INDIAN SCHOOL MUSCAT

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
CLASS-XII
ENRICHMENT CLASS WORK-SHEET -2
C B S E -FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
TOPIC- RAY- OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
8. A concave mirror produces a real and magnified image of an object kept in front of
it. Draw a ray diagram to show The image formation and use it to derive the mirror
equation. CBSE -2015

9. A point object O on the principal axis of a spherical surface of radius separating two

media of refractive indices μ1 and μ2 forms an image as shown in the figure.

CBSE – 2019 ,2017,2015

In ∆ COA i = α + γ …… (1)
In ∆ CIA γ=r+β so r = γ – β …(2)
sin 𝑖 𝜇
By Snell’s law = 1μ2 = 1
sin 𝑟 𝜇2
𝜇1 sin 𝑖 = 𝜇2 sin 𝑟
For small aperture, angles i and r will be small
So sin i = i and sin r = r
𝜇1 𝑖 = 𝜇2 𝑟
Substituting the values of i and r
𝜇1 (α + γ ) = 𝜇2 (γ – β )
𝜇2 𝛽 + 𝜇1 𝛼 = (𝜇2 − 𝜇1 𝛾) …….. (3)
 𝒉 𝒉 𝒉
Substituting these values in equation (3) 𝝁𝟐 + 𝝁𝟏 = (𝝁𝟐 − 𝝁𝟏 )
𝒗 −𝒖 𝑹

𝝁𝟐 𝝁𝟏 (𝝁𝟐 −𝝁𝟏 )
− =
𝒗 𝒖 𝑹
10.Derive expression for the lens maker’s formula using necessary ray diagrams.
CBSE -2019. 2016,2014,2012,2011
Ans.

11. Draw a ray diagram to show the refraction of light through a glass prism. Hence
derive the relation

CBSE 2018, 17, 16,15

12. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a compound microscope when image is formed at least
distance of distinct vision. Define its magnifying power and write the expression for the

magnifying power of the microscope. CBSE -2019, 2016,2010,2015,2013,2014

Ans. ray diagram of a compound microscope when the final image is at least distance of

distinct vision:

𝒗 𝑫
𝑴 = − ( 𝟎 ) . (𝟏 + )
𝒖 𝟎 𝒇𝒆
13. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope in

normal adjustment.

(ii) Define magnifying power of a compound microscope in normal adjustment and write an

expression for it. CBSE – 2018, 2017, 2015, 2013

Ans. ray diagram of a compound microscope in normal adjustment

𝒗 𝑫
𝑴 = − ( 𝟎) . ( )
𝒖 𝒇𝟎 𝒆

14. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope when the final image is

formed at least distance of distinct vision.

(ii) Define its magnifying power and deduce the expression for the magnifying power of

telescope. CBSE – 2019, 2017, 2015,2014, 2013

𝒇 𝒇𝒆
𝑴 = − ( 𝟎) . (𝟏 + )
𝒇𝒆 𝑫
15. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the image formation by an astronomical telescope
in normal adjustment.
(ii) Derive the expression for its magnifying power in normal adjustment. (when the final
image is formed at infinity) CBSE -2022, 2017,2016,2016,2009

𝒇𝟎
e 𝑴=−
𝒇𝒆

16. (a) Draw a schematic diagram of a reflecting telescope. State the advantages of reflecting

telescope over refracting telescope.

(b) What is its magnifying power? CBSE -2018, 2016,2015, 2016,2009

Ans. (a) Advantages of reflecting telescope

(i) No chromatic aberration (iii) Brighter image

(iv) Less maintains (v) Low cost

𝒇𝟎
(b) 𝑴=−
𝒇𝒆
 WAVE-OPTICS
A-HUYGENS’S PRINCIPLE
1. Define a wave front. How is it different from a ray? CBSE-2017,2016,2015,2010, 2013
Ans. Wave-front: Surface at which all the particles of a medium vibrating in the same phase is called
wave front
Difference from a ray: A ray is always normal to the wave front at each point.
2. State Huygens’s principle. CBSE – 2019, 2016,2015,2010,2006,2013,2011,2008
Ans. Huygens’s Principle: (i) Each point on the wave front acts as a fresh source of new source of light,
called secondary wavelets.
(ii) The forward envelope of all particles vibrating in same phase these at any instant, gives the
shape and position of new wave front.
3. Using Huygen’s construction draw a figure showing the propagation of a plane wave-front
reflecting at a plane surface. Show that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection. CBSE-2016,2014,2012
Ans. Explanation of reflection on the basis of Huygen’s wave theory
1. XY is reflecting surface.
2. Plane wave-front AB is incident on a reflecting surface XY
3. CD be the plane reflected wave-front

4. Use Huygens’ principle to verify the laws of refraction. CBSE -2017

OR
Derive Snell’s law on the basis of Huygen’s wave theory when light is travelling from a rarer
to a denser medium/ Denser to rarer medium. CBSE-2019,2016,2015,2013
Ans. Explanation of refraction on the basis of Huygen’s wave theory
1. XY is refracting surface.
2. Plane wave-front AB is incident on a refracting surface XY in first medium.
3. CD be the plane reflected wave-front in second medium.

sin 𝑖 𝑣1
= = 1n 2
sin 𝑟 𝑣2
 B-INTERFERENCE
1. What is interference of light?
ANS. When two waves of same frequency and nearly same amplitude move in same direction, due to
superposition some places we get maximum intensity of light and other places minimum intensity
of light. This phenomena of light is called Interference.
2. What are coherent sources of light?
ANS. Two sources producing light waves of same frequency and zero or constant initial phase difference are called
coherent sources of light
3. Why cannot two independent monochromatic sources produce sustained interference
pattern? CBSE-2018,17
Ans. Two independent sources do not maintain constant phase difference.

4. Write the condition for constructive and destructive interference in terms of the phase angle.
CBSE- 2019, 2017, 2016
ANS. CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTIVE AND DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE:
1. CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE: Resultant intensity at a point will be maximum, when
𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ = +𝟏 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 ∅ = 𝟎, 𝟐𝝅, 𝟒𝝅, 𝟔𝝅 … … … … ..
In general, ∅ = 𝟐𝒎𝝅 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒎 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 … … … … … …
Phase difference: 𝟎, 𝟐𝝅, 𝟒𝝅, 𝟔𝝅 … … … … ..
Path difference: λ, 2λ, 3λ
2. DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE: Resultant intensity at a point will be minimum, when
𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ = −𝟏 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 ∅ = 𝝅, 𝟑𝝅, 𝟓𝝅 … … … … ..
𝟏
In general, ∅ = (𝒎 + ) 𝟐𝝅 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒎 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 … … … … … …
𝟐

Phase difference: 𝝅, 𝟑𝝅, 𝟓𝝅 … … … … ..

Path difference: λ/2, 3/2λ, 5/2λ ……………

3. Write an expression for fringe width in Young’s double slit experiment

CBSE-2018,2016,2015,2014
ANS. Position of Maxima and Minima in Young’s double –slit experiment: - Fringe- width
1. Let S be source narrow slit illuminated by monochromatic source of light.
2. S1 and S2 be narrow parallel slits and serve as a pair of coherent sources and they separated by
distance d.
3. Distance between two sources and screen is D
4. Interference fringes are obtained on the screen due to superposition of two waves.
Fringe width:- Thickness bright and dark fringes is called Fringe width.
𝝀𝑫
Formula of Fringe width- 𝜷=
𝒅
Where 𝜷 = 𝑭𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 D = Distance between slits and screen d = distance between two slits
Note : Fringe width of bright fringe = Fringe width of dark fringe
4. What is sustained interference pattern? Write the necessary conditions to obtain sustained
interference fringes.
Ans. An interference pattern, in which the positions of maxima and minima on the screen does not
change with time, is called sustained interference
Conditions for Sustained interference pattern:
1. The two sources should emit waves of same frequency or wavelength.
2. The two sources should be monochromatic.
3. The separation between the two sources (d) should be small
4. The distance (D) of the screen from the two sources should be large
5. The amplitudes of the interfering waves should nearly equal.

5.Draw the intensity pattern for single slit diffraction and double slit interference.
CBSE -2019, 2017,2015
ANS. Intensity Curve:
The bright and dark fringes are alternately and symmetrically situated on both sides of
the central fringe at O. In Young’s double slit interference pattern, among all fringes of
equal width and all bright are of equal intensities.

6. What is the effect on interference fringes in a Young’s double slit experiment when the
monochromatic source of light is replaced by a source of white light? CBSE -2017,2015, 2012
Ans. The interference pattern consists of a central white fringe having on both sides a few coloured
fringes and then a general illumination
7. In the Young’s double slit experiment, how does the fringe width get affected if the entire
experimental apparatus is immersed in water? CBSE -2016, 2014
Ans. fringe width will decrease.
 C- DIFFRACTION
1. What is diffraction of light? State the essential condition for diffraction of light. CBSE-2016
Ans. The phenomenon of bending of light round the corners of small obstacles or apertures is called
diffraction of light.
Essential condition: Size of slit/ aperture must be of the order of wavelength of light
2. (i) When a parallel beam of monochromatic source of light of wavelength λ is incident on a
single slit of width d, show how the diffraction pattern is formed at the screen by the
single slit.
(ii) find the relation for linear width of central maximum.
CBSE (F)-2019, 2017,2016,2015,2014,2012
ANS. (i) DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT DUE TO A SINGLE SLIT
1. A source of monochromatic light S is placed at the focus of convex lens L1.
2. Let the light be diffracted through angle θ. Diffracted light meet the screen at point P after passing
through the lens L2.
Maximum and Minimum intensity of light at point P depends upon path difference between two waves
reaching at point P.
Note: Point O i.e. known as central maxima of diffraction pattern.

Calculation of path difference: -

The path difference between the wavelets from A and B
𝑩𝑵
In ∆ ANB = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 ∴ 𝑩𝑵 = 𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝑨𝑩
Positions of minima: If BN = λ
Then 𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝛌
For first minima 𝜽 = 𝜽𝟏
𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝟏 = 𝛌
Explanation: If we divide the slit into two equal parts AC and CB then path difference between the
wavelets from any two corresponding points of AC and CB will be λ/2 and produce a minimum intensity
of light.

The condition for nth dark fringe 𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒏 = 𝒏 𝛌 where n = 1, 2, 3, ….

𝟑
Positions of secondary maxima: If BN = λ
𝟐
𝟑
Then 𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝛌
𝟐
Explanation: We can divide the slit into three equal parts. The path difference between two
corresponding points of the first two parts will be λ/2 and two wavelets cancel each other. On the other
hand, the wavelets from the third part of slit will reach to point P and produce secondary maxima.
(ii) Angular width of central maximum: - is angle between the directions of the first minima on
two sides of central maxima.
The direction of the first on either side of the central maximum is given by
𝝀
𝜽=
𝒅
𝟐𝝀
Angular width of central maximum = 𝟐𝜽 =
𝒅

Linear Width- angle= Arc/ Radius

Arc = Angle X Radius
𝟐𝝀𝑫
Linear Width = 𝟐𝜽 𝒙 𝑫 =
𝒅
3. Draw the intensity pattern for single slit diffraction and double slit interference.
CBSE-2018, 2017,2014
Ans.

Intensity Curve of Diffraction pattern: Intensity Curve of Interference pattern:

4. State two differences between interference and diffraction patterns. CBS-2019,2017,2015

Ans.
Interference Diffraction
1. It is contrast fringe pattern. 1. It is faint fringe pattern.
2. Fringe pattern in large number. 2. Fringe pattern in less number.
3. Width of fringes/ bands is equal. 3. Width of fringes/bands is not equal
4. All bright fringes of same intensity. 4. Intensity of bright fringes gradually decrease.