SEC. 6.

 Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms

owned by the National Government shall be registered with the
FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of the Philippines.
SEC. 6.
 Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms
owned by the National Government shall be registered with the
FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of the Philippines.
SEC. 6.
 Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms
owned by the National Government shall be registered with the
FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of the Philippines.
Prepared by: Abilla, Brenyl D.
Ballistics

-is the science of the motion of the projectile/slug/missile/

bullet and the condition that affects their motion.
-It is a science in itself for it is an orderly arranged knowledge,
which is a product of series of experimentation, observation and
testing.
  It is the microscopic examination of fired cartridge
cases and bullets together with the recording and
presentation by means of photography of what is
revealed by the microscope.

- Refers to the science firearms identification which involves the

scientific examination of ballistic exhibits such as: Fired bullets,
fired shells, firearms, and allied matters used in crime
 Origin
 It was derived from the Greek word “ballo” or “Ballien” which means “to
throw”.
 The root word of ballistics was said to be derived from the Roman weapon
“ballista”.- catapult
 Motion refers to the mobility or movement of the projectile from the
time it leaves the shell empty, it leaves the gun muzzle and until it
reach its target or fall in the ground.

 A projectile( slug, bullet) is any metallic or non-metallic ball which is

propelled from a firearm. Its motion can be categories into three
general types: Direct motion, Rotatory motion and Translation
motion.
  3 Types of Motion
1. Direct Motion = is the forward motion of the bullet or shots out of the
shell by the action of the expansive force of gases from a burning
gunpowder.

2. Rotatory motion = is the action of the bullet passing through a rifled bore
barrel firearm which is either twisted to the left or to the right.

3. Translational = is the action of bullet once it hits a target and subsequently

ricocheted/ deflection of bullet.
 Branches of Ballistics
Interior Ballistics
Exterior Ballistics
Terminal Ballistics
Forensic Ballistics
Shot Ballistics
Wound Ballistics
 1. bow resistance- dragging of the head of projectile due to air
pressure

 2. skin friction- caused by friction of air moving along side/

middle portion of the body

 3. base drag - due to the under-pressure and disturbance of the air

behind the base.
 air resistance, now usually called aerodynamic
drag, which reduces the speed of a projectile.
 Branches of Ballistics
 1. Interior (Internal) Ballistics = it treats of the motion of the projectile while it
is still inside the firearm (chamber /barrel) which extends from the breech to
the muzzle.

 It refers to the motion of projectiles while it is inside the firearm.

 The bullets occupies the muzzle of the firearm for only 0.01 sec.
 The explosion of the bullet is .0002 sec.
 Action- mechanism of firearm
 Hangfire- cartridge fails to explode on time or delayed in firing
 misfire- total failure of a cartridge to discharge., complete failure
even to start combustion.
 Burning Rate - An arbitrary index of the quickness that burning propellant
changes into gas.
IMR 5010 powder is very slow burning
Bulls eye is fast burning.
 Knocking Power - the power of the bullet which delivers a very
heavy paralyzing blow that put the victim down and may then
recover if the wound inflicted upon is not fatal.
 The conditions attributed to internal ballistics are as follows: (FICEPERVRE)

 a. Firing pin hitting the primer

 b. Ignition of the priming mixture
 The priming mixture (composing of the KCLO3, sulfur and carbon)
located either at the cavity rim or at the center of the primer upon the
striking effect of the firing pin will ignite and such action is known as
“Percussion ignition action”.- Alexander forsyth 1807
 c. Combustion of the gun powder/powder charge or propellant.
 d. Expansion of heated gas.
 e. Pressure developed
 f. Energy generated
 g. Recoil or blowback of the gun
 Is the equal and opposite reaction of the gun against the forward
movement of the bullet upon explosion. The backward or rearward
movement of the gun in relation to the forward movement of the bullet.
 h. Velocity of the bullet inside the barrel- from the chamber to the muzzle
 It is the relative speed of the bullet per unit of time while it is still inside the barrel
expressed in feet per second.
 i. Rotation of the bullet inside the barrel- rifled firearms.
 j. Engraving of the cylindrical surface of the bullet
 2. Exterior (External) Ballistics = treats of the attributes or movement of the projectile after
leaving the gun muzzle.
 a. Muzzle Blast
 Is the noise/sound created at the muzzle point of the gun

 b. Muzzle energy
 Energy generated at the muzzle point measured in foot-pound.

 c. Trajectory
 Refers to the parabola-like flight of the projectile from the time it leaves the muzzle
until it hits the target. It is also described as the actual curve path taken by a bullet during
its.

 Drift- is the curve taken by the bullet while in flight.

1. Straight horizontal Line
2. Parabola like flight
3. Vertical drop
 d. Range
 It refers to the imaginary straight distance between the muzzle of the
gun and the target.
 d.1. Accurate Range= the distance within which the shooter or
gunner has control of his shots. Means he can place his shots at
the desired spot.

 d.2. Effective Range = the distance within which when the bullet
was fired it is still capable of inflicting fatal injury or death
 Maximum Point Blank Range - This is the farthest distance at
which the bullet's path stays within the critical zone.

 d.3. Maximum Range= the distance that a projectile can be

propelled from a firearm. The farthest distance the bullet could
travel.
 e. Velocity
 Refers to the rate of speed of the bullet (during its flight) per unit of time
usually express is feet per second (ft/sec.)
 over the first few yards of trajectory – distance varies with the weapon –
their flight is slightly unstable; the end of the projectile wobbles
before it picks up a smooth flight path. This phenomenon is called
“TAILWAG”,
 f. Pull of Gravity
 It is the downward reaction of the bullet towards the earth surface due to its
weight.

 g. Air Resistance
 Refers to the force of the air encounter by the bullet in its flight.
  Bullet velocity and mass will affect the nature of
wounding. Velocity is classified as:
 Low – below 1000 feet per second
 Medium – 1000 to 2000 feet per second
 High – above 2000 feet per second
 - he claimed that no path of projectile is a straight line and
that greater the velocity of projectile the flatter/ straight its
path.

- gunner’s quadrant used to determine elevation of muzzle

pattern
1st - is to measure the momentum of projectile
a. Ballistic Pendulum
b. Gun Pendulum

2nd- other one measures the time required for the projectile to
travel a given distance

-
 Benjamin Robins – invented the ballistics pendulum
-FATHER OF MODERN GUNNERY
Invented first by Alfred Loomis
The Aberdeen chronograph was the first portable instrument for
measuring ordnance muzzle velocity and striking power.
1. A spin imparted by the rifling inside the barrel of the firearm
gives the stabilization of most projectiles.

2. Fins, on the other hand, controls the flight of projectiles fired from
some smoothbore weapons and is used on most aerial bombs.
 Gyroscopic Action is the STABILITY AND STILLNESS spinning
action of the bullet while in flight
 Yaw- unstable ROTATING motion of the bullet while in flight
-the rotation of the nose of the bullet away from the line of
flight.
 1. Henry Shrapnel- He invented the shrapnel, which disperse its load of case shot with a
small bursting charge, increasing the effective range of case.
 2. E. J. Churchill- provided testimony involving the distance at which a shot had
been fired into a human skull.
The body of homicide victim, Camille Holland, was recovered and examined to
determine the cause of death.
3. Dr. Albert Llewellyn- He wrote an article entitled “The Missile and the Weapon”, which
dealt with a variety of issues to include how measurement of land and groove markings are
made on bullets.
Terms to ponder in Exterior Ballistics:
1. Ballistic Coefficient/drag tables- bullet lose its speed very
rapidly during its flight the air.
2. Maximum Point Blank Range- farthest distance at which the
bullet stays within the critical zone.
- Range at which you don’t have to adjust your point of aim to hit
the targets vital point.

3. Flat Trajectory - A comparative term used to indicate very

little curvature in the flight in the bullet from muzzle to
point of impact. When the velocity is high, comparatively flat
trajectory.
4. Key-hole Shot – the tumbling of the bullet in its flight and
hitting the target sideways as a result of not spinning on its
axis.
 THE FORMER MEANS POWER OF BULLET THAT RESULTS IN
THE INSTANTENEOUS DEATH OF THE VICTIM
 WHILE THE LATTER MEANS, POWER OF THE BULLET THAT PUTS
THE VICTIM OUT OF ACTION OR ONLY PARALYZES. .,
 Fragmentation or the action of relatively small particles,
usually from the case of a bomb, rocket, warhead, or shell;

 Impact which pertains to the penetration or perforation of an

object by a relatively large metallic body, such as an armor-
piercing shot;

 Blast is the release of energy in shock waves

 3. Terminal Ballistics= is that branch of Ballistics which deals with the
effects of the impact of the projectile on the target.
 a. Terminal Accuracy
 It refers to the size of the bullet grouping on the target.
b. Terminal Energy
 Is the energy or force of the projectile when it strikes the
target same as striking energy.
c. Terminal Velocity
Is the speed of the bullet upon striking the target
d. Terminal Penetration
Is the depth of entry of the bullet in the target.
Deals with the attributes and properties of shots and
pellets.
 When the diameter of a shotgun is the same throughout the bore, it is
called true cyclinder.

1. Full Choked- reduced by one mm.

2. Half Choked- reduced by one half mm
3. Quarter- reduced by ¼ mm
4. Improved- reduced by about 1/10
IMPROVED CYLINDER
MODIFIED CHOKE
FULL CHOKE
  The barrel construction of shotgun may also be found in different bore
construction.
A. cylinder bore type = which the bore size is the same through out the barrel
B.
C. choke bored gun = designed with a diminishing or reducing bore diameter
type towards the muzzle. This type is designed to cause an effect to the travel of
the shots. It makes the shots travel longer before it spreads.

D. “paradox gun”.= still in a very rear occasions another type of shotgun can be
observed to be having rifling only a few inch from its muzzle points.
 It is the study of the effects of projectile to human body
 It is an open wound produced by the penetration of bullet
slug within the tissues of the body. The bullet which was
propelled from the gun as well as the flame from the heated
expanded gases in short range fire is the one that produces
injury.
 Kinds of GSW distinguished by proximity of weapon
1. contact- gun muzzle pressed against or within an
inch or two of the body. 1-2 inch
2. Close discharge- 6 to 24 inches
3. Distant discharge- over 2 ft.
 GUNSHOT WOUND CHARACTERISTICS:

1. BLACKENING- caused by deposition of smoke

particles of powders at close ranges.
2. SCORCHING- caused by hot flames or hot gases. It is also known as
burning or charring.
3. Muzzle Pattern- indicates contact wound and are often
observed in suicide cases.

The edges are found ragged (torn in star shape) and the wound is
like an exit wound.
4. TATTOOING AKA “PEPPERING”- caused by the embedding of
unburnt and semi-burnt powder particles into the surface of the
target.
5.PINK COLORATION- caused by absorbed carbon monoxide in
the skin and flesh.
6. CONTUSION- caused by the impact of the projectile. Form of
a belt around the wound.
-varies from reddish dark to bluish black
7. Dirt Ring – deposited by some projectile (which carry
greases on them) around the wound.
 1. Kind of weapon - The higher power the weapon is the more
destructive to the tissues of the body.

 2. Caliber of the weapon - The higher the caliber of the wounding

bullet, the greater will be the size of the wound of entrance, hence,
greater destruction to the tissues.
 3. Shape and composition of the missile - The conical shape free end of the bullet slug
has more penetrating power but less tissue destruction, while bullet slug with
hemispherical free end had less penetrating but more destruction to the tissues.
 Some bullets were made to be deformed upon heating the
target like the hollow point, dum-dum and soft point bullet
 4. Direction of fire - A right angle approach of the bullet to the body will produce a
round shape wound of entrance in short distance fire, while in acute angle of approach
the bullet will produce an oval shape wound of entrance with contusion collar widest on
the side of the acute angle of approach and a tendency for the bullet to deflect to another
direction upon hitting the target.
5. Part of the body involved - When the bullet hit the soft tissues of the
body; the bullet penetrates and usually without any change in direction,
however upon hitting the bones and other hard body structures the bullet
may fracture the bones causing further injury or may deflect to another
direction.
ENTRANCE WOUND EXIT WOUND

SMALLER SIZE OF WOUND THAN MISSILE BIGGER SIZE OF WOUND THAN MISSILE

INVERTED EDGE OF WOUND EVERTED EDGES/ NO DEFINITE SHAPE

ALWAYS PRESENT OF ENTRANCE WOUND MAYBE ABSENT IF BULLET IS LODGE INSIDE

THE BODY

POSITIVE PARAFFIN TEST IN CONTACT OR NEGATIVE

NEAR FIRE
A method used for detection of gunshot residue. This test determines whether a person has
discharged a gun, Different names of this test:
1. Lunge’s test
2. Diphenylamine test
3. Dermal nitrate test
4.Gonzales test- the one who improved the test

Basis of this test is the presence of nitrates embedded on the skin.

Positive: Deep blue specks with tailing
Paraffin casting shall only be done within 72 hours from the alleged shooting.
The test was performed by covering a suspect's hand with a layer of paraffin, which, after cooling, could
be broken off and the paraffin treated with an acid solution of diphenylamine, a reagent used to detect
the presence of nitrates or nitrites. A positive result would then be read as blue flecks with tailing on
the wax.
Paraffin test is NOT conclusive evidence, but just corroborative
evidence which intends to support the testimony of eyewitness/es.
There are instances where in the person who actually discharged a gun
still gives a negative result because of several factors:

use of gloves
length of barrel- short barrel will deposit more residue
direction of firing- more residue if pointed upward
wind direction and velocity
lapse of 72 hours

DPA reagent can also be applied to cotton swabbing of the barrel and
chambers to determine if firearm was discharged.
Positive- Deep blue color
Suicidal Homicidal Accidental

Accesibility of part of body/ No point of election/ wound Only one gunshot wound
has point of election located at any part of the body

Usually only one gunshot signs of struggle/ defense Absence of personal grudge
wound wound present. between victim and person
who fired the gun.

Presence of cadaveric Disturbance of the Testimony of witness

spasm surroundings
1. Hemorrhage – bleeding- loss of blood from ruptured
vessels
2. Direct mechanical injury- direct damage to tissues.
3. Shock- decreases blood flow or blood volume in the
body.
4. Infection- appearance, growth and multiplication of
micro organism in living tissues
5. Embolism- clogging of blood vessels
 leading proponent in studying entrance and
exit wounds, powder burns and powder
tattooing in human skin.
 4. Forensic Ballistics
 This branch of ballistics is the product of the application of the ballistics
to law, courts, administration of justice . The idea comes with the used of the
word forensic. The word Forensic was derived from the Latin word “forum”
meaning a “market place” where people gathered for public disputation or
public discussion. When used in connection with the word ballistics or other
natural science, it suggests a relationship to the courts of justice or legal
proceedings.
 Forensic Ballistics is defined as the study of the motion of the projectile as
applied to law or simply the science of firearm identification by means of the
ammunition fired through them.
 Scope of Forensic Ballistics
 1. Field Investigation- CRIME SCENE INVESTI
 this is the job done by the first officers investigating the case where firearm
has been used. It involves recognition, collection, marking, preservation, and
transmittal of ballistics exhibit.
 2. Ballistics Technical Examination of the Exhibits- CRIME LAB,
 The job performed by the firearms examiners within the laboratory involving
markings of ballistic evidence, test firing of evidence of firearm to produce
specimens for comparative purposes, photomicrography under the forensic
comparison microscope, preparation of comparative charts, and the making of
the final reports on the findings and observations of the firearms examiners.

 3. Legal Proceeding- COURT TESTIMONY or EXHIBITS

The Evolution of Firearms

MEN BEHIND FIREARMS

1. John M. Browning - Wizard of the modern firearms and pioneered the
breech loading single shot rifled which was adopted by Winchester.

2. Samuel Colt - Patented the first practical revolver and maker of the Colt
Peace Maker, a famous revolver in the history.

3. Alexander
John Forsyth - Father of the percussion powder OR
PERCUSSION IGNITION (PRIMER)

4. Major Uziel Gal - An Israeli army who designed UZI (Israel) in the year 1950.

5. Col. Calvin H. Goddard - Father of modern Ballistics.

 Col Calvin H Goddard – Father of modern ballistics
 Valentine’s Day Massacre
 During the height of prohibition, gang warfare raged over control of the illegal
alcohol trade. One of the bloodiest battles was between Al “Scarface” Capone and George “Bugs”
Moran. On Valentines night, 1929, seven of Moran’s men were awaiting a shipment of stolen
alcohol. The shipment was actually a set up by Capone in an attempt to kill his rival, Moran.
Moran was supposed to be at the warehouse but arrived late.
 Moran saw a “police car” pull up so he stayed back and watched. The “police”
entered the warehouse and a barrage of machine gunfire was heard. Moran then saw the “cops”
come out and drive away. The real police arrived and found each of the 7 inside shot numerous
times. 70 casings were recovered from the scene. Bullets were later recovered from the
victims.
 Goddard was called in and determined that the casings were from Thomson
submachine guns. Using his comparison microscope, Goddard was able to prove that none of the
PD’s guns were the murder weapons. Suspicion fell on Capone. Police later raided the home of
one of Capone’s hit men and found two Thomson’s that were matched to the casings on the scene.
6. John C. Garand - Designed and invented the Semi automatic U.S. Rifle Cal. 30. M1
garand.

7. George Hyde - A well-known expert in the field of SMG, (also known as grease gun)
developed in 1941. M3A1 (USA)

8. Michael Kalashnikov - Designed the AK (Automat Kalashnikova) 47 (Soviet Union)

adopted by the Russian Army in the year 1951.

9. Horace Smith - Founded the great firm of Smith and Wesson and pioneered in making
breech loading rifles.
10. Eugene Stoner - Designed the U.S. M16 Armalite under licensed by Colt
Company from July 1959 onwards.
11. John T. Thompson - Developed in the course of WW1 the Thompson M1A1
and model of 1928 A1 (USA). Pioneered the making of Thompson sub-
machine gun.

12. Daniel B. Wesson - Associates of Horace Smith in the making of Revolver.

13. David “Carbine” Williams - Maker of the first known Carbine.

14. Henry Derringer- Pocket Gun

 13th century 1313/ 1242 A.D.
a.Roger Bacon published the “ De Mirabili Potestate Artis et Naturae” (On
the Marvelous Power of Arts and Nature), which noted Black powder formula-
GUNPOWDER
b.Berthold Schwartz/ Constantin Anklitzen- application of gunpowder
to the missile

 1498 Introduction of the rifling, first reference to rifled barrel appeared

 1575 Paper Cartridge was developed. Ball and powder charged were
wrapped in chemically treated paper to allow the carrying of numerous pre-
measured charges or pre loaded rounds.
 1807 The Percussion System. Alexander John Forsyth discovered a
compound that would ignite upon blow that would ignite the powder charge.
= priming mixture
 1835 The first real RIM cartridge was developed “The Flobert Cap” same as
the BB and was considered the forerunner of .22 short cartridge.

 1836 Pin fire Cartridge, was developed by Le Faucheux. A much real pin
fire cartridge was also developed in the same year by Houiller.
 =OBSOLETE

PL

 1845 Rim fire cartridge, Flobert developed the BB (bullet breech) cap,
which was considered the forerunner of the .22 cal cartridge.
FR
 CENTER FIRE- BY MORSE- CIRCLE ON THE CENTER OF CARTRIDGE
 CM

 1846 Smokeless powder was discovered. It was used in shotgun first in the year
1864 by Capt. Eschultze of Prussian Army and

 in Rifle by the year 1884 by M. Vieille of France. POUDRE B

 1884 Automatic Machine Gun. Hiram Maxim developed the first fully automatic
gun.
 Technical Definition
 Firearm is an instrument used for the propulsion of projectile by
means of the expansive force gases coming from burning gunpowder.
(FBI manual of Firearms Identification).
 The largest gun (Gustav Gun)

 The smallest gun

The SwissMiniGun is the size of a key fob but

fires tiny 270mph bullets powerful enough to kill at
close range.
 Officially the world's smallest working revolver, the
gun is being marketed as a collector's item and
measures just 2.16 inches long (5.5cm).
 Gun came from the word gyn – obsolete shortening of
engine… war engine such as springal, trebuchet, arbalest
and mangonel gonne is short for mangonel in the medieval
days.

 Pistol owes its origin to either the Italian city of Pistoia or

Pistole, a coin that was supposed to be the same diameter
with the bore of the firearm
FIREARMS
 Legal Definition of Firearm

 ACC. TO (Sec 877 Revised Administrative Code/ Sec. 290 national Internal Revenue Code).

 Firearms or arms as herein used, includes rifles, muskets, carbines, shotgun,

pistol, revolvers, and all other deadly weapons, to which a bullet, ball, shot, shell,
or other missiles maybe discharge by means of gun powder or other explosives.
This term also includes air rifle, except such of being of small caliber and
limited range used as toys.

The barrel of any firearm shall be considered a complete firearm for all purposes hereof.
 Rifle – long rifle bored firearm designed to hit targets at a greater or longer distance, with
spiral grooves to fire only a single shot. barrel of more than 22 inches
 Carbine – s short barrel rifle, having a barrel not longer than 22 inches and it is designed to
fire a single shot through a rifled-bore,
 Musket – long smooth bored firearm that is designed to prepare a single shot.
 Shotgun- long smooth bored firearm and breech loading designed to fire a number of lead
pellets or shot in one charge.

 blunderbuss - is a firearm with a short, large caliber barrel which is flared at the muzzle and
frequently throughout the entire bore

 arquebus - is a form of long gun that appeared in Europe and the Ottoman Empire during the
15th century.
a. Frame or Stock – the basic structure of the gun to which the other major parts are attached.
The stock is for rifles and shotguns. Handguns don’t have a stock, but rather what is called a grip.
Barrel–it is the long hollow tube through which the bullet travels on its
way to the target.
 invented at about 1500, had spiral grooves in the barrel
 a long barrel gun with a spiral grooves that spin the
bullet as it shot
 usually held against the shoulder when firing
 c. Action – the action of the gun consists of all the moving parts that facilitate
the loading, firing and unloading of the gun.
1. barrel
2. action
3. stock
4. sights
1. Matchlock gun- first gun operated with one hand fired by
attaching a burning cord or match
the first accurate rifle
made in europe
 Widened hole at the breech/ rear end of the barrel which
holds the cartridge
 Breech mechanism closes the rear end of the barrel, holding
the cartridge in the chamber
 A. Classification of Firearms
A. Two General Classification of Firearms

(According to Interior Barrel Construction) BORE

 1.Smooth Bore Firearms = Firearms that have no rifling (lands and grooves)
inside their gun barrel.
Examples: Shotguns and Musket

 2. Rifled Bore Firearms = Firearms that have rifling inside their gun barrel.
Examples: Pistols, Revolvers, and other modern weapons.
A. Main Types of Firearms
 (According to the Caliber of the projectile propelled)
 1. Artillery = Refers to those type of firearms that propels projectile
with more than one inch diameter.
 Examples: Cannons, Mortars and Bazookas:

 2. Small Arms = Are firearms that propels projectile with less than
one inch diameter and it can be handled, moved and operated by
one man.
 Examples: Machine gun, shoulder arms and handguns.
 2.1 Machine guns
 Machine gun is a type of firearm that is primarily designed for military use. Even
in investigation of shooting cases done in the city, it is not usual or common to
encounter this type of firearm having been used.

 Sub Machine Gun

 Is a light, portable form of machine gun, utilizing a pistol size ammunition,
having a shoulder stock that may or may not be folded and designed to be fired with
both hands.
2.2 Shoulder Arms
 Shoulder Arms are those types of firearm that were normally fired from
the shoulder.
 Rifles= A shoulder weapon designed to fire a projectile with more
accuracy through a long rifled bore barrel, usually more than 22
inches.
 Carbine = A short barrel rifle, with its barrel rifle, measuring not longer
than 22 inches. It fires a single projectile though a rifle-bore either semi-
automatic or fully automatic, for every press of the trigger.
 Muskets = is an ancient smoothbore and muzzle loading military shoulder
arms designed to fire a shots or a single round lead ball.
 Shotgun = A smooth bore and a breech loading shoulder arms designed
to fire a number of lead pellets or a shots in one charge.
  Handguns = those type of firearms that are designed or intended to be fired
using one hand.
 Ex. Pistols and Revolvers

A. PISTOL - In early firearm history, all handguns are generally called as pistols.
There were three classes of pistols in the period. The single shot pistol, the semi
automatic and the revolving pistols now known as the revolver. FROM THE WORD
PISTOIA, A CITY or TOWN IN ITALY

B. Revolver
 Revolver is a type of firearm designed to position cartridge into position for firing
with the aid of a rotating cylinder serving as its chamber. There are two types
of revolvers according to its mechanical firing action.
1. Single Action Gun – the trigger performs a single action, the
releasing of the hammer, which makes contact with the firing pin, which
discharges the primer, which ignites the powder charge.
-the hammer is manually cocked. This advances the cylinder
to the next round and locks the cylinder in place.
-the trigger, when pulled, only releases the hammer, which
fires the firearm.
 Single action, a type of revolver that needs a manual cocking of the hammer
before squeezing the trigger
2. Double Action Gun – the trigger can both cock the hammer and fire the
cartridge, performing two actions.
 -Doubleaction, a type of revolver that does not need manual
cocking.
 Just press the trigger and it both cocked and released the
hammer causing a much faster firing.
 In a Semi-Automatic Pistol, single action and double action refers to
the first shot only. After the first shot, the recoiling slide cocks the
hammer. In a “double action only” semi-automatic, the slide does not
cock the hammer, the trigger performs this function.
 FIRST ACTION IS PULLING THE SLIDE TO COCK THE HAMMER,
WHEN THE SHOOTER PULLS THE TRIGGER, THE HAMMER FALLS
AND EXPLODES THE GUNPOWDER. THE EXPLOSION CAUSES
SLIDE TO MOVE BACKWARD. THIS RECOIL AUTOMATICALLY
EJECTS THE EMPTY CARTRIDGE CASE AND RECOCKS THE GUN.
WHEN THE SLIDE MOVES FORWARD AGAIN, IT RELOADS THE
CHAMBER AND IS READY TO FIRE
A. Types of Firearms

 (According of Mechanical Construction)

 1. Single shot firearms = types of firearms designed to fire only one shot every loading.
 Examples: Single shot pistols, Revolvers and shotguns.

 2. Repeating Arms = A type of firearms designed to fire several loads (shot) in one loading.
 Examples: Automatic pistols revolvers rifles and shotguns.

 3. Automatic F/A = type of firearms that constitutes a continuous firing in a single press of the
trigger and while the trigger is press.
 Examples: Machine guns and rifles
 4. Slide Action type = types of firearms in which loading take place by back and forth
manipulation of the under/over forearms of the gun.
 Examples: Shotgun and pistols
5. Bolt Action Type = Type of firearms in which reloading takes place by manipulating the boLT
back and forth.
Examples: Rifles, shotguns and machine guns.
 6. Lever type (Break type) = loading takes place by lever action on the firearms.
 Examples: Rifles and shotguns.
  Miscellaneous Types of Gun
 1. Cane gun, knife pistols, cellphone gun, etc. = devices principally designed for other purpose to which a
gun mechanism is incorporated also called as Freakish gun.
1. Flare gun = designed for tracing or sending signals or locating enemy troops.

2. Freakish gun = a tool in which firearm mechanism is attached to prevent easy identification.

 3. Gas gun = generally referring to all gun designed from firing tear gas.

 4. Harpoon guns = refers to a barbed spear in hunting large fish.

 5.Liberator = U.S. government made smooth bore gun used in Europe during war designed to fire an
automatic colt pistol cartridge caliber .45.
 6. Multi –Barreled gun = refers to all types of gun containing a number of barrels.

 7. Paradox gun = a type of gun which contains lands and grooves a few inch from the muzzle point.

 8. Tools = are those devices which resembles a gun designed but are generally used for construction of
furniture.
 9. Zip Gun = refers to all type of home made gun.
 Ammunition/Cartridge

 Ammunition
 It refers to a complete unfired unit consisting of a bullet, cartridge case, GUNpowder
and primer.

 It is a generic term meaning (the assembly of) a projectile and its propellant. It is derived
through French from the Latin munire (to provide).
 Cartridge

 It was derived from the word “charta”, the Latin word for paper.

 Later on, it came from the French word “cartouche” meaning a roll of paper which
indicates that the original cartridges were not the brass gilding metal tipped units
which we are familiar with today


 Ammunition based on:

 Section 877of revised Administrative code and Section 290 of National

Internal Revenue;
 “ shall mean loaded shell for rifles, muskets, carbines, shotguns, revolvers,
and pistols from which a ball, bullet, shot, shell or a missiles OR
PROJECTILE may be fired by means of gunpowder or other explosives”.
 A. General types of Ammunition

a. Dummy ( used as a model)

 b. Drill Ammunition (without gun powder)

 c. Blank Ammunition (without bullet)-A blank is a firearm cartridge that generates

a muzzle flash and an explosive sound (muzzle report) like any normal gunshots. The shooter
experiences less recoil than a live round and the firearm may be modified to allow a blank to
cycle the action, but without shooting a projectile (e.g. bullet or shot).

 d. Live Ammunition
 B. Classification of Cartridge

 I. According to the Location of the Primer

a. Pin-Fire = is a type of cartridge in which the ignition cap (primer) is concealed
inside the cartridge case and has a pin resting upon it.
a. b. Rim fire = is a type of cartridge in which the priming mixture is located at the hallow rim
of the case can be fired if the cartridge is StRuck by the firing pin on the rim of the case
(cavity rim).

b. Center fire = t refers to a cartridge in which primer cup (ignition cap) is centrally placed in
the base of the cartridge case and the priming mixture is exploded by the impact of the
firing pin and with the support of the anvil.
Parts of ammunition
 Bullet
 Cartridge case
 Primer
 Gunpowder
 II. According to Rim Diameter

 a. Rimmed Case type- bigger rim than the body

 b. Semi-Rimmed type- slightly bigger rim

 C. Rimless type- equal rim to the body

 d. Rebated type = refers to the cartridge with rimless pattern, but which has a rim diameter
smaller than the body of the case

 e. Belted type = a cartridge with a prominent raise belt around its body just in front of the
extraction groove.
  III. According Caliber or inche
 Calibers in cartridges in inches and their approximate equivalent in mm and use:


 Inches MM.
 Cal. .22 about 5.59 mm- used in revolver, pistol and rifles
 Cal. .25 about 6.35 mm- used in pistols and rifles.
 Cal. .30 about 7.63 mm- (mauser) – for carbines and other rifles
 Cal. .30 about 7.63 mm (luger)
 Cal. .32 about 7.65 mm for automatic pistols and revolvers
 Cal. .380 about 9 mm- used for pistols
 Cal. .357 used in magnum .357 revolvers
 Cal. .45 about 11 mm – used in automatic pistols
 Cal. .50(biggest ammo) used in .50 cal. Machine gun
How to convert Calibre or inch into millimeter:

MULTIPLY THE CALIBRE TO 25.4

Ex. Cal.45
.45 x 25.4= 11.43 or 11 mm

Ex. Cal .22

.22 x 25.4= 5.59 mm
 Shotgun Cartridge

 It refers to a complete unit of unfired cartridge consisting of the pellets, primer,

case, wads and gunpowder

Gauge of Shotgun
 The unit of measurement used in shotgun is expressed in Gauge. This is determined by the
number of solid lead balls of pure lead, each with diameter of the barrel that can be prepared from
one pound of lead.
Anatomy of a Shotshell

1. Case – a tube, usually made of plastic or paper, with steel or brass head. It
contains the powder charge, the primer and shot
2. Crimp – the portion of a cartridge case that is bent inward to hold the shot on
place.

3. Powder – the general term for any chemical compound or mixture used in
firearms that burns upon ignition. The gases produced from this rapid
combustion propel the bullet down the bore.

4. Primer - the collective term for the chemical primer compound, cup and anvil.
When the primer is struck, it ignites the powder charge.
5. Shot – small round pellets of lead, steel or bismuth. These are
the projectiles in a shotshell.

6. Wad – a disc used to separate powder from shot, to seal

propellant gases behind the shot or to hold shot together in the
barrel.
 5-8 yards or more approximateldirection of fire, one can
sometimes find wads
 Types of Shots
 1. Soft or Drop Shots = made by pure or nearly pure lead, to which
a small amount of arsenic has been added to make it take on the form
of a spherical drop as it falls down the shot tower. This type is easy to
deformed or flattened, loose their velocity quicker, low penetrating
power and string out more.
 2. Chilled or Hard Shot = is a type of shot with a small amount of
antimony mixed with lead to increase hardness. It does no deform
easily, better patterns, less string and more uniform velocity and
penetration.
 3. Coated or Plated Shot = also called as “lubaloy” shot. A chilled
shot coated with thin copper through electroplating design for greater
strength and elasticity, great resistance to deformation and leading
and better pattern.
 Buck Shot = a one large size lead shot for used in
shotgun
 Birdshot- small shotgun pellets
 single shot- consist of a single unit of projectile
Bullet/slug, projectile, missile
 It refers to metallic or non-metallic, cylindrical projectile
propelled from a firearm by means of expansive force of gases
coming from burning gunpowder.

 Originated from the French word “boulette”

-which means a small ball.

 Slug is a layman’s term use during court proceeding. Projectiles

propelled from a shotgun are termed shots or pellets.
  Classification of bullets

 Non-jacketed or Lead Bullet – those which are made of lead alloy of this metal, lead, tin, antimony, –
which are, slightly harder than pure lead.
The most common material used in the manufacture of non-jacketed bullets is lead. Lead bullets are usually
an alloy of lead and antimony which is added to give the bullet some additional hardness.

 Jacketed Bullets – those which core of lead covered by jacket of harder material such as gilding metal, a
copper-alloy of approximately 90 % and 10 % zinc.
The primary function of the “jacket” in a bullet is to prevent adherent of metal (lead) to the inside of the
gun barrel.
 Types of Bullets According to their Maximum Effect to their targets
 1. Ball Type – Is a type of bullet, which is intended for anti-personnel and general use.

 2. Armor piercing – is a type of military bullet designed to penetrate light steel armor. Its
mechanical construction makes it capable of penetrating through some light vehicles.
Made of a hardened steel, tungsten, or tungsten carbide penetrator

 3. Explosive Bullet - Is a small bullet containing a charge of explosive, which will detonate
on impact.

 4. Incendiary Bullet –Type of military bullet used to cause fire in a target, generally designed
to use by aircraft armament in order for the fuel tanks to ignite. blue

 5. Tracer Bullet – a type of military bullet capable of leaving visible marks or traces while in
flight giving the gunner the chance to observe the strike of the shot or make adjustments in
the event of a miss- red
 Dumdum bullet – outlawed for use in war, this includes all soft bullet. (dumdum, india)
 Soft point or mushroom bullet – will expand on striking an object and produces more
serious shock.
 Hollow point bullet – with a cavity on its nose designed to increase the expansion and
sometimes called as the express bullet.
 X-bullet – a solid copper projectile that may form a four razor edge petals.

 Iced Bullets or solidified bullets – super cooled water made as a projectile.

 Incendiary bullet

 Tracer bullet
 Dumdum bullet

 Hollow point bullet

 Soft point bullet or mushroom bullet
 With regards to the wounding potential of a projectile,
design is very important. The use of expanding,
deformable bullets in wartime has been prohibited
during The Hague Convention of 1899 (followed by the
Geneva Convention). As a result, military bullet now
have full metal jackets around the lead core.
 Cartridge Case

 Cartridge Case is the metallic or non-metallic tabular

container usually of brass (70% copper and 30% zinc) designed to
unite the bullet, primer and the gunpowder into one unit. It is also
known as shell or casing.
 Functions of the Cartridge Case
 1. It locates the bullet properly relative to the bore of the firearm.
 2. It is used to carry the means of ignition.
 3. It provides gas seals at the breech against an unwanted escape of propellant
gas upon firing.
 4. Serves as waterproof container for the propellant or powder charge.
 5. Acts as the insulator between the propellant and the hot walls of the chamber
in a rapid firing of firearms.
 Base= the bottom portion of the cartridge case which contains the head stamp
 1.
marking on the base of the shell containing the caliber, manufacturer and in some
cases including the date, trade name, and batch number.
 2. Rim= is the part of the cartridge designed to limit the forward movement of the cartridge to
chamber.
 3. Extracting grooves= is the circular groove near the rim of the shell designed for automatic
withdrawal of the case from the chamber.

4. Primer Pocket=is that part of the shell which provides the means for the primer to be put in
the central position. Its function is extended to:
(a) hold the primer in place;
(b) to provide means to prevent the escape of gas;
(c) to provide solid support for primer anvil.

5. Body= is the cylindrical part of the shell which house the gunpowder.

6. Shoulder= that part of the cartridge case which support the neck of the cartridge which is
evident in a bottleneck type.
 7. Cannelure= is the cylindrical groove in the outer surface of the cartridge case
designed to secure the shell to the chamber as well as prevent bullet from being
push down to the powder charge. In some instance it is even being utilized for
identification.
 8. Neck= is that part of the shell which is actually occupied by the bullet. This is obvious in a
bottleneck type of shell but not with the straight type.

 9. Crimp= is the cylindrical groove on the mouth of the shell designed for two purposes:
 One (1) is to hold the bullet and prevent it from being pull out from the shell and
 Two (2) to offers resistance to the bullet out of the neck to ensure burning of the gun powder.
 10. Vent or Flash hole= is the hole at the bottom of the primer pocket as the passage way for the
priming mixture to impart an ignition to the propellant charge.
 Classification according to Shape
 straight
 Bottle neck
 tapered
 Annealing – is the process of making cartridge case by
heating a brass to become very soft and ductile and very weak

 Drawing – a machine operation in manufacturing cartridge

cases. Is the process of making case by punching discs from a
sheet of brass and then making these discs out into tubes
closed to one end.
 Primer (also called CAP)

is the ignition system of the cartridge used in a center fire

type, containing a highly sensitive chemical compound that
would easily ignite or bursts into flame when struck by the firing pin.
It may either be Berdan or Boxer type. It is also known as the
percussion cup.
 The Berdan is a type of primer construction, which was designed in
1860s by Colonel Hiram S. Berdan of the U.S Army Ordinance
Department.
 - two flash holes or vent
 -europian type

 The Boxer on the other hand, was developed by Col. Edward M.

Boxer of the Royal Laboratory at Woolwich Arsenal in the year 1866
 - one flash hole or vent
 -American type
 Parts of the Primer ( PDAP)
 1. Primer Cup= Is the brass gilding metal cup which contains the priming
mixture, the disc and the anvil.

 2. Priming Mixture= Is the highly sensitive chemical compound which

ignites by the mechanical blow of the firing pin. It is also called as percussion
powder.

 3. Anvil= Is that portion of the primer which provides solid support and
absorbs the blow of the firing pin causing friction that would initiates
ignition.

 4. Disc= Is a thin paper or foil which is pressed over the priming mixture in
order to protect it from moisture attack.
 Priming mixture

 It was first conceive by Alexander John Forsyth in 1807.

 2 types of priming mixtures:

 1. Potassium Chlorate- Corrosive type, draws moisture in the air and speeds
rusting and corrosion in the gun barrels

 2. Barium Nitrate- Non-corrosive type

 Gunpowder (also called as propellant or Power Charge) is that mixture of chemicals
of various compositions designed to propel the projectile by means of its expansive
force of gas when burned.

 Two of the most popular individual whose name is always attached to gunpowder
discovery were Roger Bacon and Berthold Schwartz.
 Roger Bacon, (1242 A.D.) a Franciscan monk, who wrote the ---“De Mirabili Potestate Artis et Naturae”
(On the Marvelous Power of Art and Nature), including an anagram

 Invented gunpowder
 Roger Bacon in 1242 described the ignition of potassium nitrate and sulfur as producing a
bright flash and a thundering noise but the first use of such as an explosive to propel a
projectile was so obscured by military secrecy that it could only be estimated that it occurred
between 1250-1300.
 Berthold Schwartz (whose real name was Constantin Anklitzen), a mysterious monk of
Freiburg, who according to legend that is supported by an engraving dated 1643, while
experimenting on some powder in a cast iron vessel, he ignited a charge and thus blew off the lid,
and from this deduced the principle of containing a charge in a tube and propelling a shot.

 Application of gunpowder to the propelling missile

 1846 – the German-Swiss chemist Christian Friedrich
Schobein discovered nitrocellulose.

 a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through

exposure to a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
The Black Powder
 Black powder, the oldest known explosive, was initially made from
saltpeter kno3/ potassium nitrate(75%), charcoal (15%) and sulfur (10%).
 PCS
 Captain E. Schultze of the Prussian Army, made the 1st successful used of
smokeless powder in shotgun in the year 1864

 Later, PAUL M. Vieille of French developed the first smokeless powder for
riffle in the year 1884 and named it “poudre B” taken after Gen. Boulanger’s
name.
 Single based gun powder

 Alfred Nobel invented a smokeless powder with nitroglycerine ( 40%0 and

nitrocellulose (60%) as the main composition and called it “Ballistite”.
 Double based gunpowder
 TRIPLE BASED- NITRO GLYCERINE, NITROCELLOLUSE AND
NITRAGUANADINE. VASELINE.
 Prof. Abel, a British War dept. Chemist developed “Cordite” a smokeless powder with same
composition as Nobel in the form of cords or sticks.
 A kind of double based gunpowder
 GUNCOTTON – A cellulose material which has been treated
with appropriate chemicals to produce nitrocellulose, an
extremely combustible material. Used as a bullet propellant.
 LESMOK POWDER –It was a type of semi-smokeless powder
and was used until the 1930s.

 SEMI-SMOKELESS GUNPOWDER – A transitional relatively lowpressure

propellant which bridge the gap between black and smokeless powder.
“LESMOK” was a typical brand name
 CLASSIFICATION OF SMOKELES SPOWDER

 a. Single based (Nitrocellulose) - pure nitroglycerin gelatinized

with nitrocellulose. - Single based- powders in general contain
only nitrocellulose of about 12.5 to 13.5 % nitrogen.
 Poudre B.- by Paul M Veille

 b. Double based - Double base- powders mixtures of

nitrocellulose and about 25% nitroglycerin. - nitrocellulose and
nitroglycerine with the following minor ingredients: ✓ Centralite
✓ Vaseline phthalate esters ✓
 c. Triple based - nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine and nitroguanadine. -
powders have developed for some very specific application such as high
rate for automatic weapons or artillery guns.

 d. High ignition temperature propellant - its main constituent is from

RDX Royal Demolition Explosive group of high explosives. - it was
moderated to the process of gelatinization and was then developed by
Dynamite Noble of Germany in conjunction with Heckler and Koch for
the latter’s G1 1K2 rifle.
 Barrel

 It is made from a solid steel. Most of the hunting rifle and military firearms
are made of high alloy Chrome Molybdenum.
 another one is the 416 type stainless steel.

 Process in barrel making:

 Drilling- creating holes, bore
 Reaming – cleaning or scraping the surface of barrel to achieve desired
bore diameter
 Rifling- creating lands raised portion of the rifling and grooves canal
part or depressed
 Lapping- polishing the interior surface
 Chambering- cutting space at breech end of the barrel that will serve as
the chamber for cartridge.
 Types of Characteristics in Firearms

 A. Class Characteristics = are those properties or attributes of a firearms

which can be determined even BEFORE the manufacture of the gun. This is
true for such characteristics are considered to be a manufacture’s designs or
specifications and security.
  Class Characteristics of Firearms

1. Bore diameter (caliber or gauge) it is diameter to which the bore was reamed.
The distance measured between two opposite lands inside the bore in a
hundredths or thousandths of an inch. In most express in either caliber in inch or
in millimeters.
 2. Number of lands and grooves = the number of lands an grooves inside
the barrel of a given firearm are always the same or equal. It may run from 3 to
8, but the most in the modern firearm are five and six.
 Lands = are the elevated portion of the bore of the firearm.
 Grooves = are the depressed portion of the bore between the lands.
 3. Width of the lands = is dependent upon the bore diameter of the gun,
grooves, width and number. The lands are the remainders of the circumference
after subtracting all the grooves width.
 4. Width of the Grooves = is measured as the shortest distance between the
two dies or edge of a grooves.
 5. Direction of Twist = rifling inside the barrel of the gun is either twisted to
the left or to the right which cause bullet to rotate as it passes through the
bore, in order to ensure gyroscopic stability in its flight.
 6. Pitch of Rifling = it is the measure of the twisting of the lands and grooves.
It refers to the measure of the distance advance by the rifling in order to make
a complete turn inside the barrel.
 7. Depth of the Grooves = the groove’s depth if measured on a radius of the
bore. Grooves are usually few thousandths of an inch deep, which equal to the
height of the lands.
 B. Individual Characteristics =
 are meant for those characteristics which are being determined only after the
firearm was already been manufactured. They are the product of machine
imperfections and some later due to the used of the firearms.
 OUT OF CONTROL OF MAN
 Types of Rifling

 1.army type- 4R
 Steyer Type= is the type of rifling having four (4) lands and
grooves, right twist and the width of the lands grooves. (4 RG=L)
 2. Carbine Type = rifling having (4) lands and grooves, right twist,
the width of the grooves is two (2) times the width of the lands
(4RG2X).

 3. Smith and Wesson = rifling having (5) lands and grooves, right
hand twist , the width of the land and grooves are equal. (5RG=L)

 4. Colt = type of rifling having six (6) lands and grooves, left twist,
the width of the grooves is twice (2) the width of the lands. (6LG2X)
 5. Browning = type of rifling having (6) lands and grooves, right hand twist,
the width of the grooves is twice the width of the lands. (6RG2X)

 6. Winchester = Rifling having six (6) lands and grooves, right hand twist, the
width of the grooves is three time larger the width of the lands.(6RG3x)

 7. Webley = Rifling having seven (7) lands and grooves, right hand twist, the
width of the groove is three time larger than the boarder of the lands. (7RG3X)
 Marks found of Fired Bullets

1. Land Marks = marks left on a fired bullet caused by its contact to the elevated portion (lands) of
the bore of the firearm. It appears as slight depressions or scratches the cylindrical surface of
the fired bullet.
2. Groove Marks = marks found on a fired bullet caused by the grooves of the barrel which is the
same number as that of the landmarks.
 3. Skid Marks = Marks that are generally found on fired bullet from a revolver. It is more or
less located at the anterior portion of the fired bullet due to its forward movement from the
chamber to the barrel of the gun before it initially rotates.

 4. Stripping Marks = marks found on those bullet fired from a “loose-fit” barrel wherein the
rifling are already been badly worn-out.
 Worn-out in the rifling of the firearms can be cause by either chemical reaction brought
about by rust (corrosion) or through excessive use mechanical (erosion)
 5. Shaving Marks = marks commonly found on bullet fired from a revolver
cause by its forward movement to the barrel that is poorly aligned to the
cylinder.

 6. Slippage Marks = marks found on fired bullets passing through either on

oily or oversize barrel.

 Marks found on Fired Shells

 1. Firing Pin Mark = mark generally found at the base portion of the cartridge case more specifically
near center of the primer cup in a center fire cartridge or at the rim cavity of a rim-fire cartridge. Considered
as one of the most important marks for identification of firearms using fired shell.
 2. Breech Face Mark = mark found at the base portion of the shell cause by backward movement to the
breech face of the block of the firearm.
3. Extractor Mark = mark mostly found at the extracting groove of the fired cartridge case.
Cause by its withdrawal from the chamber.

4. Ejector mark = mark generally found on cartridge case fired from an automatic firearms. It
is located near the rim of the case cause by the throwing of shell from the firearm to the area
of shooting.
5. Shearing Mark = sometimes called “Secondary Firing Pin mark” found in the primer near the firing
pin mark.

6. Magazine Lip Mark = marking found at the two sides of the rim cause by the magazine lips during the
loading of the cartridge into the magazine for firing. FOLLOWER MARK

7. Chamber Mark = mark mostly found around the body of the fired cartridge case cause by the
irregularities of nips inside the walls of the chamber.
 In fired cartridge case either of the Firing pin mark and the Breech
face marks can be used as basis for identification,

 in the absence or none use of these two, both the ejector and
extractor marks can be utilized as secondary choice.
 Physical examination of bullet
 All cases that involve firearm identification start with the
preliminary examination of the evidence for similar class
characteristics.

 Test firing
 The firearm is fired from the bullet recovery box or water tank in order to
obtain and test the cartridge cases.
 For conclusiveness, there should be at least 3 test bullet fired.

 First, for comparison. Preliminary

 Second, for confirmation
 Third, for conclusion
 Microscopic examination

- after recovery of test bullet and test cartridge cases.

-under the bullet microscope, the 2 fired bullets or shells are
examined in juxtaposition.
 Marking of Physical Evidence

 On fired bullets:
 - mark on the ogive near the nose or base
 On fired cartridge case:
 - mark on the side of the cartridge near the mouth or inside the mouth.
 IBIS
 A computerized identification system that stores ballistics information on
bullets and cartridge cases submitted as evidence in connection of a crime.
 Firearms laws
 PD 1866 – Illegal possession of firearms
 RA 8294 – Act Amending the PD 1866
 Section 877of Revised Administrative Code
 Section 290 of National Internal Revenue
 Comprehensive Firearms and Ammunition Regulation Act 2013 –
REPUBLIC Act No. 10591
 Helixometer- to measure pitch of rifling- MEASURE OF RIFLING
IN ONE COMPLETE TURN

 Onoscope- to examine barrel or bore of shotgun for imperfections

and irregularities

 Caliper- use to measure bullet diameter

 Analytical or Torsion Balance- use to weight bullet or pellets

 Taper Gauge- use to measure gauge or diameter of smooth bore

firearm
 Chronograph- used to measure velocity of bullet
 Bullet Comparison Microscope – This valuable instrument is
specially designed to permit the firearms examiner to
determine the similarity and dissimilarity between two fired
bullets or two fired shells, by simultaneously observing their
magnified image in a single microscopic field.

 CP–6 Comparison Projector – An instrument very much

similar with the bullet comparison microscope, where 2 fired
bullets or shells can be compared in one setting of the firearms
examiner.
 Machine Rest - A machine use for testing the accuracy of a firearm
 1. Impression type – those markings caused by direct pressure contact.
(ex. Breechface mark)

 2. Striated mark – those markings caused by sliding contact. (ex. Minute

striations on the cylindrical surface of the bullet)
1. Prominent- standing out or projecting beyond a surface or line,
readily noticeable

2. Consistent- Firmness, impression found on evidence bullet are also

found in test bullet and cartridge cases

3. Significant- has value, meaning or capable of being interpreted by

ballistician
 If homicide or murder is committed with the use of an
unlicensed firearm, the penalty of death shall be imposed.
 If the violation of this Section is in furtherance of, or incident
to, or in connection with the crimes of rebellion, insurrection
or subversion, the penalty of death shall be imposed.
 "CODIFYING THE LAWS ON ILLEGAL/UNLAWFUL POSSESSION,
MANUFACTURE, DEALING IN, ACQUISITION OR DISPOSITION OF
FIREARMS, AMMUNITION OR EXPLOSIVES OR INSTRUMENTS USED IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF FIREARMS, AMMUNITION OR EXPLOSIVES, AND
IMPOSING STIFFER PENALTIES FOR CERTAIN VIOLATIONS THEREOF, AND
FOR RELEVANT PURPOSES."

 "If homicide or murder is committed with the use of an unlicensed firearm, such
use of an unlicensed firearm shall be considered as an aggravating
circumstance.
 "If the violation of this Sec. is in furtherance of or incident to, or in connection with
the crime of rebellion or insurrection, sedition, or attempted coup d'etat, such
violation shall be absorbed as an element of the crime of rebellion, or
insurrection, sedition, or attempted coup d'etat.
Coverage of the Term Unlicensed Firearm. – The term unlicensed firearm shall include:
1) firearms with expired license; or
2) unauthorized use of licensed firearm in the commission of the crime.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10591
 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE LAW ON
FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION AND PROVIDING PENALTIES
FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF

 “Comprehensive Firearms and Ammunition Regulation

Act”

- licensing, manufacturing, permit to carry outside,

permit to transport, gun clubs, ownership and
possession
 SEC. 4.
 Standards
and Requisites for Issuance of and Obtaining a License to
Own and Possess Firearms. –
In order to qualify and acquire a license to own and possess a
firearm or firearms and ammunition, the applicant must be a
Filipino citizen, at least twenty-one (21) years old and has
gainful work, occupation or business or has filed an Income
Tax Return (ITR) for the preceding year as proof of income,
profession, business or occupation.
 SEC. 6.
 Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National
Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of
the Philippines.
 SEC. 6.
 Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National
Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of
the Philippines.
 SEC. 6.
 Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National
Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of
the Philippines.
 SEC. 6.
 Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National
Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of
the Philippines.
 SEC. 6.
 Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National
Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of
the Philippines.
 SEC. 6.
 Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National
Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of
the Philippines.
 SEC. 6.
 Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National
Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of
the Philippines.
 SEC. 6.
 Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National
Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of
the Philippines.
 SEC. 6.
 Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National
Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of
the Philippines.
 SEC. 6.
 Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National
Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of
the Philippines.
 SEC. 6.
 Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National
Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of
the Philippines.
 SEC. 6.
 Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National
Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of
the Philippines.
 SEC. 6.
 Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National
Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of
the Philippines.
 SEC. 6.
 Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National
Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of
the Philippines.