DM PLANT

RAW WATER CLARIFLOCUL

CANAL PT PLANT
POND ATOR

DEGASSER
PSF ACF SAC
TOWER

SBA MB SDM TANK

DM WATER PLANT OVERVIEW

Raw water
Raw water is natural water found in the environment, such as rainwater, ground water and water
from bodies like lakes and rivers. Water in this form is considered raw, as opposed to water
which has been treated before consumption, such as drinking water or water which has been used
in an industrial process, such as waste water.
Surface water, well water or reclaimed water can contain suspended solids, colloidal matter,
organics, hardness, silica, iron, manganese and other contaminants. That’s why it’s so important
to choose the proper water pretreatment system for your process.
Firstly Raw water is store in a Pond. After this the Pre-treatment process is started.

PT Plant:
In PT Plant we are added the Chlorine and after that mixture of Alum, Lime, and Catalysis in
Raw water for removing the suspended solid, turbidity and hardness.
Chlorine is removing the Pathogenic bacteria, germs and other organisms present in water.
Alums are useful for a range of industrial processes. They are soluble in water. Alum is used to
clarify water by neutralizing the electrical double layer surrounding very fine suspended
particles, allowing them to flocculate (stick together). After flocculation, the particles will be
large enough to settle and can be removed.
Softening of water can be achieved by adding lime in the form oflimewater and Ca(OH)2 which
in a carbonatation reaction with CO2, forms calcium carbonate precipitate, reacts next with
multivalent cations to remove carbonate hardness, then reacts with anions to replace the non-
carbonate hardness due to multivalent cations with non-carbonate hardness due to calcium.
Lime softening produces large volumes of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide sludge.
This residual stream can substantially increase costs associated with the process. The sludge can
be used as an agricultural soil amendment (it is an alkalinity supplement) and can also be used as
a filler material in certain cementitious materials such as low strength concrete.
And Catalysis is uses for increases the reaction rate in water treatment process.
CLARIFLOCULATOR:-

Clarification Bridge

Clarifloculator is used to remove suspended particles from the water. It is removed through the
process of coagulation and flocullation.
Coagulation is the process in which collooid particles come together.
Floculation is the process through which colloids particles are removed.

Pressure Sand Filters:-

Pressure sand filtration is the flow of water through a bed of granular media, normally following
settling basins in conventional water treatment trains. The purpose of this filtration is to remove
any particulate matter left over after flocculation and settling. The filter process operates based
on two principles, mechanical straining and physical adsorption. Sand filtration is a "physical-
chemical process for separating suspended and colloidal impurities from water by passage
through a bed of granular material. Water fills the pores of the filter medium, and the impurities
are adsorbed on the surface of the grains or trapped in the openings”. The key to this process is
the relative grain size of the filter medium.
 Pressure sand filtration is contrasted to Slow Sand Filteration by increased flow rate, method of
cleaning the filter bed. A rapid sand filter can operate up to 40 times faster than a slow sand
filter. Rapid sand filters are cleaned often, usually daily, by reversing the flow of water through
the entire filter bed, referred to as backwashing Slow sand filters are cleaned less frequently by
removal of the top layer of media.

Filter Bed:-
The most effective is a coarse to fine pore size (the hydraulic radius of the stream line between
particles). This allows for a more complete use of the bed area and reduced backwash frequency.
Mixed media filter beds are the most common. An ideal mixed media bed may be composed of
approximately 30-60 inches of granular media with the following makeup, from inlet to
outlet:12 - 18 inches of anthracite coal with a specific gravity of 1.5 and grain size of 0.7 - 2
mm.9 - 16 inches of sand - this can be composed of two types.
 Silica sand is used in the top 10 - 16 inches. Specific gravity is 2.5 and grain size ranges
from 0.4 - 0.8 mm.
 Garnet sand may be used in the bottom 3 - 6 inches. Specific gravity is 4.2 and grain size
ranges from 0.3 - 8 mm.
Filter Inlet
The inlet consists of a method of maintaining a set water level during filtration and removing
waste during the backwash cycle.Weirs are the most common method used to maintain the water
level.A series of wash troughs are used to collect and remove backwash water. Wash troughs are
usually located 3.5 - 4 feet above the bed, 6 - 10 feet apart. Correct spacing and height of troughs
ensures the dirty wash water is efficiently skimmed off, without washing out any of the filter
media.

Filter Outlet
The outlet consists of a method to collect and remove filter water, distribute backwash water and
control flow rate through the filter. Collection and distribution is accomplished with an under
drain, commonly called a filter floor as it may also support the filter bed. There are three main
designs commonly used:
Perforated lateral
Suspended nozzle
Combination lateral and nozzle
If the filter design is decreasing flow, then no flow control is used. As the filter bed fills with
particulate matter the flow is reduced as more energy is expended in head losses. When head loss
reaches a set maximum, cleaning by backwashing is required.

Activated carbon filter

The chemical supply water pollution, increased organic matter content, chemical pretreatment
can not get rid of, it must increase the activated carbon filters remove organic matter, organic
matter into the boiler so as not to endanger the safe operation of the boiler.
In natural water contains a variety of organic compounds, through the coagulation and filtration
water treatment can remove some, but most of the organic matter will enter the follow-up
equipment, if the follow-up device is ion exchange resin, the resin it will cause organic pollution;
if follow-up treatment is fine filtration – membrane separation, it will cause early failure of
precision filter, if the organic matter into the thermal system, it will decompose into low
molecular weight organic acids, affecting the quality of water and steam boilers
Ion Exchange Resins:
The following ions are widely found in raw waters

Cations Anions

Calcium (Ca2+) Chloride ( Cl-)

Magnesium (Mg2+) Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Sodium (Na+) Nitrate (NO3-)

Potassium (K+) Carbonate (CO32-)

Cation Exchange Resins vs. Anion Exchange Resins:-

There are two general types of ion exchange resins: those that exchange positive ions, called
cation resins, and those that exchange negative ions, called anion resins. A cation is an ion with a
positive charge. Common cations include Ca+2, Mg+2, Fe+2, and H+1. A cation resin is one that
exchanges positive ions. An anion is an ion with a negative charge. Common anions include Cl-1,
SO4-2, and OH-1 . An anion resin is one that exchanges negative ions.
A demineralizer is a vessel, usually with a volume of several cubic feet, that contains the resin. A
demineralizer may contain an intimate mixture of both cation and anion resin and is called a
mixed bed. Two-bed demineralizers have two vessels, the first containing cation resin followed
by a separate vessel containing anion resin.
Physically, ion exchange resins are formed in the shape of very small beads, called resin beads,
with an average diameter of about 0.5 millimeters. Wet resin has the appearance of damp,
transparent, amber sand and is insoluble in water, acids, and bases. The ratio is normally 2 parts
cation resin to 3 parts anion resin.

Equipment:-
The ion exchange resin is contained in a vessel with a volume of several cubic feet. Retention
elements at the top and bottom consist of screens, slotted cylinders or other suitable devices with
openings smaller than the resin beads to prevent the resin from escaping from the vessel. When
the resin bed is a uniform mixture of cation and anion resins in a volume (typically in a ratio of 2
parts cation resin to 3 parts anion resin). This arrangement is called a mixed-bed resin, as
opposed to an arrangement of cation and anion resins in discrete layers or separate vessels. The
use of different volumes of the two types of resins is due to the difference in exchange capacity
between cation and anion resins. Exchange capacity is the amount of impurity that a given
amount of resin is capable of removing, and it has units of moles/ml, equivalents/ml, or
moles/gm. The anion resin is less dense than the cation resin; thus, it has a smaller exchange
capacity, and a larger volume is needed for anion resins than for the cation resins to obtain equal
total exchange capabilities.

Applications:-

1.High pressure boilers, electroplating, electronic industry, brewery & beverages.

2. High quality pharmaceutical applications.
3.Powder coating & Painting booths, Plating baths etc.
4.All battery water manufactures.

MIXED BED:
Mixed bed ion-exchange (MBIE) columns containing alumina and silica were evaluated for the
simultaneous separation of anion and cationanalytes. At the mobile phase pH used alumina
provides anion exchange sites while silica provides cation exchange sites. Since alumina and
silica exhibit weak acid and base properties, their anion and/or cation exchange properties are pH
dependent. Ion exchange capacities, rates of exchange and analyte ion exchange selectivities are
also pH dependent. The major mobile phase parameters affecting analyte anion and cation
resolution and elution order are pH and type and concentration of counter anion and counter
cation, respectively.

Demineralized water Tank:-

Now the water is stored in a tank and this tank is called DM Water Tank.

Major Applications :-
• Boilers feed water, Textiles, Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals, Breweries,Swimming
pools, Potable Water, Hospitals, Automobile, and Battery, Fertilizers.
• Ion Exchange Plants
- Softener
- Industrial DM Plant
- Mix Bed Demineraliser
- Cation Polisher
- Manual/Automatic Plants
- Pharmaceutical Industry
- Oil & Gas sector