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UNIT V HARBOUR ENGINEERING

2 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1.What is dredging
In order to maintain the required level of water in harbor the external material deposited
in the bed has to be removed from time to time. This operation of removal of material from
the sea or river bed is called dredging

2.What is a break water

Break water is a Structure constructed to reflect and dissipate the force of the wind
generated waves. If a natural environmental is not available to build a harbor and if it is to be
Constructed on an open sea, it is necessary to protect the harbor walls artificially by
breakwater

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3.What is meant by Sounding? Name equipment used for sounding

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For planning any maritime Structure the depth of water some distance along the coast
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and in the area to be developed Should be known. Measurement of depth water the Surface
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of water is called Sounding
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For most engineering equipment works, a boat is used for finding the Sounding using
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one of the following equipment

1. Sounding cables
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2. Sounding rods
3. Eco sounder
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4. Fathometer
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4.What is water transportation?

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Among the three modes of transportation, Viz., Land, air and water, water transportation
has a signified historic importance. It is the main transportation which was the responsible for
cultural relation and growth of civilization. Ocean water transported and inland water
transportation

5.List the various features of harbor

Features of harbors are
1. Harbor entrance
2. Turning basin
3. Approach channel
4. Break water
5. Lock and locked basin
6. Dry docks and Spillways
7. Piers
8. Berthing basin

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6.How to decide the entrance of the harbor

A harbor Should be Easily accessible Which is based on the location. The entrance of
harbor Should be designed Such that it is Easily negotiate during the Storms. The entrance is
generally placed of the sea Such that the effect of rough sea is minimum

7. Sand dunes
Sand dunes are formed along the coast Which prevent the the free movement of tides
and waves into the area behind it. Sand dunes with time may to the Adjacent areas and
damages the property

8.What is a Wharf? Name it’s types

A wharf is a wall build along the bank or a Shore to berth vessels for working cargo. This
may be a sheet pile wall or a gravity wall. The types are Sheet pile walls and Gravity walls.

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9.What is meant by Fog Signal?

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Fog signals are the signals to be provided at places likely to be seriously affected by fog.

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These are ordinary bells Struck by hand mechanically operated submarine bells, sirens or
Whistles S.
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10. What is meant by Audible Signal?

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Audible signals are to be used at the time of the Emergency in order to attract the
immediate attention of marine. They may be Explosive Signals, sirens, bells, diaphones,
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Electric oscillation, Etc

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11.What are tidal Basins?

Basins are constructed at the entrance gate position. These basins are partially
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enclosed areas of water Which are subjected to tidal variation. These basins are also called
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as tidal basins
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12. What is a dock? List the various types of rocks.

Docks are enclosed areas of berthing ships in order to keep them afloat at the uniform
level. Docks are classified as follows

Types of docks
(a) Dry dock
(b) wet dock

13. What do you understand by littoral drift

As a result wind effect the sand is carried in a zig zag from along the Shore such
process of movement and deposition is complex. Such sand drifting forming at the proximity
of foreshores are called a littoral drift
So this has to be named as an littoral Drifting.

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14. List the various mooring accessories

Mooring accessories are
1. Mooring port
2. Bollard
3. Capstan
4. Moving buoys
5. Cables
6. Anchors

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16 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1.Write a detailed note on break water. Explain all essential Aspects

Break water is a Structure constructed to reflect and dissipate the force of the wind-
generated waves. If a natural environmental is not available to build a harbour and if it is to be
constructed on an open sea, it is necessary to protect the harbour walls, artificially by
breakwater

Classification
1. Mound or heap break water
2. Mound with superstructure breakwater
3. vertical wall break water

1. Mound or heap break water

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Where durable rock material is available at economic cost mound or heap break water is

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the best. this type of breakwater is a heterogeneous assemblage of natural rubble,

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undressed Stone blocks
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In many cases artificial blocks of huge bulk weight are used. In such depositions no care
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is taken of the bond or bedding
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This is a simplest way of construction without any need of very Skilled labor. It is
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constructed by tipping or dumping of rubble Stones into the sea till the mound or heap
emerges out of the water
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1.Mound formation
2.Protection of faces
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1.Mound formation
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Mounds are formed using rubble of assorted weight, placed according to the sizes. In
general the Smallest and the material are used in the core

The sizes of the material are to be increased gradually outwards. Such arrangement is
made to withstand the action of waves by bigger Size material

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2.Protection of faces
On exposed surfaces the waves gradually drag down the mound giving it a flat Slope
at the Exterior or sea side. Such surfaces have to be protected

There are three Approaches of protection, viz.., by providing concrete blocks, Granite
paving or by placing tetra pods

Heavy blocks of concrete may be dropped on the top of the front faces. This is to be
great Extant prevents the flattening action of the waves. These blocks weigh about 20 to 30
tones and are dropped at the random or laid in the courses

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2.Mound with Super Structures

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Mound with Superstructure Break water are founded at two levels.

1.At low level
2.Below low water table

1.Founded at low water level

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In mound with Super Structures founded at low water table, A solid Structure consisting of a
quay protected by a parapet on the sea ward side is Constructed on the top of the mound

(a) It reduces the quantity of rubble required for the mound

(b)It gives protection to the top of the mound
(c) It provides a large platform to handle

2. Founded below low water level

In this type of construction the superstructure is founded below low water level and
thereby reducing the disturbance of waves, this the type of construction is very economical

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3.Vertical wall breaker

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Upright wall breaker are preferred when the following field condition Existing
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1. Sea bed is resistant to erosion

2.Foundation are not Subjected to differential settlement
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An upright breakwater is designed to withstand the failure due to the following

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1.Failure by Overturning
2.Failure by Shearing of bed joints by Sliding of one block against
3.Failure by uplift of horizontal layer
4.Failure by fracture

1.Failure by Overturning

In order to prevent the overturning the resultant of the weight of the wall and the
horizontal pressure Should fall within the middle third of the base
It has been estimated Experimentally that the Horizontal Forces causing Shear and the
overturning has been the maximum value of 30 t/cm considering an average waste height as
8m.

2. Failure by Shearing of bed joints by Sliding of one block against

Shearing of bed joints due to horizontal pressure of the wave may not be prevented by
motor of the frictional resistance offered during signal
Hence to prevent failure by Shear caused by the horizontal forces due to the wave, the
mortar joint Should be adequate Strong and of the Stone

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The co-efficient of friction available in concrete or Stone blocks is 0.7.. Hence a

resistance of 0.7 W

3.Failure by Uplifting

This is due to hydrostatic pressure underneath the mass. The only opposing force sustain
this is the weight of the masonry

4.Failure by Fracture
This is not caused by wave action. This may be due to dislocated blocks knocking
against each other to wave and making the joint loose. This may be avoided by providing
proper bonding in the masonry or by proving joggles

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2.Enumerate the various types of Harbors with neat Sketch

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As defined earlier the harbor is a place Where the Ships get Shelter and the protection
Against adverse natural and the other destruction element of the sea. The water
transportation has improved and the other Significant way and the vessels gradually
increased in Size, number and also the importance

Classification

Harbors are Broadly Classified into

1.Natural Harbors
2.Semi- natural Harbors
3.Artificial Harbors

1.Natural Harbors

Natural harbors are those Which are located in places Where the topography of the
coast is in such a way that a part of the sea is protected by land.

Such a coastal land is capable to afford safe Shelter and discharge facilities for the
Ships in the form of the creeks and the basins

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Rapid development of an navies, both the commerce and the war, have to demanded
accommodation, facilities for repair, Storage and the cargo and the other connected
amenities to be provided in natural basins

Further other factors Such that as local geographical features, new vessels, Growth of
population, facilities for repair, Work of extension and the improvement for the natural
Harbors

2.Semi-natural harbors
If a geographical topography is available but to be modified at the entrance only id referred
to as a semi-conductor. Visakhapatnam is a Semi-natural harbor

3.Artificial Harbors

If a natural Topography does not afford naturally protected area, and the same is created
by Construction of protective works by making engineering Skills and the methods, Such a

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harbor is Known as an Artificial Harbors.

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3. What are Navigational Aids. Explain the various Navigational Aids in Detail
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During the time of the navigation of the Ships Should be provided with some Guidance
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for the following reasons

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1.To locate the primarily the port

2.To identify proper harbor approaches
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3. To avoid the dangerous Spot in the like hidden rocky outcrops and sand dune
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1.Light Stations
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Light Stations are general lights are the aids to navigation along the cost, and through
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river as approaches to harbors. These light Station are of two types., viz.., Fixed light Station
of floating light Stations

The light Station which are build on land are called fixed light Stations. These are
permanent Structures Which are build hinter-land close to the Shore or in the sea on Sub-
merged outcrops.

Floating light Station in the form of a light vessels may be adopted. Such Structures
area also called Which is a type of a Signal

2.Light House

It is a tall Structure Constructed with or reinforced concrete in the shape of a tall-tower on

a high ground on land or on rocky outcrops in the water..The tower is partitioned into the
number of floors. The top most floor is provided with powerful lighting device.

The lower floors are used as a service room, floors.., the lighthouse, either on land or an
island has to be connected with the nearest village or township by proper communication

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The lights at the top most floor may be Fixed or flashing for easy identification by the
navigator. Each lighthouse has a Specific type of lighting of flashing, accordingly they are
easily identified
The illumination of the light is both refracted through powerful lances and primes and
refracted or flashed by highly polished hyperbolic concave mirrors. Such an arrangement
provides a high visibility from long distances.

4.What is meant by signaling. Explain the various types of signaling with neat Sketch
Signals are the device used to guide the approach channel of the port. the main
requirement of marine signals are

1.To be simple foe easy identification

2.To be positively recognized
3.To be clear visible from a long distance
4.To be single character without ambiguity

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Types of Signals in Harbors

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1.Light signal
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Light Signals are been Classified into following three types
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(a) Light Ships
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(b) Beacons
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(c) Buoys
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(a)Light Ships
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If it is not feasible to locate Suitable place on land or on land or on sea to build a

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lighthouse, light Ships are used. these are Small Ships provided with a lantern on an open
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Steel tower of about 10m Above the water level. the lighting apparatus consists of four pairs
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of mirror reflector placed around the light

It is designed to resolve at a suitable speed emitting a predetermined number of
flashes
Light Ships reflect more Steady lights Which is an important factor a marine and the
Ships are more Stable. The Ships is painted in red colour with in the Ships for hoisting at
the time of the need

(b)Beacons

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Any natural or artificially made prominent object Which could be easily identifiable
and the used as a guide in navigation is called a beacon
(c) Buoys

Buoys are of different patterns. The design is made is such that it Supported it is own
weight and the weight of the cable or chain. They are made out of Steel and iron plates of
minimum 6mm thickness
They are hollow Structures so as to make them to float. The diameter of buoys vary
from 1.80 to 3.0 m. buoys are also classified accordingly to their Size, Shape, Colour, weight,
purpose, etc

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2.Fog Signal
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As the very name Signifies that there are the Signal to be provided at places likely to
be Serious affected by fog. Following are the forms of Signal used
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1.Ordinary bells Struck by Hand

2. Mechanically operated ordinary bells
3. Mechanically operated Submarine bells
4. Sirens or Whistles blown using compressed air or Stream

3. Audible Signals
These Signals are to be used at the time of the Emergency in order to attract the
immediate attention of marines. They may be Explosive, Signals, Sirens, Bells, Diaphones,
Electrical oscillations.
These audible Signals are very useful during thick mists or flogs. However, the Signals
Should be made in Such a way that correct direction is properly notified

5. What is meant Docks. Explain the dry docks and wet docks with neat Sketch

Ships are subjected to vertical movement by tide which may cause inconvenience for
loading and unloading of cargo. In order to facilitate this, special arrangements have to be
made every time. In order to circumvent this difficulty docks are constructed.
Docks are enclosed areas for berthing ships in order to keep them afloat at a
uniform level

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Docks are classified as

1. Wet Docks
2.Dry docks

Docks which are used for loading and unloading of passengers and cargo are knows
as wet docks. Docks which are used for repair of vessels are knows as dry docks.

1.Wet docks

Wet dock may be more preciously defined as a dock in which the water is kept at
high tide level by dock gates which are opened only at high tide. A lock is usually provided
to enable vessels to pass in or out at all the sites of the tide and to maintain the water level

Tidal Basins
Basins are constructed at the entrance gate position. these basins are partially

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enclosed areas of water which are approached by open entrance which are subjected to the

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tidal basins. these basins are also called as tidal basins

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In the tidal basins vassals can come in and berth or leave at the times. this enables a
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speedy and unrestricted arrival and departure of the Ships. In such a situation locks are not
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needed
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But if the range of the tide is more there is a necessity for lock gates which forms a
wet rocks. Wet docks have several advantages
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1. uniform level of water is maintained which enables easy handling of cargo

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2. prevents the building of the side of ships against the quay

3. Avoid the necessity of constant attention as mooring
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4. Adverse weather condition at the outer sea has no effect on the wet rocks
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Approaches

The approaches to basins and DOCKS Should Be of adequate length And should be
sheltered.Further,so as to keep approaches portion navigation dredging Should be done
periodically. Maintenance of approach channel is costly only at the time of high tides

Depth
The depth of the docks and basin Should be capable of accommodating the largest
vassal likely to visit the port.deeping can be done as and when needed without distributing
the docks and quay walls

Shape
As Ships cannot Stand along side of a curve, it is advised to have Shape formed by
straight lines. Three types, viz., rectangular, diamond and inclined quay type are done

Location
Docks are generally located on inland ports of the river, at estuaries, or on open sea
coast. A site on the site coast is highly preferred. On the other hand a site on the estuary of
a river, if Sheltered and broad is preferable

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2.Dry docks

Dry docks is a dock into the Ships floats. The dock gates closed behind it, the water is
pumped out, and the Strip rests on the docking blocky ready for it’s hull to be repaired or
cleaned

Method of Dry Docking

The sequence of separation of a dry is given below

1. Keel from and bilge blocks are arranged to receive the vessel
2. Water from the sea side is allowed to flood the docks. This is preformed by permitting
the entry of water from the outside through the valves.
3. Gate is then opened and the water from outside through the valves

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4. When water level in the docks has risen enough so as to clear the vessel with

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adequate margins over the cell

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5. The vessel to be dry-docked is monoevredin
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6. Sides of the vessels are supported with the help of Shores on either side
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Components of a dry docks

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Dry docks is called a gravity docks is a

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1.Long excavated Chamber having

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2.Side wall
3.A semi-circular end wall
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4.A floor
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The approximate Size of the typical dry docks is 30cm*15*300cm. However the Size
varies with the Maximum Size of the vehicle to be accommodated in the dry docks

The dock floor is made out of the rich concrete and it is very heavy. Keel and the
bilge blocks are fixed on the floor so as to reset Ships on them after emptying the docks. The
floor a cross fall to the side drains which have a longitudinal slope to carry wash water, other
accessories include large capacity pumps, lifting and hoisting machineries and repair
equipment

Design Aspect

Forces which are to be encountered in the design of a dry-docks are given below

1. At the docks empty condition, the weight of Ship is resisting along the centre line
of the docks floor
2. Weight of the water on the floor When docks is flooded
3. Uplift pressure under the floor of water when it is being emptied

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4. Earth pressure and the hydrostatic pressure behind the side wall
5. Surcharges on the wall due to the cranes and the heavy Stationary and moving
applications

1.Docks empty condition

Under no vessel condition, the uplift pressure will be more than the weight of the
floor. The unbalanced excess pressure will be transmitted to the side walls by actual or
virtual inverted arch action. this is being resisted by the weight of the side wall and the
horizontal the pressure behind it.

The weight of the Ships resting on the floor transfer large concentrated load at the load
centre line of the floor. Thus a heavily reinforced floor section is necessary. It is generally
assumed that 5/8 of such that loads are borne by keel blocks and the rest equally by bilge
blocks

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2.Docks filled with water

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This the condition improves the greatest load on the foundation. The horizontal

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pressures behind the side are balanced by the inside hydrostatic pressure. Under this
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condition, there will be the no arch action and the load on the side walls is due to Self weight
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plus Surcharge less the buoyancy
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3.Construction Aspect
Construction of the Dry-Docks has to be done with utmost care and the following
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construction procedure is Adopted

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1. Excavated is done partly and the side wall portion Shown a is constructed
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2. The core portion b is Excavated to lay the floor is Short lengths, keeping the core c
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constant
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3. After Exacting the core c floor the flooring in the central portion is placed
4. Then the upper portion of the side wall marked are constructed
5. The back fill e placed to complete the work

6.Explain the layout concept on harbor With neat Sketch

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6.Enumerate the various Site investigation involved in harbour construction

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