7 – Serviceability Requirements

Clar Don Evangelio, MEqEng

Serviceability Requirements
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Goal of the Design Process

The goal of the design process is two folds. First, the structure must be stable and
able to resist all the applied loads (Strength).

Member
Strength > Applied
Loads
S>L
Second, the structure must be serviceable by ensuring that deflections, cracks,
and vibrations are minimized (Serviceability).
Serviceability Requirements
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Serviceability Check
To check the serviceability of the reinforced concrete building, global storey
drifts and local deformations in the elements must not exceed the permissible
limits. Global storey drifts are computed using the following load combinations
(203.5):
𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝒇𝒇𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 ± 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

Local deformations in the elements may be computed using the following

service load combinations (ASCE 7-10):

𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 (Immediate)

𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 (Sustained/Long-term)
Serviceability Requirements
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Maximum Inelastic Response Drift – 208.6.4.2

The total design base shear (𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 ) is determined from the following
equation:
𝛿𝛿2
∆𝑀𝑀 = 0.7𝑅𝑅∆𝑠𝑠
𝛿𝛿2 − 𝛿𝛿1
ℎ2 ∆𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
If 𝑇𝑇 < 0.7 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, ∆𝑀𝑀 ≤ 0.025 ℎ2
If 𝑇𝑇 ≥ 0.7 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, ∆𝑀𝑀 ≤ 0.020 𝛿𝛿1

Where: 𝛿𝛿1
∆𝑀𝑀 = maximum inelastic response drift ℎ1 ∆𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
𝑅𝑅 = response modification factor from NSCP Table 208-11A for RC ℎ1
∆𝑆𝑆 = inter-storey drift from static analysis
Serviceability Requirements
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Serviceability Requirements – Static Analysis

(Example 10)
Conduct a drift check of the building in example 9.
Run Static Analysis
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio
3
1

5
Run Static Analysis
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

1
Load Combinations to check for lateral drifts
2
3

4 Copy for postprocessing

Solution (Example 10)
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio
Solution (Example 10)
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio
What to do to satisfy the drift
requirements of the NSCP?
 Serviceability Requirements
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Service Load Deflections (RC only) – 424.2

The maximum permissible deflections for floor and beam can be
determined from Table 424.2.2. Live Load only deflection limit
Also for beams

Non-structural elements Maximum permissible calculated deflections Dead & Live load plus
include masonry walls (Table 424.2.2) [3] sustained loads
and other partitions, etc.
Serviceability Requirements
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Effective Moment of Inertia (RC only)

The effective moment of inertia considering cracked section for
serviceability analysis may be taken as:

a. 1.4 × the value from Table 406.6.3.1.1a

𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔

b. Ie = 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎
𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 + 1−
𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
𝑦𝑦𝑡𝑡

Where: 𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 = 0.62𝜆𝜆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐

𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 = effective moment of inertia
𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 = gross moment of inertia 𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 = modulus of rupture of concrete
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = cracked moment of inertia transformed to concrete 𝑦𝑦𝑡𝑡 = distance from centroidal axis of gross section to
𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 = maximum moment in member due to service loads tension face, neglecting reinforcement
Serviceability Requirements
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Structural Modelling – Static Analysis (Example 11)

Do a serviceability check of the first storey beams in example 9.

450 mm

6400 mm
25 mm Φ

600 mm
Concrete Compressive Strength, f’c 28 MPa
Steel Yield Strength, fy 295 MPa
25 mm Φ
Concrete Cover 40 mm
Stirrup Diameter 13 mm
Concrete Compressive Strength 28 MPa
Distributed Live Load 63.255 kN/m
Distributed Dead Load 13.781 kN/m
Solution (Example 11)
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Modulus of Rupture Modular Ratio

𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 = 0.62𝜆𝜆 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 = 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 /𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐
𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 = 0.62 1 28 𝑛𝑛 = 200000/24870.06
𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 = 3.281 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑛𝑛 = 8.042

Concrete Elastic Modulus Gross Moment of Inertia

𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 = 4700 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 = 𝑏𝑏ℎ3 /12
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 = 4700 28 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 = 450 600 3 /12
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 = 24870.06 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 = 8100000000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
Solution (Example 11)
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Cracking Moment
𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
𝑦𝑦𝑡𝑡
3.281 8.1𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
300

𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 88.587 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚

Solution (Example 11)
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Location of Neutral Axis 450 mm

Effective Depth

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Concrete
𝑑𝑑 = 600 − 40 − 13 − 25/2
NA
𝑑𝑑 = 534.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Steel Area in Tension
Steel to Concrete
𝜋𝜋 𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 25 2 (4)
4
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 1963.495 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
Solution (Example 11)
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Location of Neutral Axis 450 mm

Value of 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Concrete
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
450𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 NA
2

𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 161.739 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Steel to Concrete
Cracked Moment of Inertia 𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

3
𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = + 𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
3
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 2,828,688,811 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
Solution (Example 11)
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Live Load Deflection Check

Maximum Service Load Moments, 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 (1.0LL)

+𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 = 23.52 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚

−𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 = 47.04 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
Solution (Example 11)
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Live Load Deflection Check

Effective Moment of Inertia, 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒
3 3
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 = 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ≤ 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔
𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎

+𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 = 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔
−𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 = 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔

𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 = 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔
Solution (Example 11)
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Live Load Deflection Check

Maximum (Mid-span) Deflection, ∆𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 Deflection Limit

𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿4 𝐿𝐿
∆𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = ∆𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
384𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 360
13.781 6400 4 6400
∆𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = ∆𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
384 24870.06 2,828,688,811 360

∆𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 0.30 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 OK < ∆𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 17.77 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Solution (Example 11)
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Sustained Load Deflection Check (Immediate)

Maximum Service Load Moments, 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 (1.0DL + 1.0LL)

+𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 = 131.47 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚

−𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 = 262.95 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
Solution (Example 11)
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Sustained Load Deflection Check (Immediate)

Effective Moment of Inertia, 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒
3 3
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 = 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ≤ 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔
𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎

+𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 = 0.548𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔
−𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 = 0.374𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔

𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 = 0.461𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔
Solution (Example 11)
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Sustained Load Deflection Check (Immediate)

Maximum (Mid-span) Deflection, ∆𝑖𝑖

𝑤𝑤𝐷𝐷𝐿𝐿 + 𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿4

∆𝑖𝑖 =
384𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒
63.255 + 13.781 6400 4
∆𝑖𝑖 =
384 24870.06 3,735,588,172

∆𝑖𝑖 = 3.62 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Solution (Example 11)
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Sustained Load Deflection Check (Sustained)

Maximum Service Load Moments, 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 (1.0DL + 0.5LL)

+𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 = 119.72 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚

−𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 = 239.43 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
Solution (Example 11)
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Sustained Load Deflection Check (Sustained)

Effective Moment of Inertia, 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒
3 3
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 = 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ≤ 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔
𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎

+𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 = 0.613𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔
−𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 = 0.382𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔

𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 = 0.497𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔
Solution (Example 11)
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Sustained Load Deflection Check (Immediate)

Maximum (Mid-span) Deflection, ∆𝑠𝑠

𝑤𝑤𝐷𝐷𝐿𝐿 + 0.5𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿4

∆𝑠𝑠 =
384𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒
63.255 + 6.891 6400 4
∆𝑠𝑠 =
384 24870.06 4,029,709,564

∆𝑠𝑠 = 3.06 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Solution (Example 11)
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Total Service Load Deflection Check

Sustained Load Factor, 𝜆𝜆Δ Time-dependent Factor, ξ
𝜉𝜉
𝜆𝜆Δ =
1 + 50𝜌𝜌𝜌
2
𝜆𝜆Δ =
1 + 50 0.008163
𝜆𝜆Δ = 1.420 𝜉𝜉 = 2.0

Compression Steel Ratio

𝜋𝜋
25 2 (4)
𝜌𝜌𝜌 = 4
450 534.5
𝜌𝜌𝜌 = 0.008163
Solution (Example 11)
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Total Service Load Deflection Check

Total Service Load Deflection, Δ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 Deflection Limit

Δ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = Δ𝑖𝑖 + Δ𝑠𝑠 𝜆𝜆Δ 𝐿𝐿

∆𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
Δ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 3.62 + 3.06(1.42) 240
6400
∆𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
240

Δ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 7.966 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 OK < ∆𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 26.67 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

What to do to when serviceability
requirements are not met?
Serviceability Requirements
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Minimum One-way Slab Thickness (407.3.1)

For non-prestressed one-way slab, minimum depth shall be
taken from Table 407.3.1.1, unless the deflection limits of
424.2 are satisfied.
Adjusted by a factor of

0.4 + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 /700

When 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 ≠ 420 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

Minimum beam depth for normal-weight concrete

and 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (Table 407.3.1.1) [3]
 Minimum Beam Depth (407.3.1)

One end continuous Both ends continuous Cantilever

𝑙𝑙/24 𝑙𝑙/28 𝑙𝑙/10

𝑙𝑙
Serviceability Requirements
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Minimum Two-way Slab Thickness (408.3.1.1)

For non-prestressed two-way slab, without interior beams, with long-to-
short span ratio of 2, minimum depth shall be taken from Table 408.3.1.1,
unless the deflection limits of 424.2 are satisfied.

125 mm (without drop panel)

or
100 mm (with drop panel)

Minimum two-way slab depth (Table 408.3.1.1) [3]

 Flat slab with drop panels [9] Flat slab without drop panels
and edge beams [9]

Flat slab without drop panels

with edge beams [9]
[9] https://bsbgroup.com/blog/guidelines-for-two-way-concrete-flooring-system
Serviceability Requirements
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Minimum Two-way Slab Thickness (408.3.1.2)

For non-prestressed two-way slab, with beams on all sides, minimum depth
shall be taken from Table 408.3.1.1, unless the deflection limits of 424.2 are
satisfied.

Minimum two-way slab depth (Table 408.3.1.2) [3]

 Flat slab with beams at all sides [9]

[9] https://bsbgroup.com/blog/guidelines-for-two-way-concrete-flooring-system
Serviceability Requirements
Reinforced Concrete Design: CD Evangelio

Minimum Beam Depth (409.3.1)

For non-prestressed beams, minimum depth shall be taken
from Table 409.3.1.1, unless the deflection limits of 424.2 are
satisfied.
Adjusted by a factor of

0.4 + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 /700

When 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 ≠ 420 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

Minimum beam depth for normal-weight concrete

and 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (Table 409.3.1.1) [3]
 Minimum Beam Depth (409.3.1)

One end continuous Both ends continuous Cantilever

𝑙𝑙/18.5 𝑙𝑙/21 𝑙𝑙/8

𝑙𝑙