AISSCE PRACTICAL EXAM 2022-23

CLASS-XII
PHYSICS (042)
PROJECT: DEPENDENCE OF ANGLE USING PRISM

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA ALIGANJ LUCKNOW

Roll No: 23712747

Name: ABHISHEK MISHRA
Date:

* Signature of External Examiner:

* Signature of Internal Examiner:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks to my Physics Teacher MR. PAWAN KUMAR as
well as our Principal Mam MRS. SANGEETA YADAV who gave me the golden opportunity to
do this wonderful project in PHYSICS on DEPENDENCE OF ANGLE OF DEVIATION USING
PRISM, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research. I came to know about many
new things. This project couldn�t have been satisfactorily completed without the
support and guidance of my parents. I would like to thank my parents who helped me
in gathering diverse information, collecting data and guiding me from time to time
in making this project, despite their busy schedule. They gave me different ideas
in making this project unique.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ABHISHEK MISHRA of Class XII has completed the physics
project titled �DEPENDENCE OF ANGLE OF DEVIATION USING PRISM� in partial fulfilment
of curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE). This project was
carried out in the school laboratory of KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA ALIGANJ LUCKNOW during
the academic year 2022-2023.

Sign:

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date:
INTRODUCTION

In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished

surfaces that refracts light. The exact angles between the surfaces depend on the
application. The traditional geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism with a
triangular base and rectangular sides, and in colloquial use �prism� usually refers
to this type.

Some types of optical prism are not in fact in the shape of geometric prisms.
Prisms can be made from any material that is transparent to the wavelengths for
which they are designed. Typical materials include glass, plastic and fluorite.
Prism can be used to break light up into its constituent spectral colors (the
colors of the rainbow). Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or to split light
into components with different polarizations.

Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white light was colorless, and that
the prism itself produced the color. Newton�s experiments demonstrated that all the
colors already existed in the light in a heterogeneous fashion, and that
�corpuscles� (particles) of light were fanned out because particles with different
colors traveled with different speeds through the prism. It was only later that
Young and Fresnel combined Newton�s particle theory with Huygens� wave theory to
show that color is the visible manifestation of light�s wavelength. Newton arrived
at his conclusion by passing the red color from one prism through second prism and
found the color unchanged. From this, he concluded that the colors must already be
present in the incoming light and white light consists of a collection of colors.
As the white light passes through the triangular prism, the light separates into
the collection of colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. This
collection of colors formed by the prism is called the spectrum. The separation of
white light into its spectrum is known as dispersion.

Dispersion occurs because each color travels through the prism at different
speeds. Violet travels the slowest through the prism; hence we can see it
refracting the most. On the other hand, red passes through at a much fast rate
which makes its angle of refraction less, hence red is too scarce to be seen.

EXPERIMENT

AIM: To investigate the dependence, of the angle of deviation on the angle of

incidence, using a hallow prism filled, one by one, with different transparent
fluids.

APPARATUS:
Drawing board, white sheets of paper, hollow prism, different liquids (water,
kerosene oil, etc), drawing pins, pencil, half meter scale, thump pins, graph
papers and a protractor.

PROCEDURE:
1.A white sheet of paper was fixed on the drawing board with the help of drawing
pins.
2. A straight line XX� parallel to the length of the
paper was drawn nearly in the middle of the paper.
3. Points Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4 were marked on the
straight line XX� at suitable distances of about 6cm.
4. Normal�s N1Q1,N2Q2,N3Q3 and N4Q4 were drawn
on points Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4.
5. Straight lines R1Q1,R2Q2,R3Q3 and R4Q4 were drawn making angles of 40?,45?,50?
and 55? respectively with the normals.
6. One corner of the prism was marked as A and it
was taken as the edge of the prism for all the observations.
7. Prism with its refracting face AB was put in the
line XX� and point Q1 was put in the middle of AB.
8. The boundary of the prism was marked.
9. Two pins P1 and P2 were fixed vertically on the line R1Q1 and the distance
between the pins were about 2cm.

10. The images of points P1 and P2 were looked

through face AC.
11. Left eye was closed and right eye was opened and was brought in line with the
two images.
12. Two pins P3 and P4 were fixed vertically at
about 2cm apart such that the open right eye sees pins P4 and P3 as images of P2
and P1 in one straight line.
13. Pins P1,P2,P3 and P4 were removed and their
pricks on the paper were encircled.
14. Steps 7 to 13 were again repeated with points Q2,Q3 and Q4 for i=45?,50? and
55?.
15. Straight lines through points P4 and P3 were
drawn to obtain emergent rays S1T1, S2T2, S3T3 and S4T4.
16. T1S1,T2S2 ,T3S3 and T4S4 were produced inward in the boundary of the prism to
meet produced incident rays R1Q1, R2Q2,R3Q3 and R4Q4 at points F1,F2,F3 and F4.
17. Angles K1F1S1,K2F2S2,K3F3S3 and K4F4S4 were
measured. These angles give angle of deviation D1, D2,D3 and D4.
18. Values of these angles were written on the
paper.
19. Angle BAC was measured in the boundary of the prism. This gives angle A.
20. Observations were recorded.

OBSERVATIONS:

Angle of hollow prism A = 60?

S.No.Angle of incidenc eAngle of deviatio n for waterAngle of deviatio n for

kerosen
e oilAngle of deviatio n for turpenti ne oil140?23?36?32?245?24?33?33?350?25?34?34?
455?26?35?35?
RESULTS:
? The angle of minimum deviation for �
Water Dm = 23?C Kerosene oil Dm = 33?C Turpentine oil Dm = 32?C
? The refractive indices of the-

Water n = 1.32 Kerosene oil n = 1.46 Turpentine oil n = 1.44

? Speed of light in-

Water v = 2.3x108 m/s Kerosene oil v = 2.05x108 m/s Turpentine oil v = 2.08x108 m/s

PRECAUTIONS:
* The angle of incidence should lie between 35? � 60?.
* The pins should be fixed vertical.
* The distance between the two pins should not be less than 10mm.
* Arrow heads should be marked to represent
the incident and emergent rays.
* Same angle of prism should be used for all the observations.

SOURCES OF ERRORS:
* Pin pricks may be thick.
* Measurement of angles may be wrong.