BERNOULLI’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

MODULE - 7

MODULE TITLE: Bernoulli’s Differential Equations

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After finishing this module, you are expected to:

1. Define the meaning of Bernoulli’s Differential Equations

TOPICS:
1. Definition of first-order linear differential equations
2. Solutions to first-order linear differential equations

WARM UP:

A. Give three things that you expect you will learn in this module.
1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________

***WORKSHEET #6***
Obtain the general solution of the following equations.

1. 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 3𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

2. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑒 −2𝑥

OVERVIEW/INTRODUCTION:

This chapter deals with the solution to first order non-linear differential equations.
These equations are called as the Bernoulli’s differential equation. This equation is non-
linear and is reducible to a linear form by a method of substitution and thus, solution to
a first-order linear differential equation is applicable.
 BERNOULLI’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

LESSON PROPER:

1.1 BERNOULLI’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

𝑑𝑦
A differential equation of the form + 𝑦𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑦 𝑛 𝑄(𝑥) is a Bernoulli’s
𝑑𝑥
differential equation, where P and Q are all function of x alone.
To solve for the general solution of the differential equation, divide both
sides of the equation by 𝑦 𝑛 thus, we have,
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −𝑛 + 𝑦 −𝑛+1 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
By transformation, we can set 𝑣 = 𝑦 −𝑛+1 and = (−𝑛 + 1) 𝑦 −𝑛 or
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
(−𝑛 + 1)−1 = 𝑦 −𝑛 . Substituting to the above equation we have,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
(−𝑛 + 1)−1 + 𝑣𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑄 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
+ 𝑣(−𝑛 + 1)𝑃(𝑥 ) = (−𝑛 + 1)𝑄 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
Therefore, the new equation formed was now a linear differential
equation.
By the solution of linear differential equation, set 𝑃(𝑥 ) = (−𝑛 + 1)𝑃(𝑥 )
And 𝑄(𝑥 ) = 𝑄 (𝑥 )(−𝑛 + 1), thus, the integrating factor is,
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫(−𝑛+1)𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 (−𝑛+1) ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Then, the general solution is,
𝑣𝑒 (−𝑛+1) ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (−𝑛 + 1) ∫ 𝑄 (𝑥 )𝑒 (−𝑛+1) ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
Where, 𝑣 = 𝑦 −𝑛+1

1.2 SOLUTIONS TO BERNOULLI’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

A solution to a Bernoulli’s differential equation can be obtained by the

EXAMPLE: (A)
𝑑𝑦
Obtain the general solution of + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 4 .
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Divide both sides of the equation by 𝑦 4 , therefore,
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −4 + 𝑦 −3 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
Then, set 𝑣 = 𝑦 −3 . And = −3𝑦 −4 , and substitute to the above
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
equation, thus,
1 𝑑𝑣
− +𝑣 =𝑥
3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
− 3𝑣 = −3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The equation is now a linear differential equation.
By the solution of linear differential equation, set 𝑃(𝑥 ) = −3 and
Q(𝑥 ) = −3𝑥, and the integrating factor is,
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ −3𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −3𝑑𝑥
 BERNOULLI’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Then,
𝑣𝑒 −3𝑥 = ∫ −3𝑥𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑣𝑒 −3𝑥 = −3 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
For −3 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥, use integration by parts, therefore,
1
−3 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑐
3
Substituting to the above equation, we have,
1
𝑣𝑒 −3𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑐
3
Since 𝑣 = 𝑦 −3 , thus the general solution is,
1
𝑦 −3 𝑒 −3𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑐
3
−𝟑 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒙 + + 𝒄𝒆𝟑𝒙
𝟑
EXAMPLE: (B)
Obtain the general solution of 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − [𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥 = 0
Solution:
𝑑𝑦
Writing the equation in the form + 𝑦𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑦 𝑛 𝑄 (𝑥 ), we have,
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2(
− = 𝑦 1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Divide both sides of the equation by 𝑦 2 , therefore,
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦 −2 − = 1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦
1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
Then, set 𝑣 = − and = 𝑦 −2 , and substitute to the above equation,
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
thus,
𝑑𝑣 𝑦
+ = 1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
The equation is now a linear differential equation.
1
By the solution of linear differential equation, set 𝑃(𝑥 ) = and
𝑥
𝑄 (𝑥 ) = 1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥, and the integrating factor is,
1
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥
=x
Then,
𝑣𝑥 = ∫(1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 )𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑣𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 + 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
1
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
2
For ∫ 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, use integrating by parts, therefore,
1 1
∫ 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 4 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
Substituting to the above equation, we have,
1 1 1
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
2 2 4
1 2 1 2
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
4 2
1
Since 𝑣 = − , thus the general solution is,
𝑦
𝑥 1 1
− = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 4 2
4𝑥 = −𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥 2𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦
𝒙𝟐 𝒚(𝟏 + 𝒍𝒏𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝒄𝒚 − 𝟒𝒙
BERNOULLI’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

EXAMPLE: (C)
𝑑𝑦
Obtain the general solution of + 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Divide both sides of the equation by 𝑦 2 , therefore
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦 −2 + = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
Then, set 𝑣 = and = −𝑦 −2 , and substitute to the above equation,
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
thus,
𝑑𝑣
− + 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
− 𝑣 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The equation is now a linear differential equation.
By the solution of linear differential equation, set P(x)= -1 and Q(x)= -cosx,
and the integrating factor is,
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥
Then,
𝑣𝑒 −𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
For − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥, use integration by parts, therefore,
1
− ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
2
Substituting to the above equation, we have,
1
𝑣𝑒 −𝑥 = − 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) + 𝑐
2
1
𝑣 = − (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) + 𝑐𝑒 𝑥
2
1
Since 𝑣 = , thus the general solution is,
𝑦
1 1
= − (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) + 𝑐𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 2
𝒚(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) = 𝒄𝒚𝒆𝒙 − 𝟐

EXAMPLE: (D)
Obtain the general solution of 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 2 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Divide both sides of the equation by 𝑦 2 , therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑦 −2 + = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
Then, set 𝑣 = and = −𝑦 −2 , and substitute to the above equation,
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
thus,
𝑑𝑣
−
+ 𝑣𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
− 𝑣𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The equation is now a linear differential equation.
By the solution of linear differential equation, set 𝑃(𝑥 ) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 and
𝑄 (𝑥 ) = −𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥, and the integrating factor is,
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
BERNOULLI’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Then,
𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = ∫ −𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑥 + 𝑐
1
Since 𝑣 = , thus the general solution is,
𝑦
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦
𝒚(𝒄 − 𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

EXAMPLE: (E)

Obtain the particular solution of 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑦𝑑𝑦, that satisfies the condition
𝑦(1) = 0.
Solution:
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑥 = 𝑥 3𝑦
𝑑𝑦
Divide both sides of the equation by 𝑥 3 , therefore
𝑑𝑥 1
𝑥 −3 + 2 = 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
−2 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
Then, set 𝑣 = 𝑥 and = −2𝑥 −3 , and substitute to the above
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
equation, thus,
1 𝑑𝑣
− +𝑣 =𝑦
2 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑣
− 2𝑣 = −2𝑦
𝑑𝑦
The equation is now a linear differential equation.
By the solution of linear differential equation, set P(x)= -2 and Q(x)= -2y,
and the integrating factor is,
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ −2𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 −2𝑦
Then,
𝑣𝑒 −2𝑦 = −2 ∫ 𝑦𝑒 −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐
For −2 ∫ 𝑦𝑒 −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦, use integration by parts, therefore,
1
−2 ∫ 𝑦𝑒 −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑒 −2𝑦 + 𝑒 −2𝑦 + 𝑐
2
Substituting to the above equation, we have,
1
𝑣𝑒 −2𝑦 = 𝑦𝑒 −2𝑦 + 𝑒 −2𝑦 + 𝑐
2
1 2𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 + + 𝑐𝑒
2
Since 𝑣 = 𝑥 −2 , thus the general solution is,
1
𝑥 −2 = 𝑦 + + 𝑐𝑒 2𝑦
2
𝑥 2 (2𝑦 + 1 + 𝑐𝑒 2𝑦 ) = 2
To find the particular solution, set x = 1 and y = 0, then solve for c.
When x = 1 and y = 0, c = 1.
Then, the particular solution is,

𝒙𝟐 (𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏 + 𝒆𝟐𝒚 ) = 𝟐
 BERNOULLI’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PERFORMANCE TASK:
 Read the entire content of Module
 Analyze and understand the Bernoulli’s differential equations
 Know the concept and principles of Bernoulli’s differential equations

TARGET SKILLS:
 Solving general solution of Bernoulli’s differential equation
 Proving the solution of Bernoulli’s differential equations
 Solving Bernoulli’s differential equations by reducing into linear
differential equation

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
 Participate in discussion forum thru zoom meeting
 Working through sample problems and warm up
 Collaborative online learning

ASSESSMENT TASK
 Quiz
 Worksheet

References:

 Simplified text with Workbook in Differential Equations for Engineering Students,