THE EFFECT OF TUBLI (Derris elliptica) PLANT EXTRACT AS AN

ORGANIC PESTICIDE USED AGAINST THE INFESTATION

OF DIAMONDBACK MOTH (Plutella xylostella)
ON PECHAY (Brassica chinensis l.)

ALLIZA NICOLE S. TENORIO

ANGEL SWEET T. PUADA
GERALDINE A. BLOR
GERALD P. ARGUELLES
JOHN REY M.CELORIO
MA. CHRISTINE JOY G. DOLLETE

October 2019
 CHAPTER l

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Pechay (Brassica chinensis L.) is a leafy vegetable variety of crops grown in

the Philippines. It is known as the oldest green vegetable in Asia. Pechay is

cultivated in different regions worldwide, both the terminal buds and leaves are

edible. The pechay is rich in vitamins A, B, C, D and E also sulphur,

phosphorus and iron. One of the major problem of pechay is the infestation of

the Diamondback moth which is caused by larval feeding.

Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) was considered as the most destructive

pest especially in its larva stage it usually attacks plants in the Cruciferae family

especially Pechay. Although the larvae are very small, they can be quite

numerous, resulting in complete removal of foliar tissue except for the leaf veins.

And this can result to further yield loss and growth.

Tubli most commonly known as “poison vine” or “derris root” with a scientific

name Derris elliptica, tubli is abundant in thickets along streams. It this study it is

used as an Organic pesticide to eliminate the Destructive Pest of pechay which is

the Diamondback Moth with the aid of the toxic Substance of tubli which is the
 Rotenone. It is important to Note the Application of Tubli on the growth, yield,
and

Profitability of pechay up to Date has not been studied, hence this study will be

conducted.

Objectives of the study

General: Generally this study is conducted to find out the pest dynamic, growth,

and yield Response and profitability of pechay (Brassica chinensis) is affected by

the application of Varying levels of Tubli (Derris elliptica).

.
Especially this study aims to:

1. To determine the effect of Tubli on the pest dynamics or population Of

DBM in pechay plant.

2. To evaluate the effect of Tubli on the growth, yield, and profitability of

pechay plant.

Time and Place of the Study:

The study will be conducted at the experimental area of College of Agriculture

and Fisheries, Capiz State University, Bailan, Pontevedra, Capiz, from September 30,

to November 7, 2019.
 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study will be conducted to evaluate and determine the effects Of Tubli in the

infestation of diamondback moth in the growth and yield of Pechay using

Randomized

Complete Block Design (RCBD). On the other Hand, the study will be Limited to
four

Treatments replicated three times. The Treatments whereas follows: T1 – control (no

application), T2 – 25 ml D. elliptica extract + 1 litter water, T3 – 50 ml D. elliptica

Extract + 1 litter Water, and T4 - 75 ml D elliptica extract + 1 litter water.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study would most be benefit the following:

Farmers. This would help them Improve and increase their yield in organic

farming and Reduce or avoid the damage caused by Diamondback moth.

and to improve the quality and quantity of their plants.

Students. Through this study the Researcher will be able to Use organic

pesticides and Fertilizers in planting to avoid Soil acidity and alkalinity and

to maintain the nutritious Soil and can help promote organic farming

without the use of chemical pesticides.

Researchers. This would help them to evaluate and innovate ideas for

their Study to be conducted.

Agriculture Teacher. This study would assist them in Nurturing and widen

their students’ Knowledge regarding to Organic farming using organic

pesticides.

Community. The researchers hope to contribute to the Knowledge in the

agricultural field of our community .And to promote organic farming with

the use 0f non-synthetic Fertilizers and pesticides made from botanical or

organic raw materials found in the locality.

DEFENITION OF TERMS

Diamondback moth scientific name: Plutella xylostella. It is the major pest of

pechay.

Damage Injury to vegetation that results in an economic loss.

Injury Any visible or measurable effect of a stressor on a plant.

Extract It is to remove juice or taking out the juice of Tubli root.

Extraction The action of taking out the juice of Tubli especially using effort or

force.

Growth the process of increasing in physical size the upward growth of

pechay
Organic pesticide- Organic pesticides are made from naturally occurring

ingredients. Non-organic pesticides are created synthetically.

Pechay- Scientific name: Brassica chinenisis L. It is the most well-known green

leafy vegetable in the Philippines which both terminal buds and leaves are both

edible. It is rich in vitamins A, B, C, D, and E. Also Sulphur, phosphorus and iron.

Tubli- Scientific name: Derris elliptica. Poison vine or Derris root which releases

rotenone a bio compound that has the potential to be used as an organic pesticide

and can be used against different pest like DBM.

Yield Produce or provide a natural, agricultural, or industrial product of pechay.

 CHAPTER ll

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Tubli as an Organic Pesticide

(Ramlan Aziz, 2014).Derris root or tuba root was formerly used as an Organic Insecticide

used to Control pests on such crops. Derris root when crushed, releases rotenone. Which

is highly toxic to Insects And a well-known bio compound but are Used in studies. It is

locally known as a tuba plant Contains rotenone that has the potential to be used as a bio

pesticide Bio Pesticide is the Best Known alternative to the commercially available

conventional pesticides and its more Environmental friendly. Best extraction of solvent

system that Produce high yield of Rotenone. The root of Tubli contain rotenoids, a highly

potent Insecticidal chemical which is widely used for the control of Variety of insect pests

in our home, on domestic animals And On field. On Field crops, it has a short (3-5 days)

residual Toxicity and the residues are Non-toxic to man. As a response to such health

concerns, the use of Botanical pesticides are now fast gaining wider Acceptance among

farmers. Tubli has an Ancient reputation as A botanical pesticide .Ethnic Groups in The

philippines have long been using it to poison Unwanted Fish, In Brazilian Rivers it is
used

to eliminate the deadly Piranha.

Tubli’s insecticidal properties

Tubli’s insecticidal properties was discovered in 1848, when the plant was first
used

against Nutmeg caterpillar. It was patented for use as an Insecticide in England

during the late 19th Century, and American farmers Started using it in 1911.

applied as a powder or Spray, tubli is toxic to a Wide range of insect pests like

aphids, beetles, borers, fruit flies, thrips, Cabbage worms, fleas, flea beetles,

loopers, mites, Mosquitoes, psyllids, Slugs and Most Importantly the

Diamondback

moth which is the major pest of petchay it is recommended for application on

bush

and vine crops. (Dorman, 2015) (2R, 6as, 12aS)-1,2,6,6a,12,12a-hexahydro-2-iso-

propenyl-8,9-dimethoxychromeno[3,4-b]furol-[2,3-h]chromen-6-one.Clinical

applications Rotenoid-containing plants have been used as fish poisons for many

centuries, if not millennia, but it was not until 1892 that the active moiety was

isolated, being named rotenone in 1902. Rotenone is most widely sourced from

Derris elliptica and D. malaccensis in Asia and from Lonchocarpus utilis and L.

urucu in South America. Plant extracts contain six rotenoids, of which rotenone is

the most active and abundant. Rotenone solutions decompose on exposure to light

or air. Principal applications are in combination with synergists and pyrethrins for
flea and ear mite control. Mechanism of action Rotenone toxicity to insect’s
results

in inactivity, locomotor instability and refusal to eat, followed by knockdown,

paralysis and slow death by respiratory failure. Biochemically, rotenone is one of

the most potent inhibitors of the NADH dehydrogenase system, acting on Fe-S

proteins to inhibit electron transport between NADH and ubiquinone (coenzyme

Q) in both insects and vertebrates.

 CHAPTER lll

METHODOLOGY

MATERIALS

The materials used in this study were: Seed box, poly ethylene plastic bags, and

bottle spray, and shovel, spade, bucket, Sprinkler and pechay seeds.

Methods

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND TREATMENTS

The experimental area was laid out in a single factors experiment using

Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Different levels of Tubli Extract

served as the treatments and replicated three times. The treatments were:

Treatment A- Control with no application, Treatment B- 25 ml of Tubli extract: 1L

H20, Treatment C- 50 ml Tubli extract: 1L H20, Treatment D- 75 ml of Tubli

extract:1L H20.

Experimental Layout and Design

 An area measuring 5 sq. m. was divided into 3 blocks and further

subdivided into four plots to represent the four treatments. Each plot measures 1

meter and path way of 30 centimeters wide separating each blocks and treatment

(Figure 1).

Extraction Procedure

Samples of D. elliptica will be thoroughly washed with clean tap water.

The washed tubli root of will be crushed with addition of water. When it is finely

extracted and strained it will be mixed in a 1 litter water for spraying.

Application of Treatment

After growing the experimental plants, at least three to four developed

leaves the following concentration of treatments will be applied if there is the

presence of diamondback moth infestation. The application of treatment will be

done five (5) days interval to monitor the efficacy of D. elliptica extract.

Cultural Management Practices

Land Preparation
 Before cultivation, tall grasses were removed to hasten plowing

and harrowing activity. The clod was pulverized and the area was devided in

plots. Each plot were provided with canal on each side. This serves as drainage to

prevent flooding during rainy days.

Transplanting

Pechay seedlings are transplanted as soon as the first two to three leaves

appears, it was placed on individual pots 12 pots per plot with a distance of 10 cm

per pot . Replanting was done 1 week after transplanting by removing the

unhealthy and dead seedling.

Procurement of Plant Material

D. elliptica plants will be collected and prepared for plant extraction.

Other parts of the tubli roots will be separated from it to facilitate easy grinding

during extraction. It will be crushed along with the water to collect its extract.

Methods of application

Tubli extract was prepared and applied in the form of spray in a litter of

water and was applied 3 days interval. The application followed the intented

treatment as: Treatment A control, no application, Treatment B for every litter of

water, 25 ml tubli extract was added, Treatment C for every litter of water, 50 ml
tubli extract was added, and Treatment D for every litter of water, 75 ml was

added

Harvesting

Upon reaching its maturity or 31 days after transplanting the pechay

plant will be harvested by cutting it from the root using sharp knife, this was done

with care to avoid injury to the leaves of plant.

Data Gathering Procedure

Pest Dynamics

1. Number of DBM larvae. This is determined by visually counting the total

number of DBM larvae found in pechay plant at the inner rows per plot 7,

14, 21 and 28 DAT.

2. Percent damage per plot. This is determined by counting the total number

of plants in the inner rows of the plot with DBM damage divided by the

total number of plants in a plot at 7, 14, 21 and 28 DAT.

No. of plant Damage

% Damage = x 100
No. of Inner plants

Growth Parameters
 Growth was measured in terms of number and height of stems of ten

representative samples plants collected from each plot. Gathering of data was

taken at 7, 14, 21, 28 days after transplanting. Using the formula as follows.

Average plant height = Total plant height

(10)

Average Number of Leaves = Total Number of leaves

(10)

Yield Parameter

1. Number of marketable and non-marketable pechay per plot. This was

determined by counting the number of marketable and non- marketable fruits in

each plot after sorting and classification. This was taken at harvest.

2. Weight (g) of pechay plant per hill. The weight of pechay plant per hill was

taken from ten sample plant and was divided by ten. This was taken during

harvest.

Average weight of pechay plant per hill = Total weight of plant

(10)

3. Weight (g) 0f marketable and non-marketable pechay per plant. This was

determined by weighing the marketable and non- marketable pechay per ten samples
 plants. Marketable pechay have normal size, shape, and without damage. This was

taken at harvest

1. Statistical Tool and Analysis

The data will be statistically analyzed using the computer software Statistical

Tool Analysis for Agricultural Research (STAR). The presence of significant

differences among treatments will be determined using Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA) for Complete Randomized Design. Comparison of treatment means will

be determined using Least Significant Difference (LSD) test set at 0.05 alpha level.

Block 1 Block 2 Block 3

7m
1m

A C B
20 cm
1m

20 cm

C A D
7 sq. m.

B D C
 D B A
Figure 1. Field layout of pechay applied with different levels of Tubli Extract
arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD).

Legend:
Treatment A - Control
Treatment B – 25 mL of Tubli Extract: 1L of H2O
Treatment C – 50 mL of Tubli Extract: 1L of H2O
Treatment D – 75 mL of Tubli Extract: 1L of H2O

CHAPTER 1V

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Effect of different levels of tubli extract on the growth of pechay

Plant height at 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAT

Table 1 shows the data on the height of pechay at various stages of growth as

Affected by the application of different levels of tubli extract. Statistical analysis of

The data showed no significant differences on the height of the plants applied with 20,

50, and 75 ml of Tubli extract at 7, 14, 21 and 28 DAT.

Table 1. Average plant height (cm) as affected by the application of

Different levels of Tubli extract.

AVERAGE HEIGHT (cm)

TREATMENT
7 DAT 14 DAT 21 DAT 28 DAT

A- Control 12.9 19.2 33.1 36.5

B- 25 ml extract: 1L H20 12.9 18.6 35.2 37.3
C- 50 ml extract: 1L H20 12.8 18.6 31.54 35.7
D- 75 ml extract: 1L H20 13.2 19.6 36.3 40.5
P-VALUE 0.9801 0.9453 0.6496 0.7198
CV (%) 9.64 14.45 14.58 14.32

“P-value>0.05 not significant

(Groen and Woods, 2008) The benefit of fertilizer and organic pesticide

was not evident under both low and average rainfall scenarios, where water was

probably still the limiting factor for additional growth. Researching the vegetation

response to increasing rainfall between the low and average rainfall treatments

may allow a better assessment of how frequently rainfall amounts are consistent

with vegetation.
Average number of leaves

Table 2. shows the data on the average number of leaves of pechay at various

stages of growth as Affected by the application of different levels of tubli extract.

Statistical analysis of the data showed no significant differences on the number of leaves

applied with 50, and 75 ml of Tubli extract at 7, 14, 21 and 28 DAT.

Table 2. Average number of leaves as affected by the application of Different levels of

Tubli extract.

AVERAGE NUMBER OF LEAVES (cm)

TREATMENT
7 DAT 14 DAT 21 DAT 28 DAT
A- Control 11.6 13.2 15.2 15.9
B- 25 ml extract: 1L H20 11.9 12.9 16 15.7
C- 50 ml extract: 1L H20 11.8 12 14.7 14.9
D- 75 ml extract: 1L H20 12.1 12.9 16.3 16.7
P-VALUE 0.2698 0.4513 0.4196 0.3734
CV (%) 2.35 28.51 12.17 7.26

“P-value>0.05 not significant

There was some establishment and growth across all levels of the

treatments albeit reduced in the low rainfall scenario and on the excessively

well-drained VGS soil. Given that rainfall amounts cannot be known ahead

of time, this shows that with a diverse species mix, some plants can be

established even in bad years on poor sites. However, this might also

suggest that seeding efforts need to take place across multiple subsequent

years after poor germinating or growing conditions occur or to reach

specific target community composition ( Conrad and Tischew, 2011).

While many prescriptions for successful reclamation exist, the specific site

conditions ultimately determine which amendment and construction

 practices will result in the successful establishment of a stable and self-

sustaining plant community. The soil texture and structure play an

important role in revegetation and should be given as high a priority during

construction as landform and grading.

Average number of Diamondback Moth

Table 3. shows the data on the average number of Diamondback Moth of pechay

at various stages of growth as Affected by the application of different levels of tubli

extract. Statistical analysis of the data showed no significant differences on the number of

Diamondback Moth applied with 50, and 75 ml of Tubli extract at 7, 14, 21 and 28 DAT.

Table 3.Average number of Diamondback Moth as affected by the application of

Different levels of Tubli extract.

AVERAGE NUMBER OF DIAMONDBACK MOTH

TREATMENT
 7 DAT 14 DAT 21 DAT 28 DAT

A- Control 2.4a 2.7 2.9 11.9

B- 25 ml extract: 1L H20 2.2a 1.2 1 1.3
C- 50 ml extract: 1L H20 1.1b 1 1.5 1.1
D- 75 ml extract: 1L H20 0.3b 1.4 0.1 0.6
P-VALUE 0.0291 0.4111 0.0731 0.3820
CV (%) 68 78.86 67.58 230.10

“P-value>0.05 not significant

Average number of Damage

Table 4. shows the data on the average number of Damage of pechay at various

stages of growth as Affected by the application of different levels of tubli extract.

Statistical analysis of the data showed no significant differences on the number of

damage applied with 25 ml, 50 ml and 75 ml of Tubli extract at 7, 14, 21 and 28 DAT.

Table 4. Average number of damage as affected by the application of Different levels of

Tubli extract.

AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAMAGE

TREATMENT
 7 DAT 14 DAT 21 DAT 28 DAT

A- Control 3.2 1 2.4 2.4

B- 25 ml extract: 1L H20 2.1 0.8 1.7 2.5
C- 50 ml extract: 1L H20 6.2 0.4 2.3 2.3
D- 75 ml extract: 1L H20 0.1 0.4 1.7 1.7
P-VALUE 0.6210 0.6917 0.7537 0.7958
CV (%) 191.39 112.27 50.60 47.78

“P-value>0.05 not significant

(Dinero.2015) the recommendation of three days spraying frequency interval, the

result further indicates that three days interval in the spraying of tubli on pechay

plant reduced the damage of DBM larvae at 7, 14,21 ,28 days after transplanting.
 Effect of different levels of tubli extract on the yield and profitability of pechay

Marketable and non- marketable weight at 31 DAT

Table 4. shows the data on the average number of marketable and Non- marketable

weight of pechay at various stages of growth as Affected by the application of different

levels of tubli extract. Statistical analysis of the data showed no significant differences on

the number of damage applied with 25 ml, 50 ml and 75 ml of Tubli extract at 31 DAT.

Table 4. Average number of marketable and Non- marketable weight of pechay as

affected by the application of Different levels of Tubli extract.

 WEIGHT (g) OF WEIGHT (g) OF NON-
TREATMENT MARKETABLE MARKETABLE
PLANT PER PLOT PLANT PER PLOT

A- Control 43.4 9.8

B- 25 ml extract: 1L H20 26.9 5.5
C- 50 ml extract: 1L H20 42.1 8.5
D- 75 ml extract: 1L H20 32.4 8.9
P-VALUE 0.8589 0.5698
CV (%) 75.72 46.18

“P-value>0.05 not significant

 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The study was conducted at the experimental area of Capiz State University,

Bailan, Pontevedra, Capiz from October to December 2019 to evaluate the effect

The different Levels of tubli extract on the growth and yield of pechay.

The Experimental area was laid Out in RCBD with four treatments replicated

three Times. The treatments were as follows: Treatment A – Control, Treatment B

– 25 mL of Tubli Extract: 1L of water, Treatment C – 50 mL of Tubli Extract: 1L

of Water, and Treatment D – 75 mL of Tubli Extract: 1L of Water.

 The data collected were, height, number of leaves, Diamondback moth and

Damage in 7, 14, 21, 28 DAT. The marketable and Non- marketable weight of

pechay at 31 DAT.

An experimental area of 7 meters was prepared before planting using pots.

The tubli extract was applied 3 days after transplanting. Pechay seeds were

planted in 1 seed box and transplanted after 1 week with the distance of 20 cm in

rows and columns with two pieces of seedling per pot. Pechay plant underwent

operation such as weeding followed by handpicking every 5 days thining was

done 10 days after transplanting leave one seedlings per ten sample pechay fruit
Were harvested 30 to 31 days after transplanting.

The data will be statistically analyzed using the computer software Statistical

Tool Analysis for Agricultural Research (STAR). The presence of significant

differences among treatments will be determined using Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA) for Complete Randomized Design. Comparison of treatment means

will be determined using Least Significant Difference (LSD) test set at 0.05 alpha

level.

To test the mean comparison.

There were no significant difference observed among pechay in terms of height

at 7, 14, 21, 28 DAT, the number of leaves at 7, 14, 21, 28 DAT, the number of

Diamondback moth in 7, 14, 21, 28 DAT, the number of damage at 7, 14, 21, 28
DAT, the weight of marketable per plot in 7, 14,21,28 DAT, and the number of

non- marketable weight per plot in 7, 14, 21, 28 DAT.

Conclusions

Growth parameters of the study such as plant height, number of leaves at 7, 14,

21, and 28 DAT are not significant. Pest dynamics such as number of

Diamondback moth and number of damage at 7, 14, 21, 28 DAT. Yield parameter

such as the weight of marketable plant per plot and non- marketable plant per plot

are not significant as affected by the different levels of Tubli extract.

Recommendations

Based on the result and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations

are hereby presented.

1. Similar studies should be conducted using other kinds of tubli to verify

further if the same results will be obtained.

2. Greenhouse can be helpful for the pechay in case of changing weather

condition, disease, and insect pest infestation.

3. The use of three days interval on spraying frequency of tubli extract to

control and eliminate DBM and reduce the damage on pechay and to obtain

the highest growth and yield of pechay at maturity.

4. To increase the amount of tubli extract as an organic pesticide.

5. Similar studies should be conducted using different test crops to compare and

contrast the effectivity of tubli as an organic pesticide.