Vacancy 0000 clefect Frankle. defect Schobtes defect 00000 9,9.0,0 o—renkions 0 OG 0 ae DG — 0> Antony 00000 000 00 * When atom of same mafestal goes out of iY Sife and accuby H Intextitiol site (self in venti) b called pranks defect: — Sn the shuctune of cation, and fmlery Hf there fk vacancy Ht Us called en ae : ue ox Anisn goes msing rad ial willhe r Bh ane tn Joey mixali hi ji ut ao Gas nae r goes missing jn pals oot For the O Surface Defects :( Guetin Sourdary detects) coaseooneng 8 O B= Z-2" s TEL Boundesuy defect Hq © Twin aoundarey defect neirrar image A Figo: slckig Fault % Edge dishouatin fs peslpine, _hatf plane qline defo} we 4 «4888000 boa J88EE88 tage Vector) FA EH! Cd gechislocatisn Domino's ede S chislocatign Ss DPPPADPPPPMMPHRPPHPHPARHHRARDHDRRHRMReteneeceewe +ve ed gedisjycatin es (wo) colge disbcofey (D Fal (D h millfony of cLislcation axe pre i a the concept det 4 om a ypbind et fof tet Forsm defect - one surface of this’matenial is nestriced deform and opposite Face sof area unifoym premune is bherL Hula presruste. exceed cenfain be+value there paar be "iiee of atom and aftey that it damine's effet will Fellod, slave. ‘es Surface. bs sresfaticked + defosum, at 4 certain thicknes4 Indide the ie ial domine's effect wil! eae jin the Figune becomes ound: bly sLipped and ped segion called ed lislocoti cation od Pea site there jes a eyind holt plo Wheh the half plone ix present above He cis! focation line, Ets Called (ve) edga dislcatim and when half plane t4 poresent below the clislocatisn Tine, Ht is catled negative edge Dislecation Unit Plastic defsmation fs called slipand it Soe stead inthe eh Q- eae of applied Lead-pinection of Slip Is + by 6 Vechxt upiuets vec dishentien Sin S fox Screw Aislocoti Oo on. weap & He clisiscati¢n Line- Whafeven is the type eae A 23 of hat Load K fue as shear ray ee aterciaf, @ Compsr to the are Kenan Wine caued sesolved shea stires. There Wi be a pertiaor value af soot ved ster Garunteenrs segins fo move ain the materia] called cel Freally sqerohed sheo7 When ie cemes out of the materia), We 5 i ea ico) acti with thfn the ne er ee in’the ep vier bey whl) be. nequbres! 4 te CLislecation 1 to came 0 $v § wl inorease- oR g vuye rye "yal poind phinemena (@) Ludder's Band ae : ) Strechey Strain ele ws \ h 28 soot ete eer 2 \=* Skin totLing—> 057° by five do tn fabling Industry } gvied potnt phenemeng appestur in these ductile madesda) in which may art a impuscity accupy the intenstitel site anal Huts injaly ix tn Limite degree. Louf cascbar) Stee) exhibit Huy type of bhenomad. Caxben and vi in awgn ane fnferstittal impute fh.rx6n but GidarstHol void Be much Smaller than conrbon attm (size). Se carbon Aiffiures tothe atomic shuchure and approaches foulands the dislocation Bile. Due to the presence of half plone. intensttHal void at dislocotin Aite Abi 6 ee Diffusion of canbon and Witrogen at theclisbcatin “ile pode cabiben and Witrogen sich atmosphere, cabled raxttapl” see ct) [ntenstitiel dtMocati vold at discatin sife it not Jufticerd fe acesmadate carbon. So, cottyel afrnasphene produces Staln Fie tn the hoxt Coxon atim- So When koad i apblled an the modescia) Lightly shee} wresrequisne te break He cottrel atmosphere Ond Tumbling the Afslecofion fo new Site Phat 15 why ofr Gield point apbess In “the matenial —> Ghte the disjocatim gums te newalte, sUgitly lescer Shremes ane justident to keep the ditlocattor raving ub “we have over stressed dp the matexfa) Hatz why ower Yet point and (fed pofat phenomena inthe mafeta. © —= psn tunloasLing the matesto/ Ferm the agin, of work hardent and veleodig a yied boing phenemend wil] net appear becdtye Here 18 no cachsn anal Nitogen af dislocation site. Bupafiey Cerfain pexfod of Hime cayben'and Ni wi) agahn dffine atnes dishcaltm site and pesduces cottrel admaosphere again. S¢ geld point phenomena WEL seappens in Mhe mafeda). KG The time estiod acflex ushich ples pein phenemeng PreappeaHs fn the mateo! iA Called sain. ‘aging Hime In Sollh Sndustay skin rolling [a performed f pod in aging clafe On tof. sn medivmand hs h carbon Stee Since the percentage of Caben is mane So Cambor TA re by preseut at the dislcaHeh Sté but algo Gh thes efulay Bef site. The onmment digecation Morel * the pew site Carbon day aly, tye ahd it Fox Cotte] atmosphere Ingtantly. So yfeld point phenomena dost not appear In medium and high canton stee) 4 4 ‘ 1 ' 1 ‘ ‘ ‘ ( ‘ ( ( ( 4 4 4 4 ‘ 4 ‘ ‘* Sten thening Mechanten aa \ Adoys __Aneluston Phose/ Phase Mixture. bs ier ‘ fy BiG sampoessive) oe) ¥ Sntorstitiad Tmpuscitfey tn aw materta produces compuentre stain Field in the het atan, ‘mdljon a ae oe and dove sige oe eRe eae eae i ty) ai oypatom. Th Fi Ghstatley in Hye Ghoment> 0S eddy TT yo creat tages ia the Stsain Feld eat by the Imus octom mame wt be: » indieate “In strength. 3 Gaain t a Crtovenent) HON efinens ~ » Geta dot =seelan (3) n) ve Hatt Patch equat fon “ + consfaut = a4 oye ell fib daraa wi Hehendt without considening the CFFeEt of qrotn boundarcyy he Avg-no of qraininen Ge ASTM No ee BRVRBRRBSSBSHHVHHMUHUYUHYUUYUHUYYYYw~~ ~~ vy , al4 As soon 04 dithscation sremherHhe again bound $ Sinte — 6h the | rae Side ane ostiented i'n tnedtttenend dt edn, a hrestes axe 29 uloed to keeh the alislecation mor} tech in boun e 4 eae: in nthe lee of clishcafim. i) Q Wasi k Hosdening [strain Handent 1 @ Shot Bosting (© Sad 0 4a Wosek hondlening on surface (ore ad Ht ty) (© Shoe feening ) (asiuestionph we tren) ate j : \ ; dine a RVPIREFRARTERAERRAHRAAR 1 Wn cold Wout mateal no-of Lislecation increases. upon G on was ou tl multiphicatio ay mafertaly wil) wnder Go i, a por) ne thot maietil cd ‘alt be chame. —> Thee disloatioy phat we pruduced alusehig cold ware piley at graf = - and Greafes 4 ols! location forall Intenactim bjs tuo di3catioy yell wltive in natune Socliscdtion Faxest create Q back Stree “ the Movement-ef dislocation present wuithlh the grain. So, lagen Strevey ane required by thedisfocatton within the g¥ain' fe wmecut- So strength SF of He Seoul Increases and this bhensmena ts Called Wesek/shraiiy Hardening - Alloys hol amenable te heat ts eatment, including low caybon Steel, ane af tn woxk handened.” ¥ Tivostk hardening 1 notaccure tn pure Cuand AL? RLAGEPPPAEG See ae eee eee eee ee hen unioocliig. the madereYal frrem the regibn of bebe hesdening PesVeVseVBUeHsvsuvGgeeuouuwwwwvvevvvwwvwww ~~ + | Gnd SHeleacling nthe appurte dinection back strest the ing (e1 now Support Movement of fiheuton! and hence Wedd pelt fn compre a ai Appear pre malioatly and His Phenomena i; catled [Baus fhingor ele Yoo 15° Yoonfay~ 2 yo ‘ (ous Shsting bakey © elastic Recayoruy Fiploemp) = foo mpg ! steel ex) o> = * e(e Steel, E= &oocipa. ; CT, E= I8oGpa wy swrface Defects : Gorain Bound asuy, Teoin Boun dasug, Stack fault, f dow angle aunddey. = a _—> dislocofisn icy parallel to t's Benger vector and moves Ina 1s te aieont Benger vector # _——> Line DeFeck— Edge and Screw dislocation wnCons Croashead sf Constant StHaih Rate : &{(4) (/sec.) er uF comhead speed) { By Suohyeraulic o/c f Oooh feee > . @pra—efser. o) eed! (mm/min) e * Used in asumsun desi; * x Whenever a material is being dlefanmed Some backshes wf in the modes) and the tok] shaing will be Summation wane Anel plastic strains. The mement When we s16meve the load] from the. Maferiol elosHe strains wil seavered and modestal uid eypesdence 4 a back, df nedung hen Hye compressive /ocelt ane aphtien ain /h marerid), upen.semoving the hood size of Spedman Will increase and then fenile Loods aye ofp plted any majettias upannemoring Khe décol She of spedman Slight decrease . ~Ynltally b Focveaatng he Shain sate of matestial yiel Point wit] ipceas Urs ond Tavook aeieniny wil ckcvease Buf elastic fagpery Like Young Moclulus WiLL nofchange. 4+ When sprain so4es ane quite high (of He ander of 10sec.) elastte 5 gio « oii Sesion Poem ihe ty and matexfal wil) behave Like “hig plastic.a ie » os fs a ‘ % Flow wave Equation ov MP ae : ; i — Powter low Twe( Flow) Steers joes Wg Hoots —Gonufitutive equation « i Zour —> Hollemen equation v 7 Tive steafy é ‘. Coefficl Stee}, hzo-B 7 ™ = { Mn: oos Al N=o-l ‘Poa % Middle posetion of tensfle est shectnn Speman fs wnifym 1s called banani * Gauge length is length masked over parallel length fox oux observatitn, # To meagusye Ingtentensus length extentomelesy 1s Fitted! in the gauge an wherethe CroA4-sectiay tea of lel lena th length. + Nolen fey ik fro on gouge ard fae engin ly eng. stron= 73-( foo) atte ai ay As the time passer furphen move abil rei ae and Las witll decrease the avg-clistance bw seit ong nudeats dislocation Find moye No of obsfacket in ite bath . Since god hence, — Ape some fimes nucleation Stasis and phis oe is iin Linke! pede strength of Hie majexia) simuLtancow)y one mo een ib — place’ in the mofertal ie: Smaller piyectpifel are comb nomena. fopelbertand Foamiig 9 bi79e? baecibifates, His wil) Increate he dikiance blos the patefpliaées dd hence disluatien, fied lelteh pout chile the strength and Haig phenamena is called cep in Hy aa This decreases Veberel pee eee eh edd dd ddd ddrdeeet¥W tng is obserbed af 306m temperature, tis called _ bid is - upon qutn tention the temperature I Inoreosed Eten than Tain.) an phensmeno is obforbed AU elavaled temp: 0+ Lt Cableal patisital Aging. ke Higher the rohue of Aging nate of nucleation wil! be Ai cf feel Te become Ss ty lever time pertod. 7 Higher ie ie feteeet. — besnale of difftujoh - fhe 4 Which Smaller pyedpale Heore combining fog- ether and ee rar wecpuiaent aia frente Th debvoke the ks ; bros (© gf is slow and psroguemive deformation of matestiaf oven a perdod of time and constant load and ctrese and ata temperature equal to qoveaten than Recwstallzation temperature (D Ay high temperature gyain bourdosty matesciad is having 49 dand +o rhe, Fren is td rath steuchite, lemen whl] hele Creep eng Sesistonce. 3 upon decyeasthg thekemberatune ofrnaterial there Will be temperatupe bests whith motedel wil convert Ind> ASutHe bh juan hj + ob##fnun wostel srlge oF = mosestial wil be between equi cohersion ferpb and CHeep. Dusihg Recovery highty cli ° . : © rte lacie pl tlle outon tag dusing Keerusfalligatien, entive dislocation pile wbelewss up wil dlie oft clue fo newey cute] ffssnti ates news| : Q@ Recrys talizationdé ¢e/da aS a) A BE eecdda ede As ew eoll without lon! Ad don a4 the material ty leaded Infan lanesus Creep appears indt Gnd iF is Similan to elastic Strains. 31 the pod Creep 2e91& Strain siofe decreases because dive to wovle hondentng matentay berome s + In He IDM creep Segish Hene Wit! be shal Sate due to "|e palonte bj work A ent one Recrysfalizatio. But Here Wi be a Lindt Upts witch workMordarring wht) takesin te fol ata Some Hme ec atom phenbrnenq . fakes oven and hence Shih grate Sud Increases ond there wi) be Faachune in the mofestal a3 the femp'Tncreates The moment obhtied Stross b the ufeld pot ii eT rene “ihe Dongle tac He ene thine wold be le Up fh paxatfe) fen ue te Ana. fe extend of dincetin iG) he Liffenentat wee oo AF UFs Here will be a bub ©f weakney abuhich sefiient occ hoxdiening will not bedone to counten the Strexy Tincyeate Ih Stroy € to deKveose fry cram erection oneg AL Hhat pont a uniquencck wily appear in the matexiaf and Hk neck cah afpeny aaupushene. in pasate! on Deformation Cher ame | Ls Transient, Skady slate, accelesale| (Dd ) (m) ese $y The highest stress that a materia] can withstand, fora oe lengthdf Hee , without excessive defrmatisn 7s called < creep SHengih![ead ‘9yea4snenf t At 0B} ¢ Temp 50°C JL quenched qo FO0°C (D Ys oe Bay Q bc () 25%¢ 3) Ss0°C time —s TTT diogyam J Temperature, Time , Tyansformatich b ¢ Diagram S pdiagvamJ 4 COCO {jf hy a beboddududududdy bees ¥ Auustenite canlt be stable below 225°C but upen quenching Auykenite te a kenpenature below 245% it was obsorbed that for & Aabrtaulta beuied of fine there wos no change ih wdcraghuctune, twas Augtenite Bel 285°C He time pertiod cluvdap tl Hheve ix no ch in the ba! ig called Tncubatich period. vj ann decreasing the eo tempenotune there bias a decseose In. the Encubatian time Be ¢ fa iy boxe Second: ee es decreasing fu ven edod (eraser stared wT finp fh Ubon poe in Liter vs Fime Afogram nee aprom 1 coll *_Handhess Test sk DivecHonally Solicli ffed Matenfala have pa Oe Sresistance: VBe Divection solid tf ied Se loaded that thexe is ho s ing Stew aang, a stress acrom, the qraln boundas fe3" Resigtance fo Scratch om indentotion fs called Honciness” i a fo be dawn Info wire and th He, A ga pte Frachine a iB quantity * biepiranc| is the obltity af motesda) tedrauin into Hhe Sheet. and itis ud ty by R. & Resistance to Shick incollesl 7 Tpfol anea Under SEM ~stroin Cutive . x Atoeric mobidi is usfasm ih Caxden atom to Tt from on infesrtitial, Sif fo another. How muuch time if fakey 5 an or t fo stort i ffunith fs colled 4 uibatien pestod- wher! Phe quench ( Hempenafune is cote fo 745°C due to, leyen aluiving Ponce Sncdbatioys fet et ie hig ft se bath cry foe an ifutn anes | Go Sncubation peribd is only 2 sec. when the quenching Femperafurne & | fey sso°c, although dyuiving Face a Sut caxboh atoms doer nat | ( have enthusiaam 7.7ump fibm one inehstitial site to anothey So Encusatte Hine poulod pain Tacreater- s cay = + 428°C Bainite + diffusions cheay f 4 only make by Auglemperdng b-—7, MeI see. tfme—» + Above the zeegien of Nose iScalled peaslite. and below the nose. fs Segisn of Bi The Coo. inite. Lin ade that just touches themnoxe of rion i called) csxitico| oplinggote When Austenite (3 cooledl Gib a sibfe equal to or eoleintatical cooling State, Casbbh almost Faeezes at it's kocatin thd carbon atsm mover Fraction of Atomic Aistancey Just sufficient to change the coystal Structure - "The mtotoshuchere abpesss Like. sub microscopic cementite present In, Feutite ox mechanical Mixtuye of Fewute and cementite . This MU srostructuse 13 CaLled morknsite', 3 fe the harder? and mort bslttle phase of 296n- Moremite 7 vous inmportouf inkermediofe phere AL tetinet on 171 cliagvam axe Hat oF decompesiti¢n of Aurtentie Into Some ofhey micraxtuctwre. and once Austenike ConverrtsySome othey microstructure. Tt nevey sieconverts again. Ue a a PVEUGHCHHORHGTHGCECECECHCHCHVHHCHEHCHCHHHYTYHYAuslempexing mp jyenched af a siate equal to ox gacolen thon 6 ee feng el Hhe hose bul ab tt Se Th fem penatne is mainjaine! ee TT clingiorn: The psrocent 3 So hag cooling CLIVE Fxr yeep taintte called i A tasting countinous cooling « Balnite can't be prdeluce _. ainite 14 P diffusion ond yl The mechanics of Fox of Bi pasctlus cheaned: Peasclite Toughness "pine peas lite I Bainite Coasye peoslite-” Masdensite " Batntte fy phose mixtune of a '' ard Fee but they willnot shength in systematic onde.“ >" vechania! poopectier of mateo! 1 depend ops Couyghel shructwe of maferial. 9F crysted Strochore ord some than TF oulL] clepend upto gujcrostructue and cobnposi Heh. 4 that increases haxdnex and # Casmralty , meh ial activi s wilh sreclyce. the oluctiliry of fouphnest and Vice versa + Auslenitic stainlew steel (Feo ye (7 9) YT" Toe aof-'e4! axe 4-107 Ni Fase (4) FCC : ouctileMabedal (b) BEC: Grosd chrenpth G upon adding ‘NPint Stee! Mostensite, sfaset Li) rn Sn ed de ce ad ie ape Cte otc. Lo, When Austeni#e faquenched to-1com kmberafune with age equalte afen tha CCR, ox equal fo Cok Austenite fli Seg sate Inthe miawshuctune and than Material [a called Asc ae extremely th nuclear Applications. aes Ass th no magnetic‘ ay ! wohl aaah j ; Temp Foote Pay 4 i | ne rT The . pbalnlle > a ae ew sen, % ~c— wy % C—> otf. He 0-155 cages > Dual Phate ste Used fy TayT Boy Aud hutsmsviley wpruirai vary fo eid steed = ) ee Bog) As Fast Ly : ae aurn On Aiguld: my 99K eofeae + frankie — (rn ogonte Toveatmons 7 Lag d Ree Fase + Balnite Time ——> (Retained-¥ ) i . 3 No matter how nuichithe penceninge of Casiheny thy steel Here won nok be as change in the cecompoviven Pintth Line « The moment we daviate Fram Eutetetd Composiftory clecanposttin chit Line shift towards left becaure af appearance of (10 sai pate. Sd the mement wie deviated Fism cubechota comrpaalfion ¢¢ wil) facrease Myand ng Line alte deperctt upan He yoo Cannan. For Nye eufedifid steels My Line appears much abave Movm femperatwre, So ; quenching Rurtenie of Hy poeutecield Stee] b Syoamn earperalane | toll) anveet Fnto mantensiit: * BVPVvaease Se eeeeeeegeneteunnwnwervuv~ %But TF should be nofed that only the Eujectatd compositton Producer feoys masrfensite: £ Hyperenufectoid ste! ‘Mp tine appesu below 6°¢ So ~ Pca 0a? fs quercheol tovoom temperature, a postin of Aasfentie. will remain in the mitro structure called! (Rekeiined=r./ ¥ Relained|—y "twist appear) culy fry cose of Hy pereulectoid steel Ond iB nef desiyable. So in Subh cases Autfenite fs quenched Pats Liquid Nikogen to chaune the meas G@nveutoh of Austenite frdo asdenste end psiocess fa cathed [coupogentc Facatment] of materia, * Duol Phase Steel ( ppstel) > Vow dow Condon steely anc heated toa temperature Range In Which there i fo phase nuvtuye of o ano) th and From Hat femperofure material 4 cole a+ 0 ate equal to 04 Qreofen than CCR. TIT dfagrom woseks Foy Bustenite net Fos Fedrtte- And initial mforstrucduye wnfalny 057 of Feswrite so fritied fh the yesulting micostucture psimari i wh Be asl ao there deus be fine microstruchue Gf Moutiyite 5 hoe thee, < oadss so WOR : : by shen austenite ts quenched inte seme meclivm, susrface and Coxe whl), eyperdented with feent seollig sole since sustace Comes in the Contact with Gen Medium, Immedi If ome b He sioom Ramp ' And becomes manfensite- But Coe fe SHL) Ausdenite- Ausknite hao \ hghen denity as Lompéne to Martensile So afer Sometime lihen care Cémey to Sentn temperafusye. Austenite wil) convert inte pasclns ite so H% volume will expand but cunface is si9ld, this produces crack fr the sample. 3 LUNG g c due to density iff . Thene O1¢ thee Method fo avold these Gack, fustempering : Man fempexing 0%) Sep qendirhvw Yenite som ple fy tniti venched Into a hot path maiafafned oi tem so Phe fon but absve 'Mc’. Sample i4 kept Ty hot babe fax q certain pesiod of time So that temperature of Awiface and cove beconre wlform- Sample Is agi fom the hot bath and oe in the Cold bath malhtain oF er cd Monfempening decieare, the femperttue gradfenf-avd ty Prodient id sustface Und Core (Q_Auoy_ " Sn&LbaFion period in Tre ciagim can be incseated by Adley ing With Séme aie se that 3¢ accuples the Al of site: Se to achieve equilibrium cosiben hot te diffuse bur substitutiona) Innpustity poroclucing sfraln Feld not allowing carbon tp diffise. Sv to aleve equilibrium of Bhly castben buf substitutional Impwdty alto has to +o Some vacanay Kite. Since there ane Fewen ae Sle in the makéstial, diffusien £ substiuttenal Impurity onsome time hence Trt djagram shifed to sujght- Even the ally quenching Pstoduycey maskvuyite! itheuf Cratks. ominy End quench Test 4506 lovjep

@ diffision Anneli : (a Hemogenig rt Wal > Ful) Anneall Cshheroelize Aoncaling) = The obytdive of full ahneaLing. 18 te decseate thehardney ahd bsdtleney and fo increase Hh ductility ond Nes. Hypeculdhid nal Steele asie sarc Heated soc Above He UET and Hipey eutectoid sfeely B= “Slowly th Fungce. & Ane heoded above Hhe LcT. Somple is Han cool! The Resulting puicragruchune Will cose peartite. Ce ad Bs 4 ~ The Pores i mode Fox Low conber sto) to sreliet the rendual 5, & Medliven ane high caxbsh SheLy ane fe In Notune and eee & Cold woulcting voy [ead fe Prathwre: Materia! 7 heafed to Re crystallisation i erature’ and ‘Cod slowly in Furnace. Due fo Formatisn of “newen Coujstal dislocation Fase will ieout and hence there will be Serpe Seliving. AA the focatton af excessive dtyecatith pile ub a new graf, Appear “So quite possible that Mhene alt Sesome grain Fineney. But Hofe ~~ Wil! not be maga change In the grain She becauye i wil} nt be bedi: ; : te Tir loa ™ Ae Recrpfaline temperature = (0-5 Tm) d = O5(15334293)"%» Os henodize Anneali vy The objective of Hus frobets ts fo Tncrteate the machinkbidity of . Medivm anol high caxbon cteely. Thee materials are heakg Cloxe to lower cslticA] temperature and cold = Shot Inthe » Furnace . Machinability wrt Improve by the fom of »S Sphenoidg. ~& GW diffiston hrneating (xp Homigensig. ~The Poocete ty penfasumed tomake the chemical composition uniform sughout The Parocess 13 penfanmed) specially when we have dene WeldiMg an He maferta) af number of placd. e 3 Ly. Normalizing : 5 4, de ddd ~e ¥ Steels ane heated toa fempenatusie at which Aurtenite ft Th stable =~ conden Faiem there material it fokenaup From Fu ndce wd than ai quenched Susface experienced Fatfey cooling Safe, we “9 will got the ei ese nd since towards Hae cooking =B = Safe “decsieasey So grung wilh beceme coarser and Cceansey. 2 pee apes hond rare and tough Ce, the eg in ineest icatioh Hhafswhy we cabjed Jt os o te final “Heof treatm pa : i] . —® & Hardenine 2 Rea ae samples ane heated to q fermpenaturre. So that the =® «— afenife 1s Tn Stable conditisn, From that empenature it Is cooled at a sate equal to 6% Jreaten Han Phe Csitical Cooking vate to produce matknsite. : =@ obyective of Hondening ist get Maxfensite structure. eesGuenchtng Media. Meolia yiot uniform cooling ) f Batine 5 ara High Feo oH ity waley ay si é ‘kow) a lag, ‘eof soieente tn cae asi It-Stdecreos eeu salt decreose, the dahdenay of vapsuh blanket Fevmatien. ise, "Fast coo din h — b xine Selurti6n." X= Hornet be fare Heat teatmene Y= Hardney ater vi oe TX l00 4 (* Incveaye yl pas éuttchid wm nash spas loos Manfensite and when we ane : A BG to Much Frsm ettechid compusition we Wilf -eufedtaid NEE doer not Conch} bufe to the formatich of Mankmgiz. Ky Suitable eat PRE So Here | sheength b is Increased by ‘case Handening (04) f seconde He Heat i eafements | Thickney of Case. @ Conburljing @) Pade canbunizi (& Liquid » © bas 1Dy (Pack cornbustzing (©) Liquid coxbwsigi Gras carbuxiing ~ . 7 6 pera a py ocey of diffasiontcaxten in the ms spednan. Porocets ht of Hi best. Buy the porost Or ea @ Liquid conbwelping Pryeduyces Vali but the bath uN Ne only anes e buf also ii find quality — if @ 3n Gos cos wedging Phickney ‘of Ease coh be Controlled precisely ond Fhe proceys can be atic. Nitstiding Same a4 Gros Conbusiging buf in Niteiding we we NH3 hn place. of CHy Sn nitriding enatuye With Iecerc- I dh . 2 7 Miktuye » 4 Ms Spedmans ane Shield gerber a 4 conbuntirg alty quality of Cases fs very ye Cuonidt Y mane Canbusizing but composition of Liquid witt different: —e> Composition 5 30/» Nacw+ Nac + Va, C09 —e Temp 3 850°C weer " Since Nitride cases ane Cine bsuittle Ty Natuye. So afer tufiding Some times we he tod&Fusthey Heat treatment pacer to decreatd the buittlenes of maresdial ee ~ CK Nole 2 Case hardening, Nihiding ,cyanidi lg 7CN> C Gio, cyaniding 15 fof low caybon steel -” ~ Hardneat ”