Educational

Planning and
Development
(Answers in Module 1 to 6)

Name: Gemimah F. Fababeir

School: Sta. Isabel Elementary School
MODULE 1
Background Information
on
Educational Planning
 Lesson 1: Fundamental Concepts of Educational Planning

1. Why is there need for educational planning?

Educational Planning has needs for providing coordination and direction. But why
thus it needs to have those or why is there a need for educational planning. Educational
planning has a need for it can be the basis for evaluating/assessing performance of the
educational system and affects equity in the distribution and utilization of resources.
2. As a planner/administrator, how do you understand the term “educational
development”? Suggest other facets of educational development.
As a planner or administrators educational development for me was to expand
facilities to suit with the needs of expanding teaching – learning situations. Some facets
of educational development were aiming a lifelong learning through providing an
education for all and establish an effective education.
3. What may bring about a feasible and workable educational development plan in
your region/division/district/institution?
To bring a feasible and workable educational development, our district planned to
meet the educational needs of the learner despite of pandemic. Pupils need was fitted in
the educational development plan by assessment and make it easier for the teachers and
other who grasp knowledge in the student’s learning process.
4. What do you think is the ideal approach to be used as basis of planning activity
in your area? Why?
In our area I think the more ideal approach was the socio-cultural. Socio-cultural
consist eliminating educational needs and development that was very convenient to use
in our area so that we can analyze our pupils flow of learning from grade to grade and
level to level by personally checking them.

Lesson 2: Foundations of Educational Planning

1. Why is there a need for an educational planner to have basic knowledge and
understanding in his society?
In planning we need knowledge so that we can make a plan but also planner
should understand appropriately what the plan he/she just made before putting it into
action. So if I am an educational planner in our society it is more essential if I have a
basic knowledge and understanding in my society for me to know the impact of my
educational plan. My plan would rather fail if I would not put a responsibility of having a
basic knowledge and understanding in educational planning in our society.
2. Present a situation showing the impact of planning on society.
In our society they planned to have a modular learning especially in elementary
level and schools personnel was asked to print modules. This way around there was a lot
of adjustment to make on how to assess pupils. So even though personnel also adjust
for this kind of new normal they still put the responsibility to eventually accept the
change and gradually adjust themselves to the consequences of that change.
3. What are the principal cost elements of education?
In education the one of the principal cost elements was investment in capital for
example is the school building, It is appropriate that pupils have a appropriate schools
to go for the country to produced a educated people but how will it happen if they do not
have a school that was more convenient for them to go. So the government will make a
decision to give a fund for it because they wouldn’t like if those people have been
working instead of going to school.
4. What do you understand by education as consumption and as an investment?
Give specific example.
Since education plays a role both as consumption and as an investment.
Education is consumption because it satisfies the needs and provides utilities. It also
spends money for the school facilities, teachers’ salaries, books and other materials that
cost so much money. It is an investment if it contributes to the economic growths in
general and the increase of individual income in particular.
5. Why should an educational planner be conversant with the structure of the
educational system?
Educational planner should be conversant with the structure of the educational
system because when the structure is altering there’s an instant result in the work of
the educational planner. A lot like teachers needs and like have to be changed to match
the new structure.
6. How should educational planners respond to the challenges of population
dynamics?
Educational planners should respond by exploring new way of approaching a
problem or making progress including major reforms of educational structure and
contents. The response to population dynamics remain in action rather than
broadening. Population management is essential to economic development which can be
achieved by educational and economic measures. It is appropriate that planners know
their role in population education.
One of the most significant contributions of education to national development is
to inculcate in our people the awareness of the vital and pressing need; to control
population growth or decline and to manage population processes and to explain the
national development is not exclusively economic development

Lesson 3: Educational Planning at the Institutional Level

1. Why is the institutional planning important and necessary?

Institutional planning means geared to the objectives, needs and development of a
school or institution. It means that it is important and necessary for it’s primary
objective is to make the best utilization of existing resources and they emphasize human
efforts rather than additional money investment. Education is essentially a stretch
process whereby teachers and students stretch themselves and their resources to the
utmost.
2. Formulate a skeletal framework of an institutional plan for school/institution in
your locality.
Institutional plan
for school
in our locality

Improvement of
Improvement of the
the school Improvement of development of Improvement of
facilities and the school the school by the school
equipment plants establishing the projects
development of
its deficiencies
MODULE 2
Trends in
Educational Planning

Lesson 1: Educational Planning in the Philippines

1. Cite some examples of educational planning activities that were performed
before the adoption of the present educational planning activities.
Some examples of educational planning activities that were performed before
the adoption of the present educational planning activities was the educational
surveys and studies that were made to provide a basis for restructuring of
education.
2. What office is now charged with overseeing the preparation of educational
plans in the Department of Education, culture and sports? State briefly its
functions.
Board of National Education is the office that is now charged with
overseeing the preparation of educational plans in the Department of Education,
culture and sports. Congress of the Philippines created the board of national to
formulate the objectives, functions, and activities of different types of educational
institutions and to set up general goals of accomplishments for the entire school
system.

Lesson 2: Planning for Quality

1. What is planning for quality?

Planning for quality is concerned with the shaping of pupils performance,
not just with education’s role in economic growth.
2. In your specific locality, which of the five areas for improving quality in
education should be given priority? Why?
In our locality the sufficiency of inputs relating to building accommodation,
furniture and equipment should be given priority. Flood is not a joke in our
locality, teachers was always aware because it was very easy to have a flood when
rain is heavy and school where affected. After having flood rooms has always been
damage and the surrounding is not likeable to watch for it looks dirty.

Lesson 3: Participatory Planning

1. Do you encourage participatory planning in your locality? Why? How?

Yes. Because participatory planning was made to give chance for those who are
affected and it is good in making decision for it maximizes the contributions of
expertise in planning. And to make this I must consult them in planning and
decision making.
2. Who are the people involved in the formulation of your plan? What is their
role in your planning activities?
People who will be involved in the formulation of my plan are the pupils as
the clients served by the school, teachers as the major element of the professional
staff, school administrators as the principals, supervisors, and superintendents,
decision makers as the chiefs, directors and ministries and last is the Para as
professionals and personnel of other agencies: supporting services.

Lesson 4: Integrated Planning

1. What is the integrated development planning?

Integrated planning refers to an educational plan itself. It stands for the
development of planning activities as well as planners/plan implementers who
may include students, parents and professionals where they themselves may
requires an integrating and integrated orientation.

2. Why some development plans do fails?

 Some development plans do fails for not establishing and maintaining a
complete, adequate, and integrated system of education relevant to the goals of
national development. It strikes in schools that were not building in a good road
and qualified teachers.

Lesson 5: Decentralized Planning

1. What is decentralized educational planning?

Decentralized educational planning mobilizes grass roots participation in
planning to support the country's social and economic development objectives. It
bridges the socio - economic, cultural and resources disparities between
disadvantage and better endowed area.
2. Give at least 9 indicators identifying DDU elementary schools in your
locality.
The nine indicators identifying DDU (Disadvantage Depressed School Understand) in our
locality are survival rate, participation rate, drop-out rate, teacher-pupils ratio, pupils
performance in fundamental subjects, the nutrition index of our pupils in the districts, teachers-
pupils vaccination status, availabilities of materials for modules of pupils, and rating our
students based on their performance.
3. Among the five, variables, what do you consider the most important determinant in the
allocation of DDU schools in your particular locality? Why?
I consider the most important determinant in the allocation of DDU schools in our particular
locality is the teachers. Because teachers strengthen the implementation of student learning for
them is one who’s making education functions.
4. In your district/division/region list down the priority needs of your DDU schools and
work out a scheme of assistance.
The priority need of our DDU schools was the construction of building so that in every flood it
may not reach the rooms, resources and other important documents. To make this happen it
should be recommended to the higher one and accept by them to implement a better learning
and not be wash out by the flood.
MODULE 3
Process of
Educational Planning

Lesson 1: System Analysis or Approach

1. Briefly explain the relationship among input, output, throughput, and
feedback in a system using a specific system basis.
In a communication system it is characterize all systems in form of input,
throughput and output which shows the relationship of those three that all are
within the system. On the other hand, feedback is the process where from output
it went back to the input to complete the loop which shows the relationship of it in
input, throughput and output.
2. Identify a problem in any of these areas: curriculum, staff development and
physical facilities. How will you solve this problem using system approach?
There are problems in different areas that go upon in educations like for
examples are the staff development. Staff should be responsible to make learning
effective and I know that is what all do. But what if the teaching techniques of the
staff are not working for his/her pupils, in this way staff was expected to make an
objectives or goals and determine proper resources that will be used. Also after
thinking and thinking of goals and ways for his/her pupils he/she should
implement it or test it to know if it is effective. So in this case staff shows
development in his/her ways of teaching to be appropriate in pupils needs.

Lesson 2: Educational Planning Process

1. What particular stage would you consider the core/heart of the planning
process?
I consider the planning stage as the core/heart of the planning process for it
includes putting or matching output that was well considered for the betterment of
teaching. Also I believe that when the plan have been thought carefully it
maximize the possibility of being effective that will make the whole process
relevance, effective and efficient.
2. Prepare a brief situational analysis of your school.
In our schools, we as teachers identify our students’ needs for improvement
of their learning and to identify it we keep our records every time they passed their
modules. I have now a lot of pupils who has no one to guide them at home. To
make sure that they are still learning I prepare a voicemail so that they may follow
my explanation. And to those who has no cell phone I prepare an easier modules
for them to answer. Looking in the results there only few of them are thinking that
our lessons are hard.

Lesson 3:
Identification of Programs and Projects: Plan Elaboration

1. What particular stage would you consider the core of the planning process?
Why?
I consider the project study stage as the core of the planning process for it
study about the data relevant to the project such as personnel involved, project
implementing office, objectives, curriculum adjustments, organization, and
financing. Also gathering knowledge about all of this will make the implementation
maximizes its improvement and relevancy.
2. Prepare a brief situational analysis of your school, district or division.
In our schools, we are coordinating to the barangay if there’s a program or
project involving them. Like when we conduct a project kumustahan were we visit
our pupils at home especially those who need personal help from us is really
important. First, before going to their home we go to the barangay to ask for
permission then follow what they advice as to do. In barangay they said to make
sure to follow health protocol and the time that we are expected to stay by house.
So we teacher prepare materials to be needed and make sure that we’ve learn it
first before teaching it to them to lessen the time. It is because of pandemic we are
all challenged of knowing that many of our pupils badly needed us for personal
support. Though we are supporting them in different ways in face to face classes
still it is different now because we can’t even observe what support our pupils
need because their at home. Thankfully our school seek help to the barangay for
having a visitation and they approved it. So the situation here is, it is tough for us
school personnel especially now because of pandemic but having a cooperation
and eagerness it may be possible to pupils to learn even in new normal.
MODULE 4
Quantitative Aspects
of
Educational Planning

Lesson 1: Basic Statistical Tools in Educational Planning

 Lesson 2:
Computational Techniques in Educational Planning

1. Estimate the 1080 population of your province using the 1975 actual
population furnished by the National and Statistics Office.
2. Is the median always bigger than the arithmetic mean? Explain your answer.
No. Both the median and mean are measures of central tendency, but the
median balances observations whereas the mean balances values. Combining
them gives indications of dispersion. If the median is less than the mean, the
distribution is skewed right toward relatively higher values or positively skewed.
Only in a symmetric distribution does the median equal to mean.
3. In an elementary school, a pupil completed successfully in Grade V and is
promoted to Grade VI. He failed, however, to show up in Grade VI because of
his parents decided to let him discontinue going to school for reason of
poverty. Would you classify him as promoted, a successful school leaver, or a
dropout? Explain why.
I would classify him/her as a dropout, though there are process before
dropping them out but still if they didn’t comply to the process that was made so it
is confirm that the pupils is dropout.
MODULE 5
Financial Aspects
of
Educational Planning

Lesson 1:
Budgeting: Its Implications to Educational Planning
1. What is the difference between line-item budgeting and performance
budgeting?
The difference between the two is that line-item budgeting is that it is
expenditure-oriented and not goal-oriented while performance budgeting was
designed as goal and management oriented.
2. Why is there need for correlating budgeting with planning?
It is important to correlate budgeting with planning to avoids inequities in
resources allocation, which led in turn to the emergence of DDU schools, poor
implementation of plans due to lack of financial supports and non-implementation
of many good plans.
3. Based on your local situation, what problems do you encounter in correlating
budget with plan? Suggest some possible solutions to the problem.
In our locality the problems that I encounter in correlating budget with plan
is the less freedom to act and to innovate due to limited funds available. Budget
always given a higher percent than planning that is why the plan most frequently
has to scale down. On the other hand, a solution is to raise more resources or
substantial savings through cost-reduction strategies.

Lesson 2:
Planning, Programming and Budgeting System (PPBS) and
Other Innovations in Budgeting in the Philippines

1. Compare the past and present budgeting practices of the Ministry of

Education and Culture (MEC)/ Department of Education, Culture and Sports.
Past budgeting practices of the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC)/
Department of Education, Culture and Sports was replicates by the present
budgeting practice though there is a little planning beyond present budgeting.
2. Using the district/division/regional plan that you have formulated, prepare a
programmed budget applying the PPBS concept.
How will our district improve its school projects/program in elementary
level? In each program, inputs in terms of personnel, materials and money are
allocated for the improvement of school projects/program. In budgeting program,
sub-program and program element must be analyzed. Somehow, I prepare a
sample program budget applying the PBBS concept.
Program: Enhancement of school facilities and equipments for New Normal,
Sub-program: Preparation of the materials and persons needed on the program for
Elementary School, Program element: Kick off on the proper utilization of facilities
and equipments. And here are the items that may appear in the budget: for the
preparations must have 25,000 and for the kick off for almost hundreds teachers
must have 60,000 or more.

Lesson 3:
Costing of Educational Plans

1. What are the uses of costs?

The uses of costs are to be an instrument for an over-all analysis of the
financial aspects of education and as a parameter for projecting the trend of the
educational system through a detailed analysis.
2. Why is cost/benefit analysis important and necessary in educational
planning?
 Costs/benefits analysis important and necessary in educational planning for
it provides some valuable indications of the time trend of financial flow.
3. Work out the educational cost of any new course/program of your school?
Estimating expenditure based on units for costing, such as cost per pupil,
cost per graduate, cost per class, cost per place, cost per teacher, cost per average
daily attendance is what we need to work out in our school. To get education cost
of a particular course/program in our school, data must be secure.
MODULE 6
Communication and
Evaluation in Planning

Lesson 1:
 Communication in Educational Planning

1. Why is free and unguarded communication important in planning?

In planning it is important that everybody feel free to voice his/her opinions
without feeling guarded. Good communication exists when each one in a group
accepts differences in opinion as normal and natural in the process of arriving at
truth. Success cannot be achieved without this commitment. Thus, any plan can
be well-planned and well-implemented through genuinely valued communication.
2. Give the characteristics of good communication during the planning process.
Good communication must have clarity, adequacy, originality, provide an
energizing function, make someone feels free/unguarded for suggestions, and
generate understanding and acceptance of the goals.
3. As a planner in your own locality, how may you improve the present
communication system in your planning activities? Please give specific
suggestions and examples.
As a planner in our locality, I may you improve the present communication
system in our planning activities by putting serious importance on communication
with people throughout the plan. Also, generate understanding and acceptance in
constructive suggestions for the revision of plan will make an improvement. For I
believe that everybody are connected with planning so I must learn to refrain from
making senseless comments and criticism.

Lesson 2:
Plan Evaluation