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MSE 2 - AED (17AEE656) - Scheme and Solutions

It includes: 1. Drawings of the meridional and cascade views of axial compressors and turbines, highlighting key differences. 2. T-S diagrams for axial turbine and compressor stages showing pressure curves. 3. Schematics and T-S diagrams for various turbofan engine configurations. 4. Explanations for characteristics of turbine and compressor blades and flow paths. 5. Calculation of thrust for a twin-spool turbofan engine given operational parameters.

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75 views11 pages

MSE 2 - AED (17AEE656) - Scheme and Solutions

It includes: 1. Drawings of the meridional and cascade views of axial compressors and turbines, highlighting key differences. 2. T-S diagrams for axial turbine and compressor stages showing pressure curves. 3. Schematics and T-S diagrams for various turbofan engine configurations. 4. Explanations for characteristics of turbine and compressor blades and flow paths. 5. Calculation of thrust for a twin-spool turbofan engine given operational parameters.

Uploaded by

bhuvan raju t k
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NITTE MEENAKSHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum)

Yelahanka, Bangalore

SCHEME AND SOLUTION FORofMID


Department SEMESTER
Aeronautical EXAM -I
Engineering

Semester: 06

Subject and Code: Aero engine design, 17AEE656

Faculty Name: Dr. Athul Joseph

1a. Elucidate the fundamental difference between a turbine and a compressor (preferbly the axial one).
Draw the meridional and cascade views of turbine and compressor. You may refer the following aspects
for tabulating the differences

(Flow, Meridional passage, Blade-to-blade passage, Maximum blade thickness, Direction of


rotation, Number of stages, Hub-to-tip ratio (first stage), Blade height, Annulus area in a
multistage, (ΔT0)stage, P0, h0, and T0, Operating temperature, Specific work, Stage arrangement,
Maximum stage efficiency, Flow deflection)

Solution:

Meriodional and cascade views of compressor and turbine

Compressor
Turbine
1b. With the help of the meridional view, draw the T- S Diagram for a stage of

An axial flow turbine


An axial flow compressor
Extract the major outcomes including the pressure curves in terms of relative velocities.
Solution:
2a. Draw the schematic and the corresponding T – S diagram for a

1. Forward fan, unmixed flow, Single spool turbofan engine


2. Forward fan, unmixed flow, three spool turbofan with afterburner
3. Forward fan, mixed flow, Two spool turbofan
Aft fan, unmixed flow, Single spool turbofan engine

Solution:
2b. Decode the following and justify it

1. A single turbine stage can drive a large number of compressor stages


2. The rotor blades of turbine and compressor blades are arranged as shown below

3. Blade-to-blade passage is convergent for turbine and divergent for compressor.


4. The meridional plane (axial–radial directions) is convergent for a compressor and divergent
for a turbine.

Solution:

1. A single turbine stage can drive a large number of compressor stages


Explanation 1:
A single compressor stage can provide only a relatively small pressure ratio due to its adverse pressure gradient,
and very much less than can be used by a turbine with its advantageous pressure gradient, converging blade
passages, and accelerating flow. This is why a single turbine stage can drive a large number of compressor
stages.
Explanation 2:
The fact that the pressure gradient is acting against the flow direction is always a danger to the stability of the
flow, and flow reversals may easily occur at conditions of mass flow and rotational speed which are different
from those for which the blades were designed.
Explanation 3:
Since the turbine extracts energy from the flow, the pressure decreases across the turbine. The pressure gradient
helps keep the boundary layer flow attached to the surface of the turbine blades. Since the boundary layer is less
likely to separate on a turbine blade than on a compressor blade, the pressure drop across a single turbine stage
can be much greater than the pressure increase across a corresponding compressor stage. A single turbine stage
can be used to drive multiple compressor stages. Because of the high pressure change across the turbine, the
flow tends to leak around the tips of the blades. The tips of turbine blades are often connected by a thin metal
band to keep the flow from leaking, as shown in the picture at the upper left.
Explanation 4:
A turbine has fewer stages than the compressor, because the flow in the turbine is going in the direction of
reducing pressure - the air wants to go that way naturally. But a compressor has to make the air flow in the
direction of increasing pressure. If this is done too aggressively (attempting too much pressure rise per stage),
the air flow on the blade separates, and stalls. In severe situations, the flow can completely reverse direction and
exit the intake.
2. The rotor blades of turbine and compressor blades are arranged as shown below

Explanation 1:
Turbine blades are always subjected to a high temperature environment. So we need to provide high strength
materials with more thickness. Fluid can be deflected more in a turbine and hence more curvature is given.

Explanation 2:

Turbine blades exist in a much more hostile environment than compressor blades. Sitting just downstream of
the burner, the blades experience flow temperatures of more than a thousand degrees Fahrenheit. Turbine blades
must be made of special materials that can withstand the heat, or they must be actively cooled. At the upper
right of the figure, we show a picture of a single, actively cooled turbine blade. The blade is hollow and cool air,
which is bled off the compressor, is pumped through the blade and out through the small holes on the surface to
keep the surface cool.

3. Blade-to-blade passage is convergent for turbine and divergent for compressor.


Explanation 1:
From basic low speed aerodynamics, we know that, as the area of the passage increases, we get an accelerating
flow. In a turbine, we need to accelerate the flow.
Similarly, in a compressor we need to raise the pressure by passing the air through a diverging passage in
between the blades.
4. The meridional plane (axial–radial directions) is convergent for a compressor and divergent
for a turbine.
Explanation 1:

it is desirable to keep the axial velocity approximately constant throughout the compressor. With the density
increasing as the flow progresses through the machine, it is therefore necessary to reduce the flow area and
hence the blade height.
3. The following data apply to a twin-spool turbofan engine, with the fan driven by the LP turbine
and the compressor by the HP turbine. Separate cold and hot nozzles are used.

Overall pressure ratio: 25.0

Fan pressure ratio: 1.65

Bypass ratio: 5.0

Turbine inlet temperature: 1550.0 K

Fan, compressor and turbine polytropic efficiency: 0.90

Isentropic efficiency of each propelling nozzle: 0.95

Mechanical efficiency of each spool: 0.99

Combustion pressure loss: 1.50 bar

Total air mass flow: 215 kg/s

It is required to compute the thrust under sea-level static conditions where the ambient pressure
and temperature are 1.0 bar and 288 K. (You may assume suitable values for the missed
parameters)

Solution:
Thus the total thrust is

Fe+ Fh = 52 532 + 18 931 = 71463 N or 71.5 kN

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