Scribd
Upload
65 views

Project

The document describes a physics investigatory project completed by Sparsh Sharma on an automatic light detection switch circuit using a light dependent resistor (LDR). It provides details of the circuit built including the apparatus used, the procedure followed to test the circuit, observations made by varying the light source and material blocking the light, conclusions about applications of the circuit, and safety precautions when working with the components. The project demonstrates how the resistance of an LDR decreases with increasing light intensity and can be used to automatically switch a light on or off.

Uploaded by

Krishna Bhatnagar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
65 views

Project

The document describes a physics investigatory project completed by Sparsh Sharma on an automatic light detection switch circuit using a light dependent resistor (LDR). It provides details of the circuit built including the apparatus used, the procedure followed to test the circuit, observations made by varying the light source and material blocking the light, conclusions about applications of the circuit, and safety precautions when working with the components. The project demonstrates how the resistance of an LDR decreases with increasing light intensity and can be used to automatically switch a light on or off.

Uploaded by

Krishna Bhatnagar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Physics Investigatory

Project
ON LDR CIRCUIT

NAME: SPARSH SHARMA


CLASS: 12-A
ROLL NO: 17646452
SESSION: 2022-2023
Certificate
This is to certify that Sparsh Sharma of
class-12 has successfully complete the
project on the project “Automatic light
detention switch (by using LDR circuit)”
during the session 2022-23 in partial
fulfilment of Physics Practical Examination
conducted by CBSE.

Sign of the External Examiner Sign of Teacher


Index

1. Certificate
2. Topic
3. Aim
4. Introduction
5. Theory
6. Apparatus required
7. procedure
8. Conclusion
9. Precautions
10. Bibliography
Topic

Automatic Light Detection switch


(by LDR circuit)
Aim of Project

The aim of the project is to demonstrate the underlying


principles of electrical conduction under the influence of the
light. Various applications are possible by employing this simple
principle such as:

 Automatic switching of street lamps


 Intruder’s alarm
 Morning wake up alarm
 Fire alarm
 Light intensity meters
 Automatic elevator doors

In this project, I have demonstrated the “Automatic light


switching circuit” in a simple manner which is easy to
understand. The heart of the project is an LDR or Light
Dependent resistor. This project could have been done using a
photo-voltaic cell inn place of LDR but the circuit would have
become complicated in the case of photocell.
Introduction

A photoresistor or light dependent resistor is a light control


variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases
with increasing in incident light in intensity; in other words, it
exhibits photoconductivity. A photo resistor can be applied in a
light sensitive detector circuits, and light and dark activated
switching circuits. These register use pure semiconductors like
silicon or germanium. When the light falls on the LDR, then the
electrons get excited by the incident photons and move from
the valence band to the conduction band and therefore the
number of charge carriers increases. In other words, the
conductivity goes up.
Distinction needs to be made here between photocells and
LDR’s. In a photocell, when it is excited by light are photons,
electricity is generated. Unlike photocells, LDR’s, do not
generate electricity but only change their conductivity.
Theory

A light dependent resistor works on the principle of


photoconductivity. Photoconductivity is an Electro- optical
phenomenon in which the materials conductivity is increased
when light is absorbed by the material. Modern light
dependent resistors are made of materials such as lead
sulphide, lead selenide, Indium antimonide and most
commonly cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide.
When light falls that is when the photons fall on material, the
electrons in the valence band of the semiconductor materials
are excited to the conduction band. These photons in the
incident light should have energy greater than the band gap of
the semiconductor material to make the electrons jump from
the valence band to the conduction band hence when light
having enough energy strikes on the device, more and more
electrons are excited to the conduction band which results in
large number of charge carriers. The result of this process is
more and more current starts flowing through the device when
the circuit is closed and hence it is said that the resistance of
the device has been decreased. This is the most common
working principle of LDR.
This can be clearly seen from the graph will stop the resistance
of the LDR falls rapidly with increasing intensity of incident
light.
The converse is also true when light in intensity is reduced or
cut off.

Apparatus required
The project consists of the following apparatus:
1. Light Source
2. LDR
3. Switching Circuit
4. Relay
5. Buzzer
6. Batteries
7.Housing for the above.
Procedure Followed

An empty cardboard box was used to mimic a house. An opening was


cut on the box to present a door. Behind the door, a light source is
placed and in the line of vision of the light source, and LDR is also
placed.

The socket is connected to the LDR which switches on a relay when the
light beam is intercepted. A schematic diagram of setup is shown
below.
As seen in the book diagram, a light source is positioned behind the
door on the right hand side and an LDR is placed in the same line of
vision at the opposite end of the door. When the light beam falls on the
LDR, it lowers the resistance of the same and this activates the
switching transistor circuit. The transistor circuit is connected to a relay
which is in turn connected to an external LED.

The relay is a special type of switch which is driven by its magnetic coil.
The relay has two positions. In D- energize condition, position- one will
be active and in energized condition, position two will be active.

When the circuit is powered, the relay goes to position one to which
the LED is connected. Does, the LED will start glowing. But when the
light is so switched on, the resistance of LDR falls and this drives the
transistor switching circuit and the relay gets energized. This puts the
relay switch in position two, which cuts off the LED. In this condition,
whenever the light beam is intercepted by an opaque object, the LDR
stops receiving the incident light and its resistance becomes high. This
DNA energises the relay and puts it to position one and the LED starts
glowing.
Observation
In the et up described, the following observations were made
by:
a. Varying the nature of light source
b. Varying the translucency of the interceptor object.

S.no Type of Light Material of Result


Source Interceptor

1. White Light Opaque LED Glows


Transparent LED does not
Glow

2. Near ultra- Opaque LED Glows


violet Transparent LED Does not
glow
3. Low intensity Opaque LED Glows
red laser Transparent LED does not
glow
Conclusion

Based on the observation above, it can be


conducted that LDR based electronic switch can be
successfully deployed for the following applications-
1.Intruder detection
2.Anti-theft alarm
3.People Counter at auditoriums
4.Vehicle counter at traffic check posts
5.Automatic Street Lights
6.Day & Night Sensor
Precaution

The project uses certain devices that can be harmful to humans


and animals if proper caution and care not observed.

1. Laser diode: although we have used a low intensity laser,


this can be harmful if aimed accidentally at the eyes or if
the reflected beam is seen through naked eye it is
suggested to wear protective sunglasses while assembling
positioning the light source.
2. Ultraviolet LED: UV LED with wavelengths between 315
and 400 NM, which emits the least energetic and harmful
type of UV light. However, prolonged exposure should be
avoided which can damage the skin and eyes.
3. Buzzer calling this device emits high frequency audio
sound that can damage the ears when put close to the
ears or hurt for prolonged.
4. The LDR: should a need arise to destroy the project; Care
should be taken to dispose of the alia properly as it
contains harmful chemicals that can damage the
environment.
Bibliography

1. Wikipedia.com
2. Google SEO
3. www.youtube.com

You might also like