and Paterson recused himself from further involvement.[176][177]
Media
On April 5, 2011, Jay-Z launched the popular culture and lifestyle online magazine Life
+ Times. It features content that showcases his high-end tastes in clothing, appliances,
and cars. The site design is aesthetically aimed at the upwardly mobile young male
demographic, with sports and music-related posts accompanying those about fashion
and design.[178] Among the music content is the Decoded series, originating from Jay-
Z's memoir of the same name and featuring a select rapper deciphering their own lyrics.
[179]

In January 2015, after being contacted by the webzine, the DJ and radio
host Funkmaster Flex revealed that he had been contacted in 2013 for a story about a
digital app he made at the time, but alleged that the information was instead used to
help launch the Magna Carta Samsung app for the release of Jay-Z's album of the
same name. "But I was good with that. I ate that. Everybody's out here hustling", Flex
reasoned to Vibe.[180]
In 2016, he signed a two-year exclusive film and TV Deal with Weinstein Company and
with the deal gives them first-look options to create scripted and unscripted TV projects
and film projects, and those projects were in works. [181] As part of his deal with Weinstein
company, he produced a documentary series on the life of Kalief Browder who was
imprisoned for three years and committed suicide upon his release. He also
addressed racial profiling and police brutality in a conscious manner.[182]
Other ventures
Jay-Z also co-owns the 40/40 Club, an upscale sports bar that started in New York City,
and has since expanded to Atlantic City and Chicago. In 2008, the 40/40 Club in Las
Vegas was closed down and bought back by the hotel after attendance steadily
declined.[183] In 2005, Jay-Z became an investor in Carol's Daughter, a line of beauty
products, including products for hair, skin, and hands. [184]
In 2010, he announced plans to expand his 40/40 Club sports bar chain into as many as
20 airports, joining his business partners, Juan and Desiree Perez, in a deal
with Delaware North.[185]
On November 16, 2010, Jay-Z published a memoir entitled Decoded.[186][187]
Parlux fragrances sued Jay-Z for $18 million for the failure of his cologne, Gold. They
claim the cologne's failure is due to Jay-Z not doing social media posts and interviews
about the cologne. Parlux claims they projected selling $15 million the first year, and
$35 million the second, and subsequent years after the launch. The fragrance sold
$14 million the first year and $6.1 million the second.[188] Parlux lost money on the
venture and have had constant returns of unsold inventory. [189]
Jay-Z collaborated with Cohiba to launch his own cigars.[190]
In August 2020, Jay-Z's Roc Nation partnered with Brooklyn's Long Island University to
establish the Roc Nation School of Music, Sports & Entertainment. [191]
In November 2020, it was announced that Jay-Z would be join TPCO Holding Corp., a
newly formed cannabis products company, in the role of "Chief Visionary Officer". [192]

Personal life
Relationship with Beyoncé

Jay-Z and Beyoncé performing in November 2009

In 2002, Jay-Z and singer Beyoncé collaborated on the song "'03 Bonnie & Clyde". He
also appeared on Beyoncé's hit single "Crazy in Love" as well as "That's How You Like
It" from her debut album Dangerously in Love. On her second album, B'Day, he made
appearances on the hits "Déjà Vu" and "Upgrade U". In the video for the latter song, she
comically imitates his appearance.[193] They kept a low profile while dating and were
married on April 4, 2008.[194] Their relationship became a matter of public record on April
22, 2008,[195] but Beyoncé did not publicly debut her $5 million Lorraine Schwartz-
designed wedding ring until the Fashion Rocks concert on September 5, 2008. [196] They
reside in an $88 million home in the Bel Air neighborhood of Los Angeles.[197] They
generally avoid discussing their relationship, [198] and Beyoncé has stated her belief that
this has helped them, while Jay-Z agreed in a People article that they do not "play with
[their] relationship".[199]
Beyoncé and Jay-Z were listed as the most powerful couple for Time magazine's 100
most influential people of 2006.[200] In January 2009, Forbes ranked them as Hollywood's
top-earning couple, with a combined total of $162 million.[201] They made it to the top of
the list the following year, with a combined total of $122 million between June 2008 and
June 2009.[201]
At the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, Beyoncé revealed that she was pregnant with
their first child.[202][203] Their daughter, Blue Ivy, was born at New York's Lenox Hill
Hospital on January 7, 2012.[204] Jay-Z released "Glory", a song dedicated to their child,
through his website on January 9, 2012. [205] The song detailed the couple's pregnancy
struggles, including a miscarriage Beyoncé had suffered. [205] Because Blue's cries were
included at the end of the song and she was officially credited on the song as "B.I.C",
she became the youngest person ever (at two days old) to appear on a Billboard chart
when "Glory" debuted at No. 74 on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. [206] On June 18, 2017,
Beyoncé's father Mathew Knowles confirmed that she and Jay-Z had welcomed twins: a
daughter named Rumi and a son named Sir.[207]

Legal issues
On December 1, 1999, Jay-Z, who had come to believe that record executive Lance
"Un" Rivera was behind the bootlegging of Vol. 3..., stabbed Rivera at the release party
for Q-Tip's album Amplified at the Kit Kat Klub, a now-defunct night club in Times
Square, New York City. Jay-Z's associates at the party were accused of causing a
commotion within the club, which Jay-Z allegedly used as cover while he stabbed
Rivera in the stomach with a five-inch (127 mm) blade.[208] He surrendered to police the
following evening and was placed under arrest, although he was soon released on
$50,000 bail.[209][210] When he was indicted in Manhattan Criminal Court in late January
2000, he pleaded not guilty; he and his lawyers contended that they had witnesses and
videotapes proving he had been nowhere near Rivera during the incident. Nevertheless,
he later pleaded guilty to third-degree assault and accepted a three-
year probation sentence.[211]
Jay-Z later addressed the case in his 2010 book Decoded:
One night I went to Q-Tip's solo album release party and at some point in the night, I ran
into the guy everyone's been telling me is behind the bootleg. So I approached him.
When I told him what I suspected, to my surprise, he got real loud with me right there in
the middle of the club. It was strange. We separated and I went over to the bar. I was
sitting there like, "No the fuck this nigga did not..." I was talking to people, but I was
really talking to myself out loud, just in a state of shock. Before I even realized what I
was doing, I headed back over to him, but this time I was blacking out with anger. The
next thing I knew, all hell had broken loose in the club. That night the guy went straight
to the police and I was indicted. [...] There was no reason to put my life on the line, and
the lives of everyone who depends on me, because of a momentary loss of control. [...] I
vowed to never allow myself to be in a situation like that again. [212]

Philanthropy

Jay-Z with his mother Gloria

During his first retirement from music,[failed verification] Jay-Z also became involved in
philanthropic activity. In 2003, Jay-Z, together with his mother, founded the Shawn
Carter Foundation, which has assisted eligible students facing socio-economic
hardships through college.[213] On August 9, 2006, he met with United Nations Secretary
General Kofi Annan at the organization's headquarters in New York City. The rapper
pledged to use his upcoming world tour to raise awareness of and combat global water
shortage. Already on the look-out for a way to, in his own words, "become helpful", he
had been made aware of this issue during a visit to Africa by Bono from the rock
group U2.[214] The effort took place in partnership with the UN, [215] as well as MTV, which
produced a documentary entitled Diary of Jay-Z: Water for Life, first airing in November
2006.[216] Along with Sean "Diddy" Combs, Jay-Z pledged $1 million to the American Red
Cross's relief effort after Hurricane Katrina.[217] Jay-Z stated his support for Kanye
West after the latter's outburst against President George W. Bush during a live Katrina
charity telethon.[218] He also addressed the issue of the Katrina disaster, and the
government's response, in his one-verse song "Minority Report".[219]
Jay-Z stated in the song "Nickels & Dimes" that "the greatest form of giving is
anonymous to anonymous"; and, in 2013, it was revealed by author dream hampton,
who co-wrote Jay-Z's book Decoded, that he quietly established a trust fund for Sean
Bell's children.[220]
Jay-Z has donated money to bailing out protestors arrested during activism
against police brutality.[221][222]
In March 2020, Jay-Z donated $1 million through the Shawn Carter Foundation for relief
during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York;[223] additionally, in April 2020, Jay-Z
donated, along with Meek Mill, over 100,000 face masks to U.S. prisons to protect
inmates from COVID-19.[224]

Politics

Jay-Z with Barack Obama at a rally in 2012

In 2006, Jay-Z appeared with Russell Simmons in a PSA combating racism and anti-
Semitism organized by the Foundation for Ethnic Understanding.[225] By 2008, Jay-Z was
actively involved in the 2008 presidential campaign, where he supported increased
voter participation and helped send voters to polling stations. [226] He was an early
supporter for the candidacy of Illinois senator and subsequent U.S. president Barack
Obama, performing for free in voter-drive concerts financed by the Democrats'
campaign.[227] He also became acquainted with Obama himself, who stated "Every time I
talk to Jay-Z, who is a brilliant talent and a good guy, I enjoy how he thinks. That's
somebody who is going to start branching out and can help shape attitudes in a real
positive way."[228] During the 2010 mid-term elections' campaign, Jay-Z appeared, along
with other artists, in an ad prepared by the HeadCount organization, urging voters, and
especially younger ones, to register and vote.[229] In May 2012, Jay-Z announced his
endorsement of President Obama's support of same-sex marriage[230] and participated in
his re-election campaign.[231]
Musician and civil rights activist Harry Belafonte has been critical of Jay-Z and Beyoncé
in their safe political stances, saying that they "have turned their back on social
responsibility" in an interview with the Hollywood Reporter.[232] He also voiced that the
hip-hop mogul likely would never have come out in support of gay marriage had
President Obama not first taken the initiative.[233]
In the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Jay-Z and Beyoncé supported presidential
candidate Hillary Clinton at her rally in Cleveland.[234] Clinton praised Jay-Z for
addressing racism, oppression, and the criminal justice system. [235] He described Donald
Trump as a "superbug" and condemned remarks he perceived as racist, [236] but later said
that Trump's rhetoric forced people to come together and address difficult issues such
as white privilege.[237]

Discography
Main articles: Jay-Z albums discography, singles, and videography
Studio albums

 Reasonable Doubt (1996)
 In My Lifetime, Vol. 1 (1997)
 Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life (1998)
 Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter  (1999)
 The Dynasty: Roc La Familia (2000)
 The Blueprint (2001)
 The Blueprint2: The Gift & the Curse (2002)
 The Black Album (2003)
 Kingdom Come (2006)
 American Gangster (2007)
 The Blueprint 3 (2009)
 Magna Carta Holy Grail (2013)
 4:44 (2017)
Collaborative albums

 The Best of Both Worlds with R. Kelly (2002)

 Unfinished Business with R. Kelly (2004)
 Watch the Throne with Kanye West (2011)
 Everything Is Love with Beyoncé (as the Carters)
(2018)

Filmography
 Streets Is Watching (1998)
 Backstage (2000)
  State Property (2002)
 Paper Soldiers (2002)
 Paid in Full (2002, producer)
 Fade to Black (2004)
 The Great Gatsby (2013, executive producer)
 Made in America (2013, documentary)
 Annie (2014, producer)
 Rest in Power: The Trayvon Martin Story (2018,
executive producer)
 Teddy (2023, executive producer)

Tours
Headlining
 Reasonable Doubt Tour (1996)
 Hard Knock Life Tour (1999)[238]
 Blueprint Lounge Tour (2001)[239]
 Hangar Tour (2006)
 American Gangster Live (2007)
 Jay-Z Fall Tour/Blueprint 3 Tour (2009–2010)
 Magna Carter World Tour (2013–14)
 4:44 Tour (2017)
Co-headlining
 Rock the Mic (with 50 Cent) (2003)[240]
 Best of Both Worlds Tour (with R. Kelly) (2004)
 Heart of the City Tour (with Mary J. Blige) (2008)
 Jay-Z & Ciara Live (with Ciara) (2009)
 The Home & Home Tour (with Eminem) (2010)
 Watch the Throne Tour (with Kanye West) (2011–12)
 Legends of the Summer Stadium Tour (with Justin
Timberlake) (2013)
 On the Run Tour (with Beyoncé) (2014)
 On the Run II Tour (with Beyoncé) (2018)
Supporting
 No Way Out Tour (with Puff Daddy & Bad Boy
Records) (1997)[241]
 Projekt Revolution 2008 Europe (with Linkin Park) (2008)
 Viva la Vida Tour (with Coldplay) (2008)[242]
 U2 360° Tour (with U2) (2009–11)
Books
 Decoded by Jay-Z (2010: Spiegel & Grau, 336
pages) ISBN 978-1-4000-6892-0. Part memoir and
part a collection of Jay-Z lyrics with the stories
behind them.[243]

Awards and nominations

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Jay-Z
In 2006, he was enstooled as the Sarkin Waka of Kwara – a chieftain of the Fula
people – by Alhaji Ibrahim Kolapo Sulu Gambari, the Emir of the Ilorin Emirate.

See also
 List of artists who reached number one in the United
States
 List of best-selling music artists
 Murder Inc.
 The Carters
 The Throne

Notes
1. ^ Pronounced ("jay zee"); alternately stylized as JAY-Z, Jaÿ-
Z (appears on Reasonable Doubt), Jay Z,
and Jay:Z throughout his career.[6][7]

References
1. ^ "The Carter Administration | Discography |
Discogs".  Discogs.  Archived  from the original on May 26,
2019. Retrieved  February 19,  2020.
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Further reading
 Greenburg, Zack O'Malley (2011). Empire State of
Mind: How Jay-Z Went from Street Corner to Corner
Office. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. ISBN 978-1-
59184-381-8.
 Edwards, Paul (2009). How to Rap: The Art and
Science of the Hip-Hop MC. Chicago: Chicago
Review Press. ISBN 9781556528163.

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 This page was last edited on 15 January 2023, at 23:51 (UTC).
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