MATHEMATICS

Target IIT-JEE 2016

Class XI

STRAIGHT LINE

VKR SIR
B. Tech., IIT Delhi
 STRAIGHT LINE
A. RECTANGULAR (CARTESIAN) COORDINATES IN A PLANE
Let us draw in the plane two mutually perpendicular intersecting lines Ox and Oy which are
termed coordinate axes. The point of intersection O of the two axes is called the origin of
coordinates, or simply the origin. It divides each of the axes into two semi-axes. One of the semi-
axes is conventionally called positive (indicated by an arrow in the drawing), the other being
negative.
Any point A in a plane is specified by a pair of numbers called the rectangular coordinates of the
point A – the abscissa (x) and the ordinate (y) according to the following rule.
Through the point A we draw a straight line parallel to the axis of ordinates (Oy) to intersect the
axis of abscissas (Ox) at some point Ax. The abscissa of the point A should be understood as a
number x whose absolute value is equal to the distance from O to Ax which is positive if Ax
belongs to the positive semi-axis and negative if Ax belongs to the negative semi-axis. If the point
Ax coincides with the origin, then we put x equal to zero.

The ordinate (y) of the point A is determined in a similar way.

We shall use the following notation : A(x, y) which means that the coordinates of the point A are x
(abscissa) and y (ordinate).
Ex. 1 ABCD is a square, having it’s vertices A and B on the positive x and y axis respectively. Given
that C (12, 17), find the coordinates of all the vertices.
Sol. Let the side length of the square be ‘a’ and BAQ =
C1BC = D1DA =
A (a cos , 0), B (0, a sin )
C (a sin , a sin + a cos ) and
D (a cos + a sin a cos )
Thus, a sin = 12, a sin + a cos = 17
a cos = 5
A (5, 0), B (0, 12), C (12, 17), D (17, 5).

B. POLAR COORDINATES
In this system of coordinates the position of a point is determined by its distance from a fixed point
O, usually called the pole (though it might equally well be called the origin), and the angle which
the line joining the pole to the point makes with a fixed line through the pole, called the initial line.
Thus if OA be the initial line, the polar coordinates of a point P are OP which is known as the
radius vector, and the angle AOP which is called the vectorial angle. The vectorial angle is
measured from the initial lines as in Trigonometry ; it is usually considered positive if measured
round from OA in the opposite direction to that of the rotation of the hands of a watch, and
negative in the other direction. But it may on occasion be more convenient to take to rotation
positive in the same direction as that of the hands of a watch. To mark a point whose polar
coordinates (r, ) are given, we first measure the vectorial angle and then cut off the radius
vector (=r). The extremity P of this is the point (r, ).

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 Formulae connecting the Polar and Cartesian coordinates of a point.
It is to be understood in what follows that the pole and the initial line in the polar system are
respectively the origin and the axis of x in the Cartesian system, and the positive direction of
measurement of the vectorial angle is towards the axis of y.
Let (x, y) be the Cartesian co-ordinates of a point P, (r, ) its polar coordinates.
First, let the Cartesian axes be rectangular.
We have x = r cos , y = r sin ,
and these formulae hold in whichever quadrant P may be.
y
From the above we have r2 = x2 + y2, tan =,
x
Ex. 2 Change to polar co-ordinates the equation (x2 + y2)2 = a 2 (x2 – y2).
Sol. The given equation is (x2 + y2)2 = a 2 (x2 – y2) or (r2)2 = a 2 (r2 cos2 – r2 sin 2 )
4 2 2 2 2
or r = a r (cos – sin ) or r2 = a 2 cos 2 .
Ex. 3 Transform to Cartesian co-ordinates the equation r (cos 3 + sin 3 ) = 5k sin cos .
Sol. The given equation is r (cos 3 + sin 3 ) = 5k sin cos
or r(4 cos3 – 3 cos + 3 sin – 4 sin 3 ) 5k sin cos
or 4r(cos3 – sin 3 ) – 3r (cos – sin ) = 5k sin cos
Multiplying both sides by r2, we get
4(r3 cos3 – r3 sin 3 ) – 3r2 (r cos – r sin ) = 5k r sin . r cos
or 4 (x3 – y3) – 3 (x2 + y2) (x – y) = 5k.yx
or 4x3 – 4y3 – 3x3 + 3x2y – 3y2x + 3y3 = 5kxy
or x3 + 3x2y – 3xy2 – y3 = 5kxy. Ans.
C. DISTANCE FORMULA
2 2
The distance between the points A(x1,y1) and B(x 2,y2) is x1 x 2 y1 y 2 .
Section Formula :
If P(x , y) divides the line joining A(x1 , y1) & B(x2 , y2) in the ratio m : n, then ;
m x 2 n x1 m y 2 n y1
x= ;y= .
m n m n
m m
If is positive, the division is internal, but if is negative, the division is external.
n n
Note : If P divides AB internally in the ratio m : n & Q divides AB externally in the
ratio m : n then P & Q are said to be harmonic conjugate of each other w.r.t. AB.
2 1 1
Mathematically ; i.e. AP, AB & AQ are in H.P..
AB AP AQ
Centroid and Incentre :
If A(x 1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x 3, y3) are the vertices of triangle ABC, whose sides BC, CA, AB are of
lengths a, b, c respectively, then the coordinates of the centroid are :
x1 x 2 x 3 y1 y 2 y 3
, & the coordinates of the incentre are ;
3 3

ax1 bx 2 cx 3 ay1 by 2 cy 3
,
a b c a b c
Note that incentre divides the angle bisectors in the ratio
(b + c) : a ; (c + a) : b & (a + b) : c.
Note :
(i) Orthocentre , Centroid & circumcentre are always collinear & centroid divides the line
joining orthocentre & cercumcentre in the ratio 2 : 1.
(ii) In an isosceles triangle incentre,orthocentre , centroid & circumcentre lie on the same
line.

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Ex. 4 The line joining the points (1, –2) and (–3, 4) is trisected find the co-ordinates of the points of
trisection.
Sol. Let the points (1, –2) and (–3, 4) be A and B respectively. If P and Q be the points of trisection
of AB, the ratio AP : PB will be equal to 1 : 2 and the ratio AQ : QB will be equal to 2 : 1. Hence
the co-ordinates of P are
(1 3 ) (2 1) (1 4) ( 2 2) 1
, or ,0
1 2 1 2 3
Co-ordinates of Q are
(2 3)(1 1) ( 2 4) (1 2) 5
, or ,2
2 1 2 1 3
Ex. 5 Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining the points (6, 3) and
(–4, 5) in the ratio 3 : 2 internally and (ii) externally.
Sol. Let P(x, y) be the required point.
(i) For internal division :
3x 4 2 6 3 5 2 3 21
x= and y = or x = 0 and y =
3 2 3 2 5

21
So the coordinates of P are 0, Ans.
5
(ii) For external division
3 4 2 6 3 5 2 3
x= and y =
3 2 3 2
or x = –24 and y = 9
So the coordinates of P are (–24, 9) Ans.
Ex. 6 Find the coordinates of (i) centroid (ii) in-centre of the triangle whose vertices are (0, 6), (8, 12) and (8, 0).
Sol.
(i) We know that the coordinates of the centroid of a triangle whose angular points are (x1, y1),
(x2, y2) (x3, y3) are
x1 x2 x 3 y1 y2 y3
,
3 3
So the coordinates of the centroid of a triangle whose vertices are (0, 6), (8, 12) and (8, 0) are
0 8 8 6 12 0 16
, or ,6 Ans.
3 3 3
(ii) Let A(0, 6), B(8, 12) and C(8, 0) be the vertices of triangle ABC.
Then c = AB = (0 8)2 ( 6 12)2 = 10, b = CA = (0 8)2 ( 6 0)2 = 10

and a = BC = (8 8)2 (12 0)2 = 12

ax1 bx 2 cx 3 ay1 by 2 cy 3
The co-ordinates of the in-centre are ,
a b c a b c
12 0 10 8 10 8 12 6 10 12 10 0
or ,
12 10 10 12 10 10
160 192
or , or (5, 6) Ans.
32 32

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Ex. 7 The co–ordinates of the vertices of a triangle are (x1, y1), (x 2, y2) and (x 3, y3). The line joining
the first two is divided in the ratio l : k, and the line joining this point of division to the opposite
angular point is then divided in the ratio m : k + l. Find the co-ordinates of the latter point of
section.
Sol. The co-ordinates of the vertices are given to be (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3). Let these points be
A, B and C respectively. The co-ordinates of the point P which divides AB in the ratio l : k will
be
lx 2 kx 1 ly 2 ky1
,
l k l k
The co-ordinates of the point Q which divides the join of P and C in the ratio m : (k +l) will be

lx 2 kx 1 ly 2 ky1
mx 3 (k l) my 3 (k l)
(l k ) (l k ) kx 1 lx 2 mx 3 ky 1 ly 2 my 3
, ,
m l k m l k or
k l m k l m

Ex. 8 The quadratic equations , a x2 + b x + c = 0 & A x2 + B x + C = 0 have roots x 1 , x2 and x3 , x4. If

the points (x1 , 0) and (x2 , 0) divide the line joining (x3 , 0) & (x 4 , 0) internally and externally in
the same ratio then show that , 2 (c A + C a) = b B.
b c B C
Sol. x1 + x2 = ; x1 x2 = x3 + x4 = ; x3 x4 =
a a A A
x4 x3 x4 x3
x1 = x4 + x3 = ( + 1) x3 ; x1 = x4 x3 = ( 1) x2
1 1
(x4 x1) = x1 x3 ; (x4 x2) = x3 x2
dividing cross multiplying and rearranging , 2 (x1 x2 + x3 x4) = (x 3 + x4) (x1 + x2) ]
Slope of a Line :
If is the angle at which a straight line is inclined to the positive direction of x axis, &
0° < 180°, 90°, then the slope of the line, denoted by m, is defined by m = tan . If is
90°, m does not exist, but the line is parallel to the y axis.
If = 0, then m = 0 & the line is parallel to the x axis.
If A (x1, y1) & B (x2, y2), x1 x2, are points on a straight line, then the slope m of the line is given

y1 y 2
by : m = .
x1 x 2
Area of a Triangle :

x1 y1 1
1
If (xi, yi), i = 1, 2, 3 are the vertices of a triangle, then its area is equal to x 2 y2 1 ,
2
x3 y3 1
provided the vertices are considered in the counter clockwise sense. The above formula will
give a ve area if the vertices (xi, yi) , i = 1, 2, 3 are placed in the clockwise sense.

Condition Of Collinearity Of Three Points (Slope Form) :

y1 y 2 y y3
Points A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2), C(x3, y3) are collinear if = 2 .
x1 x 2 x 2 x3

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 Condition Of Collinearity Of Three Points (Area Form) :

x1 y1 1
The points (xi , yi) , i = 1 , 2 , 3 are collinear if x 2 y2 1 .
x3 y3 1

Ex. 9 If the coordinates of two points A and B are (3, 4) and (5, –2) respectively. Fnd the coordinates of
any point P if AP = PB and Area of PAB = 10.
Sol. Let the coordinates of P be (x, y). Then
PA = PB PA2 = PB2 (x – 3)2+ (y – 4)2 = (x – 5)2 + (y + 2)2
x – 3y – 1 = 0

x y 1
1
3 4 1
Now, Area of PAB = 10 2 = ± 10 6x + 2y – 26 = ± 20
5 2 1

6x + 2y – 46 = 0 or 6x + 2y – 6 = 0
3x + y – 23 = 0or 3x + y – 3 = 0
Solving x – 3 y – 1 = 0 and 3x + y – 23 we get x = 7, y = 2. Solving x – 3y – 1 = 0 and
3x + y – 3 = 0, we get x = 1, y = 0. Thus, the coordinates of P are (7, 2) or (1, 0) Ans.

Ex. 10 Triangle ABC lies in the Cartesian plane and has an area of 70 sq. units. The coordinates of B and
C are (12, 19) and (23, 20) respectively and the coordinates of A are (p, q). The line containing the
median to the side BC has slope –5. Find the largest possible value of (p + q).

(39 2) q
Sol.
(35 2) p = – 5 From slope

39 – 2q = –5(35 – 2p)
39 – 2q = –175 + 10p
i.e. 5p q 107
Also,
p q 1
± 12 19 1 = 140 From Area
23 20 1

i.e.
11q – p = 337 11q – p = 57

5p q 107 5p q 107
Also
solving solving

p = 15 & q = 32 p = 20 & q = 7
So, p + q = 47 p + q = 27
Hence, largest possible value = 47

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Ex. 11 A square ABCD lying in I-quadrant has area 36 sq. units and is such that its side AB is parallel to
x-axis. Vertices A, B and C are on the graph of y = logax, y = 2 logax and y = 3 logax respectively
then find the value of 'a'.
Sol. AB : y = c (c > 0)
Length of the side of square = 6
A has y-coordinate = c and it lies on y = logax
x-coordinate = ac
point A is (ac, c)
|||ly B is (ac/2, c)
and BC AB
C has x-coordinate = ac/2 and it lies on y = 3 logax

3c c2 3c
y = 3 logaac/2 = point C is a ,
2 2
| AB | = 6 ac – ac/2 = 6 a > 0, c > 0
let ac/2 = t t2 – t – 6 = 0 (t – 3)(t + 2) = 0 t = 3 or t = – 2
(rejected)
t=3 ac/2 = 3 ac = 9

3c
also | BC | = 6 – c = 6; c = 12
2

a12 = 9 a6 = 3; a =6 3
Ex. 12 The internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle ABC meet the sides in D, E and F respectively.
Show that the area of the triangle DEF is equal to
2a bc
, where denotes the area of the triangle ABC.
a b b c c a

bx 2 cx 3 by 2 cy 3
Sol. D ,
b c b c

ax1 cx 3 ay1 cy 3
E ,
a c a c

ax1 bx 2 ay1 by 2
F ,
a b a b

ax1 cx 3 ay1 cy 3 a c
1
DEF = bx 2 ax1 by 2 ay1 b a
2 (a b) ( b c) (c a )
bx 2 cx 3 by 2 cy 3 b c

a c 0 x1 y1 1
1
=2 a b b c c a a 0 b x3 y3 1 Result
0 c b x2 y2 1

a3 a2 3 b3 b2 3 c3 c2 3
Ex. 13 If the point , ; , & , are collinear for three distinct
a 1 a 1 b 1 b 1 c 1 c 1
values of a, b & c then show that, abc (ab + bc + ca) + 3 (a + b + c) = 0

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 t3 t3 3
Sol. Let the given points lie on the line lx + my + n = 0 l +m +n=0
t 1 t 1
When t = a, b, c , this simplifies to lt3 + mt 2 + nt (3 m + n) = 0
m n 3m n
a+b+c= ; ab + bc + ca = ; abc = result

Equation Of A Straight Line In Various Forms :

(i) Slope intercept form : y = mx + c is the equation of a straight line whose slope is m &
which makes an intercept c on the y axis.
(ii) Slope one point form : y y1 = m (x x1) is the equation of a straight line whose slope is m
& which passes through the point (x1, y1).
(iii) Parametric form : The equation of the line in parametric form is given by
x x1 y y1
= r (say). Where ‘r’ is the distance of any point (x , y) on the line from the fixed
cos sin
point (x1, y1) on the line. r is positive if the point (x, y) is on the right of (x1, y1) and negative if
(x, y) lies on the left of (x 1, y1).
y2 y1
(iv) Two point form : y y1 = (x x1) is the equation of a straight line which passes
x2 x1
through the points (x1, y1) & (x2, y2).
x y
(v) Intercept form : = 1 is the equation of a straight line which makes intercepts a&b
a b
on OX & OY respectively.
(vi) Perpendicular form : xcos + ysin = p is the equation of the straight line where the length
of the perpendicular from the origin O on the line is p and this perpendicular makes angle
with positive side of x axis.
(vii) General Form : ax + by + c = 0 is the equation of a straight line in the general form
Ex. 14 Find the equation of a line passing through (2, –3) and iclined at an angle of 135° with the postive
direction x-axis.
Sol. Here m = slope of the line = tan 135° = tan (90° + 45°) = – cot 45° = –1, x1 = 2, y1 = –3
So, the equation of the line is y – y1 = m (x – x1)
i.e. y – (–3) = –1(x – 2) or y + 3 = –x + 2 or x + y + 1 = 0 Ans.
Ex. 15 Find the equation of the line whish passes through the point (3, 4) and the sum of its intercepts on
the axes is 14.
x y
Sol. Let the equation of the line by =1 ...(i)
a b

3 4
This passes through (3, 4), therefore =1 ...(ii)
a b
3 4
It is given that a + b = 14 14 – a. Putting b = 14 – a in (ii), we get =1
a 14 a
a2 – 13a + 42 = 0
(a – 7) (a – 6) = 0 a = 7, 6
for a = 7, b = 14 – 7 = 7 and for a = 6, b = 14 – 6 = 8.
Putting the values of a and b in (i), we get the equations of the lines
x y y y
= 1 and =1
7 7 6 8
or x + y = 7 and 4x + 3y = 24 Ans.

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 x y
Ex. 16 Line 1 intersects the x and y axes at M and N respectively. If the coordinates of the point P
6 8
lying inside the triangle OMN (where 'O' is origin) are (a, b) such that the areas of the triangle
POM, PON and PMN are equal. Find
(a) the coordinates of the point P and N(0,8)
(b) the radius of the circle escribed opposite to the angle N. x y
1
8 6 8
Sol. Note that 'P' is the centroid of OMN P 2, P
3
M(6,0)
6 8 10 24O
and r1 = where = 24; s = = 12; a = 6 = =4
(s a ) 2 6
Ex. 17 Three straight lines l1, l2 and l3 have slopes 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 respectively. All three lines have the
same y-intercept. If the sum of the x-intercept of three lines is 36 then find the y-intercept.
1
Sol. l1 : y = x+c x-intercept is – 2c
2
1
l2 : y = x + c x-intercept is – 3c
3
1
l3 : y = x + c x-intercept is – 4c
4
– 2c – 3c – 4c = 36 – 9c = 36 c=–4
Ex. 18 Find the equation to the straight line which passes through the point (–4, 3) and is such that
the portion of it between the axes is divided by the point in the ratio 5 : 3.
Sol. Let the required straight line cuts the axes of x and y at A(a, 0) and B (0, b) respectively. Hence
the co-ordinates of the point P which divides AB in the ratio of 5 : 3 are given by

3a 5b (0, b)
x=and y = . B
8 8
By hypothesis, co-ordinates of P are (–4, 3). 3
3a 5b 32 24 (–4, 3)
Hence = –4 and = 3 or a = and b = . P b
8 8 3 5
x y 5
The required equation is =1 (a, 0)
32 24
a
3 5 A
or 20y – 9x = 96.
Ex. 19 Find the co-ordinates of the points of intersection of the straight lines, whose equations are x
cos 1 + y sin 1 = a and x cos 2 + y sin 2 = a.
Sol. The equation are
x cos 1 + y sin 1 – a = 0 ...(1)
and x cos 2 + y sin 2 – a = 0. ...(2) By cross–multiplication
x y 1
or a(sin sin 1 ) a(cos 1 cos 2 ) sin( 2
2 1)
x y
or =
1 1 1 1
a2. cos ( 2 1 ) sin ( 2 1) a2. sin ( 1 2 ) sin ( 2 1)
2 2 2 2
1
=
1 1
2. sin ( 2 1 ) cos ( 2 1)
2 2
1 1
a cos ( 2 1) a sin ( 1 2)
2 2
x= 1 , y= 1
cos ( 2 1) cos ( 1 2)
2 2
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Ex. 20 Show that the centroid of the triangle of which the three altitudes to its sides lie on the line y
= m1 x ; y = m2 x & y = m3 x lie on the line ,
y (m1 m2 + m2 m3 + m3 m1 + 3) = (m1 + m2 + m3 + 3 m1 m2 m3) x.
1
Sol. Equation of BC y = x+c
m1
Solve with y = m2 x & y = m3 x to get the
co-ordinates of B and C. Now equation of AC
1
with slope and passing through C can be
m2

k
known. Solve it with y = m 1 x to get A. Now compute h & k y= x
h

Ex. 21 The opposite angular points of a square are (3, 4) and (1, –1). Find the coordinates of the
other two vertices.
5 2
Sol. Slope of AC = ; Slope of BD = – = tan
2 5
5 2
cos =– , sin =
29 29
3
Length of AC = 29 = BD and mid–point E of AC is 2, . Any line through E is
2
x 2 y 3/2 1
= r, – r where r = 29
cos sin 2
x = r cos + 2, y = r sin + 3/2
1 5 1 2 3 1 5
x= 29 + 2, y = 29 , + B = (x, y) = , .
2 29 2 29 2 2 2
Writting – r for r in above, the point D is (9/2, 1/2)
Ex. 22 Find the equation of the line through the point A(2, 3) and making an angle of 45° with the x-axis.
Also determine the length of intercept on it between A and the line x + y + 1 = 0.
Sol. The equation of a line through A and making an angle of 45° with the x-axis is
x 2 y 3 x 2 y 3
or
cos 45 sin 45 1 1
2 2
or x–y+1=0
Suppose this line meets the line x + y + 1 = 0 at P such that AP = r. Then the coordinates of the P
are given by
x 2 y 3
=r x = 2 + r cos 45°, y = 3 + r sin 45°
cos 45 sin 45
r r
x=2+ ,y=3+
2 2
r r
Thus the coordinates of P are 2 ,3
2 2
r r
Since P lies on x + y + 1 = 0, so 2 + 2 ,3 +1=0
2 2

2 r=–6 r = –3 2 length AP = | r | = 3 2
Thus, the length of the intercept = 3 2 Ans.

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Ex. 23 A and B are two fixed points whose co-ordinates respectively are (3, 2) and (5, 1). ABP is an
equilateral triangle on AB situated on the side opposite to that of origin. Find the co-ordinates
of P and those of the orthocentre of triangle ABP.
Sol. Equation of AB is x + 2y = 7 and its length a = 5 , and mid-point of AB is the point
L(4, 3/2). If P be the vertex of the equilateral triangle then its perpendicular distance p from
AB is a sin 60° or p = 5 , ( 3 ,/2) = 1/2 15 Y
Also distance of orthocentre H from AB is 1/3 p. P
Now both H and P lie on a line perpendicular to AB whose
slope will be 2 and passing through L(4, 3/2), 5 p
tan =2 or sin = 2 / 5 and cos = 1/ 5 A H
x 4 y 3/2 (3, 2)
Hence H and P lie on = p for P L
cos sin (4, 3/2) B (5, 1)
and = 1/3p for H.
x = 4 + p cos , y = 3/2 + p sin for P O X
x = 4 + (p/3) cos , y = 3/2 + (p/3) sin for H
Putting the values fo p, cos and sin in the above, we get
Point P(4 + 3 /2, 3/2 + 3 ) Point H[5 + 3 /6, 3/2 + (1/2) 3
Ex. 24 A straight line through A ( 2, 3) cuts the lines x + 3y 9 = 0 & x + y + 1 = 0 at B and C
respectively. Find the equation of the line if AB. AC = 20.
[ Ans. : x y = 1 & 3x y + 3 = 0 ]
x 2 y 3
Sol. = =r
cos sin
Now for r = r1 and r = r2
r1 cos 2 + r1 sin 3+1=0

r1 (cos + sin ) = 4
Similarly r2 (cos + 3 sin ) = 20
80
Given r1 r2 = 20 = 20
(cos sin ) (cos 3 sin )
Multiplying tan = 3 or 1
Hence the equation of the line , y + 3 = 3 (x + 2) or y + 3 = (x + 2)
Ex. 25 A line is drawn throuhg a variable point A (t + 1, 2t) so as to meet the following lines in points
indicated with them : 7x + y – 16 = 0 in B, 5x – y – 8 = 0 in C, x – 5y + 8 = 0 in D.
Show that AC, AB, AD are in H.P.
Sol. Any line through A (t + 1, 2t) is
x ( t 1) y 2t r1, r2 , r3
= = where r1 = AB, r2 = AC, r3 = AD
cos sin B C D
[r1 cos + (t + 1), r1 sin + 2t] is point B which lies on 7x + y – 16 = 0
9(1 t )
then r1 = ...(1)
7 cos sin
3(1 t )
Similarly r2 = ...(2)
5 cos sin
9(1 t )
and r3 = ...(3)
5 sin cos
2 1 1
Now we have to show that r2, r1, r3 are in H.P. or r r r3
1 2
1 1 5 cos sin 5 sin cos 14 cos 2 sin 2(7 cos sin )
Now r r = + = =
2 3 3(1 t ) 9(1 t ) 9(1 t ) 9(1 t )
2
= by (1). Hence in H.P.
r1

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Ex. 26 The base of a triangle ABC passes through the point P (1, 5) which divides it in the ratio 2 : 1.
If the equation of the sides are AC, 5x – y – 4 = 0 and BC, 3x – 4y – 4 = 0, then the co-
75 307 C 3x
,

0
ordinates of vertex A are . –4
17 17

=
y–

4
4=

–
x 1 y 5

y
r , 2r 0

–
Sol. Any line through P(1, 5) is (1, 5)

5x
cos sin for B for A –2r r
A 2 P 1 B
A (1 – 2r cos , 5 – 2r sin ) B (1 + r cos , 5 = r sin )
A lies on 5x – y – 4 = 0 5(1 – 2r cos ) – (5 – 2r sin ) – 4 = 0
or r (sin – 5 cos ) = 2 ....(1)
B lies on 3x – 4y – 4 = 0 3(1 + r cos ) – 4 (5 + r sin ) – 4 = 0
or r(3 cos – 4 sin ) = 21 ...(2)
sin 5 cos 2
Dividing (1) by (2) to eliminate r =
3 cos 4 sin 21
sin cos
29 sin = 111 cos = k say
111 29
Hence from (1) r(111 k – 145k) = 2 or rk = – 1/17
Same value will be found from (2)
1 75
If point A is (x, y) thenx = 1 – 58 =
17 17
1 307 75 307
y = 5 – 2r (111k) = 5 – 222 = A is , which satisfies 5x – y – 4 = 0.
17 17 17 17
F. POSITION OF A GIVEN POINT RELATIVE TO A GIVEN LINE
The fig. shows a point P(x1, y1) lying above a given line
L(x, y) ax + by + c = 0 ...(1)
If an ordinate is dropped from P to meet the line L at N, then the x coordinate of N will be x 1.
Putting x = x1 in the equation (1) gives
(ax1 c )
y coordinate of N =
b
If P(x 1, y1) lies above the lien, then we have
(ax1 c )
y1 > –
b
(ax1 c )
i.e., y1 + >0
b
(ax1 by1 c )
i.e. >0
b
L( x1, y1 )
i.e. >0 ...(2)
b
Hence, if P(x1, y1) satisfies equation (2), it would mean that P lies above the line ax + by + c = 0, and if
L( x1, y1 )
<0 ...(3)
b
it would mean that P lies below the line ax + by + c = 0.
The Ratio In Which A Given Line Divides The Line Segment Joining Two Points
Let the given line ax + by + c = 0 divide the line segment joining A(x1, y1) & B(x2, y2) in the ratio
m a x1 b y1
c m
m : n, then . If A & B are on the same side of the given line then is
n a x2 b y2
c n
m
negative but if A & B are on opposite sides of the given line , then is positive
n
VKR Classes, C-339-340 , Indra Vihar, Kota Straight Line Page 12
 Position Of The Point (x 1, y1) Relative To The Line ax + by + c = 0 :
If ax1 + by1 + c is of the same sign as c, then the point (x1, y1) lie on the origin side of ax + by +
c = 0. But if the sign of ax 1 + by1 + c is opposite to that of c, the point (x1, y1) will lie on the non
origin side of ax + by + c = 0.
Ex. 27 Show that (1, 4) and (0, –3) lie on the opposite sides of the line x + 3y + 7 = 0.
Sol. At (1, 4), the value of x + 3y + 7 = 1 + 3(4) + 7 = 20 > 0.
At (0, – 3), the value of x + 3y + 7 = 0 + 3(–3) + 7 = –2 < 0
The points (1, 4) and (0, –3) are on the opposite sides of the given line. Ans.

Ex. 28 Find the ratio in which the line joining the point A(1, 2) and B (–3, 4) is divided by the line x + y – 5 = 0.
Sol. Let the line x + y = 5 divides AB in the ratio k : 1 and P
3k 1 4k 2
coordinate of P are ,
k 1 k 1
Since P lies on x + y – 5 = 0
3k 1 4k 2 1
–5=0 k=–
k 1 k 1 2
Required ratio is 1 : 2 externally Ans.
2
Ex. 29 Determine all values of for which the point ( ) lies inside the triangle formed by the lines
2x + 3y – 1 = 0, x + 2y – 3 = 0, 5x – 6y – 1 = 0.
Sol. Solving equations of the lines two at a time we get the vertices of the given triangle as A (–
7, 5), B (1/3, 1/9) and C (5/4, 7/8)
2
Let P( ) be a point inside the triangle ABC (fig.). Since A and P lie on the same side of the
line 5x – 6y – 1 = 0, both 5 – (7) – 6(5) – 1 and A(–7, 5)
5 – 6 2 – 1 must have the same sign.

x+
1=
5 – 6 2 – 1 < 0 or 6 2 – 5 + 1 > 0

2y
y–
(3 – 1) (2 – 1) > 0

–3
+3
Either < 1/3 or > 1/2 ...(1) 2

=0
P( )
2x

Again since B and P lie on the same side of the line

x + 2y – 3 = 0,
B C
(1/3) + (2/9) and + 2 2 – 3 have the same sign.
1 1 5x – 6y – 1 = 0 5 7
2 2+ –3<0 (2 + 3) ( – 1) < 0 , ,
3 9 4 8
–3/2 < < 1 ...(2)
Lastly since C and P lie on the same side of the line 2x + 3y – 1 = 0.
2 × (5/4) + 3 × (7/8) – 1 and (2 + 3 2 – 1 have the same sign
3 2+ 2 – 1 > 0 (3 – 1) ( + 1) > 0
< –1 or > 1/3 ...(3)
Now (1), (2), (3) hold simultaneously if –3/2 < < –1 or 1/2 < < 1.

G. LENGTH OF PERPENDICULAR FROM A POINT ON A LINE

a x1 b y1 c
The length of perpendicular from P(x1, y1) on ax + by + c = 0 is .
a 2 b2
Reflection of point about a line :
(i) Foot of the perpendicular from a point on the line is
x x1 y y1 ax1 by1 c
a b a2 b 2

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(ii) The image of a poit (x1, y1) about the line ax + by + c = 0 is
x x1 y y1 ax1 by1 c
2
a b a2 b2
Ex. 30 If (h. k) be the foot of the perpendicular from (x1 , y1 ) on l x + m y + n = 0 , show that
h x1 k y1 l x1 my1 n
= = 2 .
l m l m2

k y1 l
Sol. = 1
h x1 m

h x1 k y1
=
l m

hl l x1 km mx1 hl l x1 km my1
or = =
l 2
m 2
l2 m2

h x1 k y1 l x1 my1 n
or = =
l m l 2 + m2
Ex. 31 Find the foot of perpendicular of the line drawn from P(–3, 5) on the line x – y + 2 = 0
Sol. Slope of PM = –1

Equation of PM is x+y–2=0 ....(i)

Solving equation (i) with x – y + 2 = 0, we get coordinates of M(0, 2)Ans.

Alter
x 3 y 5 (1 ( 3) ( 1) 5 2)
Here, 1 1 (1)2 ( 1)2

x 3 y 5
=3 x+3=3 x=0
1 1
and y – 5 = –3 y=2
M is(0, 2) Ans.
Ex. 32 Find the image of the point P(–1, 2) in the line mirror 2x – 3y + 4 = 0.
Sol. The image of P(–1, 2) about the line 2x – 3y + 4 = 0 is
x 1 y 2 [2( 1) 3(2) 4] x 1 y 2 8
2 ;
2 3 22 ( 3) 2 2 3 13
3
13x + 13 = 16 x=
13
2
& 13y – 26 = – 24 y=
13
3 2
image is , Ans.
13 13
VKR Classes, C-339-340 , Indra Vihar, Kota Straight Line Page 14
Ex. 33 Find all points on x + y = 4 that lie at a unit distance from the line 4x + 3y – 10 = 0.
Sol. Note that the coordinates of an arbitrary point on x + y = 4 can be obtained by putting
x + t (or y = t) and then obtaining y (or x) from the equation of the line, where t is a parameter.
Putting x = t in the equation x + y = 4 of the given, we obtain y = 4 – t. So, coordinates of an
arbitrary point on the given line are P(t, 4 – t), Let P(t, 4 – t) be the required point. Then, distance
of P from the line 4x + 3y – 10 = 0 is unity i.e.

4t 3( 4 t ) 10
=1 |t + 2| = 5 t+2=±5
42 32
t = –7 or t = 3
Hence, required points are (–7, 11) and (3, 1) Ans.
Ex. 34 On the straight line y = x + 2, find the point for which the sum of the squared distances from the
straight line 3x – 4y + 8 = 0 and 3x – y – 1 = 0 would be the least possible.
Sol. Point be (x, y) but it lies on y = x + 2
2 2
3x 4( x 2) 8 3x ( x 2) 1
So (x, x + 2) F(x) =
32 42 32 12
2
30 900
2x 2 2
5[ 4 x 12x 9] 22 x 45
= = 22 484
50
50
15 15 37
F(x) is minimum at x =
. So point is ,
11 11 11
Ex. 35 If p and p be the perpediculars from the origin upon the straight lines whose equations are x
sec + y cosec = a and x cos – y sin = a cos 2 , prove that 4p 2 + p 2 = a 2.
Sol. The point is given to be the origin (0, 0) and lines are
x sec + y cosec = a ...(1)
and x cos – y sin = a cos 2 . ...(2)
If p and p are the perpendiculars from (0, 0) on (1) and (2) respectively, then
0. sec 0. cos ec a a
p= = ...(3)
(sec 2 cos ec 2 ) (sec2 cos ec 2 )

0. cos 0. sin a cos 2 a cos 2

and p = 2 2 1 ...(4)
(cos sin )

4a 2
Now, 4p2 + p 2 = + a 2 cos2 2 (putting the values of p and p )
sec 2 cos ec 2
4a 2 cos2 sin 2
= + a 2 cos2 2 = a 2 sin 2 2 +a 2 cos2 2 = a 2. Proved.
sin2 cos2

H. ANGLE BETWEEN TWO STRAIGHT LINES IN TERMS OF THEIR SLOPES

If m1 & m2 are the slopes of two intersecting straight lines (m1 m2 1) & is the acute angle
m1 m2
between them, then tan = .
1 m1 m2
Note : Let m1, m2, m3 are the slopes of three lines L 1 = 0 ; L 2 = 0 ; L 3 = 0 where
m1 > m2 > m3 then the interior angles of the ABC found by these lines are given by,
m1 m2 m m3 m3 m1
tan A = ; tan B = 2 & tan C =
1 m1 m2 1 m2 m3 1 m3 m1

VKR Classes, C-339-340 , Indra Vihar, Kota Straight Line Page 15

 Equation of Line through P(h, k) and Inclined at Angle to the Line L y – mx – c = 0
There will be two such lines L 1, L 2 satisfying the given condition (see fig.). To find their
equations, we only need to know their slopes.

Let m represent the slope of either of these lines, the by Art. 4.3, m must satisfy the following
condition
m m
± tan = ...(1)
1 mm
Solving equation (1), we have
m tan m tan
m = ,
1 m tan 1 m tan
Hence, by Art. 4.1.2. equations of the required lines are
m tan
y–k= (x – h) ...(2)
1 m tan
m tan
and y–k= (x – h) ...(3)
1 m tan

Ex. 36 The acute angle between two lines is and slope of one of them is 1/2. Find the slope of the
4
other line.
m1 m 2
Sol. If q be the acute angle between thelines with slopes m1 and m2, then tan = 1 m m
1 2

1
Let = and m1 =
4 2

1
m2
2 1 2m 2 1 2m2
tan 4 1 1= 2 m2 2 m2 = + 1 or –1
1 m2
2

1 2m2 1 1 2m2
Now 2 m = 1 m2 = – and 2 m = 1 m2 = 3.
2 3 2

The slope of the other line is either –1/3 or 3 Ans.

Ex. 37 Find the equation of the straight line which passes through the origin and making angle 60° with
the line x + 3 y + 3 3 = 0.
Sol. Given line is x + 3 y + 3 3 = 0.

1 1
y= x–3 Slope of (1) = –
3 3

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 Let slope of the required line be m. Also between these lines is given to be 60°
1
m
3 3m 1
3 3m 1
tan 60° 1 3
1 3 m 3 m
3

3m 1 1
3 3m+1=3– 3m m=
3 m 3
Using y = mx + c, the equation of the required line is
1
y= x + 0 i.e. x– 3 y=0 ( This passes through origin, so c = 0)
3
3m 1
3 3 m + 1 = –3 + 3 m
3 m
m is not defined
The slope of the required lien is not defined. Thus, the required lien is a vertical line. This
line is to pass through the origin.
the equation of the required line is x = 0 Ans.
Ex. 38 Starting at the origin, a beam of light hits a mirror (in the form of a line) at the point A(4, 8) and is
reflected at the point B(8, 12). Compute the slope of the mirror.
Sol. Let the slope of the line mirror is m. Hence slope of normal is – 1/m
Equating the two values of , we get

1 1
2 1
m m 2m 1 m 1
2 = 1 – =
1 1 m 2 m 1 L1 = 0
m m P p L2 = 0
3m2 – 2m – 3 = 0 q

1 10 1 10
m= or m= which is rejected (think !)
3 3
u2 = 0
[m (1, 2)]
1 10 u1 = 0
slope of the mirror is
3
Ex. 39 Show that the equations to the straight lines passing through the point (3, –2) and inclined at
60° to the line 3x + y = 1 are y + 2 = 0 and y – 3x + 2 + 3 3 = 0.
Sol. The equation to the straight line passing through (3, –2) and inclined at an angle of 60° to the
line 3x + y = 1 ...(1)
3 tan 60
are (a) y+2= (x – 3) ( m of the given line is – 3)
1 3 tan 60
33
or y+2= (x – 3) or y + 2 = 0.
1 ( 3) 3

3 tan 60
(b) y+2= (x – 3)
1 ( 3 ) tan 60

3 3 2 3
or y+2= (x – 3) or y+2= (x – 3) or y – 3x + 2 3 3 = 0.
1 3. 3 2

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I. PERPENDICULAR / PARALLEL LINES
Perpendicular Lines
(i) When two lines of slopes m1 & m2 are at right angles, the product of their slopes is
1, i.e. m1 m2 = 1. Thus any line perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0 is of the form
bx ay + k = 0, where k is any parameter.
(ii) Straight lines ax + by + c = 0 & a x + b y + c = 0 are at right angles if & only if
aa + bb = 0.
Parallel Lines
(i) When two straight lines are parallel their slopes are equal. Thus any line parallel to y = mx + c is
of the type y = mx + d, where k is a parameter.
a b c
(ii) Two lines ax + by + c = 0 and a x + b y + c = - are parallel if .
a b c
Thus any line parallel to ax + by + c = 0 is of the type ax + by + k = 0, where k is a
parameter
(iii) The distance between two parallel lines with equations ax + by + c1 = 0 & ax + by + c2 = 0

c1 c 2
is
a2 b2
Note : Coefficients of x & y in both the equations must be same.

p1p2
(iv) The area of the parallelogram = , where p1 & p2 are distances
sin
between two pairs of opposite sides & is the angle between any
two adjacent sides. Note that area of the parallelogram bounded by
the lines y = m1x + c1, y = m1x + c2 and y = m2x + d1, y = m2x + d2 is

(c1 c 2 )(d1 d2 )
given by m1 m 2 .

Ex. 40 The equations of the two sides of a rhombous are 3x 10 y + 37 = 0 and

9x + 2 y 17 = 0 and the equation of one of its diagonals is 3x 2y 19 = 0. Find the
equations of two other sides of the rhombous and the equation to its second diagonal.
Sol. equation of BD is 3x 2y 19 = 0
AC will be perpendicular to BC and passing through (1, 4)
equation of AC = 2x + 3y 14 = 0
other two sides are 9x + 2y 113 = 0 &
3x 10 y 59 = 0
Ex. 41 Two sides of a square lie on the line x + y = 1 and x + y + 2 = 0. What is its area ?
Sol. Clearly the length of the side of the square is equal to the distance between the parallel lines
x+y–1=0 ...(i) and x+y+2=0 ...(ii)
Putting x = 0 in (i), we get y = 1. So (0, 1) is a point on line (i)
Now, Distance between the parallel lines
|0 1 2| 3
= length of the from (0, 1) to x + y + 2 = 0 =
12 12 2
2
3 3 9
Thus, the length of the side of the square is and hence its area =
2 2 2

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Ex. 42 Find the area of the parallelogram whose sides are x + 2y + 3 = 0, 3x + 4y – 5 = 0,
2x + 4y + 5 = 0 and 3x + 4y – 10 = 0
1 3
y x
2 2

3 10 3 5
Sol. y x y x
4 3 4 4

1 5
y x
2 2
3 5 10 5 1 3
Here, c1 = – , c2 =
, d1 = , d2 = – , m1 = – , m2 = –
2 2 3 2 2 4
3 5 10 5
2 2 3 2 70
Area = 1 3 sq. units Ans.
3
2 4
Ex. 43 Two parallel lines pass through the point (0, 1) and (–1, 0) respectively. Two other lines are drawn
through (1, 0) and (0, 0) respectively each perpendicular to the first two. The two sets of parallel
lines intersect in four points that are the vertices of a square. Find all possible equations for the
first two lines.
1
Sol. Equation of l3 is y = – (x – 1) x + my – 1 = 0
m
PQRS is a square
distance between l1 and l2 = distance between l3 and l4
m 1 1
=
1 m2 1 m2
| m – 1 | = 1. Thus m = 0 or m = 2
if m = 2, equation of lines are y = 2x + 1 and y = 2(x + 1)
if m = 0, lines are y = 0 and y = 1
Ex. 44 Find the equation of the line such that its distance from the lines 3x – 2y – 6 = 0 and
6x – 4y – 3 = 0 is equal.
Sol. Note that lines are parallel.
1 3 15
y intercept of the required line is = – 3 =–
2 4 8
Its slope is 3/2
3 15
equation is y = x – 12x – 8y = 15
2 8
J. CONCURRENCY OF LINES
Three lines a 1x + b 1y + c1 = 0, a 2x + b 2y + c2 = 0 & a 3x + b 3y + c3 = 0

a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if a2 b2 c2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
Alternatively : If three constants A, B & C can be found such that
A(a 1x + b 1y + c1) + B(a 2x + b 2y + c2) + C(a 3x + b 3y + c3) 0 , then the three straight lines are
concurrent.

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Ex. 45 Prove that the straight lines 4x + 7y = 9, 5x – 8y + 15 = 0 and 9x – y + 6 are concurrent.
Sol. Given lines are
4x + 7y – 9 = 0 ...(1)
5x – 8y + 15 = 0 ...(2)
and 9x – y + 6 = 0 ...(3)

4 7 9
5 8 15
= = (4(–48 + 15) – 7(30 – 135) – 9(–5 + 72) = –132 + 735 – 603 = 0
9 1 6

Hence lines (1), (2) and (3) are concurrent.

Ex. 46 Prove using analytical geometry that the point of intersection of the diagonals of a trapezium
lies on the line passing through the mid points of the parallel sides.
Sol. T.P.T. OC , AB & MN are concurrent
Equation of OC : y = c/d x cx dy = 0
(1)
2c
Equation of AB : y 0 = (x 2 a) c x + (a b) y 2ac = 0
2b 2a
(2)
2c
Equation of MN : y 0 = (x a) 2 c x + (a b d) y 2ac = 0
b d a
(3)
Now consider the determinant formed by the co-efficient of

c d 0 1 d 0
2 1 a b 1
c a b 2a c = 2ac
2c a b d 2a c 2 a b d 1

1 d 1
1 a b 1
Using R3 R3 (R1 + R2) 2 a c2 = 0
0 0 0
Ex. 47 Prove that the three straight lines joining the angular points of a triangle to the middle points
of the opposite sides meet in a point.
Sol. Let the angular points A, B, C be (x , y ), (x , y ), (x , y ), respectively. Then, D, E, F the
middle points of BC, CA, AB respectively, will be

x x y y x x y y x x y y
, ,. , and , .
2 2 2 2 2 2

y y x x
The equation of AD will therefore be y y x x
y x
2 2
or y (x + x – 2x ) – x (y + y – 2y ) + x (y + y ) – y (x + x ) = 0.
So the equations of BE and CF will be respectively
y (x + x – 2x ) – x (y + y – 2y ) + x (y + y ) – y (x + x ) = 0.
and y (x + x – 2x ) – x (y + y – 2y ) + x (y + y ) – y (x + x ) = 0.
And, since the three equations when added together vanish identically, the three lines
represented by them must meet in a point.

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Ex. 48 Show that the area of the triangle whose sides are a ix + biy + ci - 0, i = 1, 2, 3 is equal to
2

, where C1, C2 and C3 are the co-factors of C1, C2 and C3 respectively in the
2 | C1C 2C3 |

a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
determinant , where = .
a3 b3 c3

a1 b1 c1 A 1 B1 C1
a2 b2 c2 A 2 B2 C2
Sol. Let = and =
a3 b3 c3 A3 B3 C3

where is the determinant of the co-factors of the elements of .

The given lines are
a 1x + b 1y + c1 = 0 ...(1)
a 2x + b 2y + c2 = 0 ...(2)
a 3x + b 3y + c3 = 0 ...(3)
Solving equations (1), (2) and (3) in pairs, we have the coordinates of the vertices of the
triangle as

b 2c 3 b3 c 2 a3c 2 a 2c 3 A 1 B1
P , ,
a 2b 3 a3b2 a2b3 a3b 2 C1 C1
and similarly, we have

A 2 B2 A 3 B3
Q , and R ,
C 2 C2 C3 C3
Now we have

A1 B1
1
C1 C1
2
1 A2 B2
1 2
area of PQR = mod of = [ = ]
2 C2 C2 2 | C1C 2C3 | 2 | C1C2C 3 |
A3 B3
1
C3 C3

K. FAMILY OF LINES
The equation of a family of lines passing through the point of intersection of
a 1x + b 1y + c1 = 0 & a 2x + b 2y + c2 = 0 is given by (a 1x + b 1y + c1) + k(a 2x + b 2y + c2) = 0, where
k is an arbitrary real number.
Note :
(i) If u 1 = ax + by + c , u 2 = a x + b y + d , u 3 = ax + by + c , u 4 = a x + b y + d
then, u 1 = 0 ; u 2 = 0 ; u 3 = 0 ; u 4 = 0 form a parallelogram.
u 2 u 3 u 1 u 4 = 0 represents the diagonal BD.

On the similar lines u 1u 2 u 3u 4 = 0 represents the diagonal AC.

(ii) The diagonal AC is also given by u 1 + u 4 = 0 and u 2 + u 3 = 0, if the two equations are
identical for some and
[ For getting the values of & compare the coefficients of x, y & the constant terms].

VKR Classes, C-339-340 , Indra Vihar, Kota Straight Line Page 21

 x 1 x 2 x a
Ex. 49 If x 2 x 3 x b = 0 then all lines represented by ax + by + c = 0 pass through a fixed
x 3 x 4 x c
point. Find the coordinates of that fixed point.
Sol. The determinant on solving gives a + c = 2b if a, b, c are in A.P.
now, ax + by + 2b – a = 0 or a(x – 1) + b(y + 2) = 0
hence the line passes through (1, – 2)
Ex. 50 Obtain the equations of the liens passing through the intersection of line 4x – 3y – 1 = 0
and 2x – 5y + 3 = 0 and equally inclined to the axes.
Sol. The equation of any line thorugh the intersection of the given lines is
(4x – 3y – 1) + (2x – 5y + 3) = 0
or x(2 + 4) – u(5 + 3) + 3 – 1 = 0 ...(i)
2 4
Let m be the slope of this line. Then m =
5 3
As the lne is equally inclined with the axes, therefore
2 4 1
m = tan 45° or m = tan 135° m = ± 1, =± = –1 or , putting the values of in
5 3 3
(i), we get 2x + 2y – 4 = 0 and 14x – 14y = 0
i.e. x + y – 2 = 0 and x = y as the equations of the required lines. Ans.

Ex. 51 The equations of the two sides of a parallelogram are 3x 10 y + 37 = 0 and

9x + 2 y 17 = 0 and the equation of one of its diagonals is 3x 2y 19 = 0. Find the
equations of two other sides of the parallelogram and the equation to its second diagonal.
Sol. equation of BD is 3x 2y 19 = 0
AC will be perpendicular to BC and passing through (1, 4)
equation of AC = 2x + 3y 14 = 0
other two sides are 9x + 2y 113 = 0 &
3x 10 y 59 = 0
Ex. 52 Two fixed lines OA (along x - axis) and OB as y = m x are cut by a variable line in the points P
and Q respectively and M and N are the feet of the perpendiculars from P and Q upon the
lines OQB and OPA. Show that if PQ passes through a fixed point ( , ) then MN will also
pass through a fixed point.
mq
Sol. mPR = mQR = ; q= mq p + pmq
p q

p +( m )q=pmq (1)
1
Equation of M P : y 0= (x p) ; x+my=p
m
p mp
Solving with y = m x ; M ,
1 m 1 m2
2

mp
1 m2
Equation of M N y 0= p (x q)
2 q
1 m

Simplifying q (y + y m2) + p (m x y) = p q m (2)

(1) (2) gives q (y (1 + m2) m + ) + p (m x y b) = 0 i.e. L1 + k L2 = 0

VKR Classes, C-339-340 , Indra Vihar, Kota Straight Line Page 22
L. BISECTORS OF THE ANGLES BETWEEN TWO LINES
(i) Equations of the bisectors of angles between the lines ax + by + c = 0 &

ax by c a x b y c
a x + b y + c = 0 (ab a b) are : 2 2
=± 2 2
a b a b

(ii) To discriminate between the acute angle bisector & the obtuse angle bisector
If be the angle between one of the lines & one of the bisectors, find tan
If tan < 1, then 2 < 90° so that this bisector is the acute angle bisector.
If tan > 1, then we get the bisector to be the obtuse angle bisector.
(iii) To discriminate between the bisector of the angle containing the origin & that of the angle not
containing the origin. Rewrite the equations , ax + by + c = 0 &
a x + b y + c = 0 such that the constant terms c , c are positive. Then ;

a x + by + c a x+b y+c
=+ gives the equation of the bisector of the angle containing the
a 2 b2 a 2
b 2

a x + by + c a x+b y+c
origin & = gives the equation of the bisector of the angle not
a 2 b2 a 2
b 2

containing the origin.

(iv) To discriminate between acute angle bisector & obtuse angle bisector proceed as follows
Write ax + by + c = 0 & a x + b y + c = 0 such that constant terms are positive.
If aa + bb < 0 , then the angle between the lines that contains the origin is acute and the
a x + by + c a x+b y+c
eq uation of the bisector o f t his acute ang le is = + 2 2
a 2 b2 a b
a x + by + c a x+b y+c
therefore = is the equation of other bisector..
a 2 b2 a 2
b 2

If, however , aa + bb > 0 , then the angle between the lines that contains the origin is obtuse
& the equation of the bisector of this obtuse angle is :
a x + by + c a x+b y+c a x + by + c a x+b y+c
=+ ; therefore =
a 2 b2 a 2
b 2
a 2 b2 a 2
b 2

is the equation of other bisector.

(v) Another way of identifying an acute and obtuse angle bisector is as follows :
Let L1 = 0 & L 2 = 0 are the given lines & u 1 = 0 and u 2 = 0 are the bisectors
between L 1 = 0 & L 2 = 0. Take a point P on any one of the lines L1 = 0 or L 2 = 0
and drop perpendicular on u1 = 0 & u 2 = 0 as shown. If ,
p < q u 1 is the acute angle bisector.
p > q u 1 is the obtuse angle bisector.
p = q the lines L 1 & L 2 are perpendicular.

Note : Equation of straight lines passing through P(x1, y1) & equally inclined with the lines a1x
+ b 1y + c1 = 0 & a 2x + b 2y + c2 = 0 are those which are parallel to the bisectors between these
two lines & passing through the point P.

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Ex. 53 Find the equations of the bisectors of the angle between the straight lines
3x – 4y + 7 = 0and 12x – 5y – 8 = 0.
Sol. The equations of the bisectors of the angles between 3x – 4y + 7 = 0 and 12x – 5y – 8 = 0 are
3x 4y 7 12x 5y 8
32 ( 4 )2 122 ( 5) 2
3 x 4y 7 12x 5y 8
or or 39x – 52y + 91 = ± (60x – 25 y – 8)
5 13
Taking the positive sign, we get 21x + 27y – 131 = 0 as one bisector Ans.
Taking the negative sign, we get 99 x – 77 y + 51 = 0 as the other bisecotr. Ans.
Ex. 54 For the straight lines 4x + 3y – 6 = 0 and 5x + 12y + 9 = 0, find the equation of the
(i) bisector of the obtuse angle between them ;
(ii) bisector of the acute angle between them ;
Sol.(i) The equations of the given straight lines are
4x + 3y – 6 = 0 ...(1)
5x + 12y + 9 = 0 ...(2)
The equation of the bisectors of the angles between lines (1) and (2) are
4x 3y 6 5 x 12 y 9 4x 3y 6 5 x 12y 9
or
4 2
3 2
5 2
12 2 5 13

4x 3y 6 5x 12y 9
Taking the positive sign, we have
5 13
or 52x +39y – 78 = 25x + 60y + 45 or 27x – 21y – 123 = 0
or 9x – 7y – 41 = 0
4x 3y 6 5 x 12y 9
Taking tyhe negative sign, we have
5 13
or 52x +39y – 78 = –25x – 60y – 45 or 77x + 99y – 33 = 0
or 7x + 9y – 3 = 0
Hence the equation of the bisectors are
9x – 7y – 41 = 0 ...(3)
and 7x + 9y – 3 = 0 ...(4)
4 9
Now slope of line (1) = – and slope of the bisector (3) = .
3 7
If be the acute angle between the line (1) and the bisector (3), then
9 4
7 3 27 28 55 11
tan = >1
9 4 21 36 15 3
1
7 3
> 45°
Hence 9x – 7y – 41 = 0 is the bisector of the obtuse angle between the given line (1) and (2) Ans.
(ii) Since 9x – 7y – 41 = 0 is the bisector of the obtuse angle between the given lines, therefore the
other bisecotrs 7x + 9y – 3 = 0 will be the bisector of the acute angle between the given lines.
2nd Method
Writing the equation of the lines so that constants become positive we have
–4x – 3y + 6 = 0 ...(1)
and 5x + 12y + 9 = 0 ...(2)
Here a1 = –4, a2 = 5, b1 = –3, b2 = 12
Now a1a2 + b1b2 = –20 – 36 = –56 < 0

VKR Classes, C-339-340 , Indra Vihar, Kota Straight Line Page 24

 origin does not lie in the obtuse angle between lines (1) and (2) and hence equation of the
bisector of the obtuse angle between lines (1) and (2) will be
4x 3y 6 5x 12y 9
2 2
( 4) ( 3) 52 122
or 13(–4x – 3y + 6) = –5(5x + 12y + 9)
or 27x – 21y – 123 = 0 or 9x – 7y – 41 = 0 Ans.
and the equation of the bisector of the acute angle will be (origin lies in the acute angle)
4x 3y 6 5x 12y 9
2 2
( 4) ( 3) 52 122
or 77x + 99y – 33 = 0 or 7x + 9y – 3 = 0Ans.
Ex. 55 For the straightlines 4x + 3y – 6 = 0 and 5x + 12y + 9 = 0, find the equation of the bisector of the
angle which contains the origing.
Sol. For point O(0,0), 4x + 3y – 6 = –6 < 0 and 4x + 12y + 9 = 9 > 0
Hence for point O(0, 0) 4x + 3y – 6 and 5x + 12y =+ 9 are of opposite signs.
Hence equation of the bisector of the angles between the given lines containing the origin will be
4x 3y 6 5x 12y 9
2 2
(4) (3) 52 122

4x 3y 6 5 x 12y 9
or or 52x + 39y – 78 = –25x – 60y – 45
5 13
or 77 x + 99y – 33 = 0 or 7x + 9y – 3 = 0Ans.

Ex. 56 Find the equations to the straight lines passing through the foot of the perpendicular from the
point (h, k) upon the straight line Ax + By + C = 0, and bisecting the angles between the
perpendicular and the given straight line.
Sol. Equation of the given line is Ax + By + C = 0. ...(1)
Equation of any line perpendicular to (1) will be Bx – Ay = , where is any constant. As the
perpendicular line passes through (h, k), hence it will satisfy (2). So Bh – Ak = . Substituting
in (2), we get the equation of the line perpendicular to (1) and passing through (h, k) as
Bx – Ay = Bh – Ak
or Bx – Ay – Bh + Ak = 0. ...(3)
Equations of the bisectors of the angles between the lines given by (1) and (3) will be
Ax By C Bx Ay Bh Ak
2 2 =±
(A B ) (B 2 A2 )
or Ax + By + C = ± [B (x – h) – A (y – k)]
or A (y – k) – B (x – h) = ± (Ax + By + C).
Ex. 57 Find the centre of the circle inscribed in the triangle whose angular points A, B, C are
respectively the points (1, 2), (25, 8) and (9, 21).
The equations of the sides BC, CA, AB will be found to be
13x + 16y – 453 = 0, 19x – 8y – 3 = 0 and x – 4y + 7 = 0.
Sol. If the co-ordinates of A, B, C be subsituted in the left-hand members of these equations, the
results will be –, +, – respectively.
Now change the signs of all the terms in the equations fo the lines, if necessary, so that each
vertex will be on the positive side of the opposite line; the equations will then be
–12x – 16y + 453 = 0, 19x – 8y – 3 = 0 and –x + 4y – 7 = 0.
13 x 16 y 453 19 x 8 y 3
Then 2 2
(13 16 ) (19 2 8 2 )
VKR Classes, C-339-340 , Indra Vihar, Kota Straight Line Page 25
 must be the internal bisector of the angle ACB, for both members of the equation must be
positive or both must be negative, so that any point on the bisector must be on the positive
side of both CA and CB, or on the negative side of both.
19x 8y 3 x 4y 7
So also 2 2
(19 8 ) (12 42 )
is te internal bisector of the angle BAC.
Hence the centre of the inscribed circle is given by
13 x 16 y 453 19 x 8 y 3 x 4y 7
,
5 17 5 17 17
and the point will be found to be (11.5, 11).
Ex. 58 Let ABC be a triangle such that the coordinates of the vertex A are (–3, 1). Equation of the
median through B is 2x + y – 2 = 0 and equation of the angular bsector of C is 7x – 4y – 1 = 0.
Find the equation of the sides of the triangle.
7h 1
Sol. Since C lies on 7x – 4y – 1 = 0, therefore let us choose its coordinates as h, .
4
h 3 7h 3
The mid-point of AC, i.e. , lies on 2x + y – 3 = 0, therefore
2 8
h 3 7h 3
we have 2 + –3=0
2 8
gives h = 3.
Hence, coordinates of C are (3, 5) and equation of AC is
5 1 A (–3, 1) 1 =0
y–5= (x – 3) y–
3 3 2x + –4
y–3 7x
i.e. 2x – 3y + 9 = 0 ...(1) =0
Let slope of BC = m. Since lines BC and
2
AC slope are equally inclined to the line 7x
3 C B
7
– 4y – 1 = 0 slope , therefore we have
4

7 7 2
m
4 4 3 4m 7 1
i.e. 7m 7 (see fig.) i.e. gives m = 18.
1 1 7m 4 2
4 6
Therefore, equation of BC is
y – 5 = 18(x – 3)
i.e. 18x – y – 49 = 0 ...(2)
13 11
Solving equations (2) and 2x + y – 3 = 0 simultaneously gives the coordinates of B as , .
5 5

11
1
Therefore, equation of AB is y – 1 = 5 (x + 3)
13
3
5

4
i.e. y–1= (x + 3) i.e. 4x + 7y + 5 = 0. ...(3)
7

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Ex. 59 The equation of the diagonals a rectangle are y + 8x – 17 = 0 and y – 8x + 7 = 0
If the area of the rectangle is 8 sq. units, find the equation of the sides of the rectangle.
Sol. The intersection point of the given diagonals
y + 8x – 17 = 0 D M C
and y – 8x + 7 = 0 y – 8x + 7 = 0

3 N
is P ,5 . P(3/2, 5)
2
y + 8x – 17 = 0
1 A B
Now, we have CPD = (ABCD) = 2 sq. units
4
2
i.e. l sin cos = 2 [putting CP = l]
i.e. l 2 sin 2 = 4 ...(1)

8 ( 8) 16 16 63
where tan 2 = therefore sin 2 = and cos 2 =
1 (8)( 8) 63 65 65

65 4 65 65
Putting in equation (1), we have l2 = i.e. l = .
16 4 2
Therefore, we have

1 cos 2 65 65 63
PM = l cos = l = =4
2 2 2 65

1 cos 2 65 65 63 1
and PN = l sin = l = =
2 2 2 65 2
Equation of the angular bisectors of the diagonals are
y 8 x 17 y 8 x 17 3
=± i.e. x= and y = 5.
65 65 2
From the fig we can see that sides AB, CD are lines parallel to the angular bisector
PN y – 5 = 0 at a distance of PN = 4 units. Hence, their equations are
y=5±4 i.e. y = 1, y = 9
and the sides AD, BC are lines parallel to the angular bisector PM x – 3/2 = 0 at a distace
of PN = 1/2 units. Hence, their equations are
3 1
x= i.e. x = 1, x = 2.
2 2
M. LOCUS
The locus of a moving point is the path traced out by it under certain geometrical condition or
conditions.
If a point moves in a plane under the geometrical condition that its distance from a fixed point
O in the plane is always equal to a constant quantity a, then the curve traced out by the
moving point will be circle with centre O and radius a. Thus locus of the point is a circle with
centre O and radius a.
Equation of a locus : An equation is said to be the equation of the locus of a moving point if
the following two conditions are satisfied
(i) The co-ordinates of every point on the locus satisfy the equation.
(ii) If the co-ordinates of any point satisfy the equation, then that point must lie on the locus.

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 Working Rule :
(i) If x and y co-ordinates of the moving point are given in terms of a third variable t (called the
parameter), eliminate t to obtain the relation in x and y and simplify this relation. This will give
the required locus.
(ii) If some geometrical conditions are given and we have to find the locus, then
(a) Take the co-ordinates of the variable point as ( ).
(b) Write down the given geometrical conditions and express these conditions in terms of and .
(c) Eliminate the variable to get the relation in and i.e. this relation must contain only and
known quantities.
(d) Finally put x in place of and y in place of and the equation thus obtained will be the
required equation of the locus.
(e) Sometimes the co-ordinates of the moving point itself is taken as (x, y). But this should be
done only when no equation is given in question and co-ordinate of no point is given as
(x, y). In this case the relation in x and y can be directly obtained by eliminating the variable.
(iii) Make suitable choice of the origin and the axes if co-ordinates of no point and equation of no
curve is given in the question.
Ex. 60 A and B being the fixed points (a, 0) and (–a, 0) respectively, obtain the equation giving the
locus of P, when PA = nPB, n being constant.
Sol. The given relation is PA = n PB or PA 2 = n 2 PB2
or [x – a)2 + (y – 0)2] = n 2 [(x + a)2 + (y – 0)2] (on putting the values of PA and PB)
or x2 + a 2 – 2ax + y2 = n 2 [x2 + a 2 + 2ax + y2]
or 0 = x2 (n 2 – 1) + y2 (n 2 – 1) + a 2 (n 2 – 1) + 2ax (n 2 + 1)
or (n 2 –1) (x 2 + y2 + a 2) + 2ax (n 2 + 1) = 0
Ex. 61 The base BC (=2a) of a triangle ABC is fixed; the axes being BC and a perpendiculat to it
through its middle point, find the locus of the vertex A, when the difference of the base angles is
given (= ).
Sol. Let the co-ordinates of A be (x, y) and ABC = 1 and ACB = 2. Then
y 0 y 0
tan 1
= and tan (180 – 2) =
x a x a
y y
tan 1 = and tan 2 = .
x a x a
By hypothesis, 2 – 1 = or tan ( ) = tan
y y
tan 2 tan 1
or = tan or x a x a = tan
1 tan 2 tan 1 y y
1
x ax a
2xy 1
or 2 2 2 = or x2 + 2xycot – y2 = a 2.
x a y cos
Ex. 62 The line L1 4x + 3y – 12 = 0 intersects the x and the y-axis at A and B respectively. A variable line
perpendicular to L1 intersects the x and the y-axis at P and Q respectively. Find the locus of the
circumcentre of triangle ABQ.
Sol. Clearly circumcentre of triangle ABQ will lie on the perpendicular bisector
of line AB.
7
Now equation of perpendicular bisector of line AB is 3x – 4y + = 0.
2
Hence locus of circumcentre is 6x – 8y + 7 = 0.

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Ex. 63 An equilateral triangle PQR is formed where P(1, 3) is fixed point and Q is moving point on line x =
3. Find the locus of R.
Sol. Slope of PR is ( ± 60°).
Let coordinates of R be (h, k).
h 1 k 2
2 sec
cos( 60 ) sin( 60 )
h = 1 + 2 cos ( ± 60º) sec

1 3
h=1+2 2 tan ...(1)
2
k = 2 + 2 sin ( ± 60º) sec

tan 3
k=2+2 2 2 ....(2)

h 2
Eliminating from (1) and (2), = ± tan
3
h 2
k – 2 ± 3 = tan = ± (k – 2 ± 3)
3
Locus is (x – 2) = ± 3 (y – 2 ± 3 ).

Ex. 64 Let a given line L 1 intersect the X–axis at P and Q respectively. Let a variable line L2
perpendicular to L1 cut the X–axis and the Y–axis at R and S respectively. Find the locus of
the intersection point of the lines PS and QR.
Sol. Let the equation of the given
x y Q
line L 1 be = 1 ....(1) L2
a b

The intersection points of this line with the (h, k)M

X-axis and the Y-axis are P(a, 0) and L1
S
Q(0, b) respectively.
Let the equation of the line L 2 perpendicular to
x y R P
L 1 be = ( is a variable) ....(2)
a b
The intersection point of L 2 with the X–axis and the Y–axis are R ( b, 0) and S(0, – a)
respectively.
Let M (h, k) be the coordinates of the point whose locus is to be found.
Since M lies on PS, therefore we have
k
i.e. = ...(3)
h a
Also, since M lies on QR, therefore we have
slope of MQ = slope of QR

k b 1
i.e. ...(4)
h
Multiplying equations (3), (4) and then putting (x, y) in place of (h, k) gives the equation of the
required locus as x(x – a) + y(y – b) = 0.

VKR Classes, C-339-340 , Indra Vihar, Kota Straight Line Page 29

Ex. 65 A, O and B are fixed points in a straight line. A point P is chosen on a line passing through A
perpendicular to AOB, and a point Q is chosen on a line pasing through B perpendicular to
AOB such that POQ is a right angle. Find the locus of the foot of the perpendicular from O
on PQ.
Sol. Let us choose the fixed point O as the origin and line AOB as the Y–axis. Also, let OA = a and
OB = b (see fig.).
Let us choose the variable points as P( , a) and Q( , –b).
Since OP is perpendicular to OQ, therefore we have Y

b a P( , a)
(0, –a)A
i.e. = –1

i.e. = ab ...(1)
(0, –0)O X
Let M(h, k) be the point whose locus
is to be found.
Since M lies on AB, therefore we have M(h, k)
slope of MQ = slope of PQ
(0, –b)B
Q( , –b)
(k b ) (a b )
i.e. i.e. (k + b) + (a – k) = (a + b)h...(2)
(h ) ( )
Also, since OM is perpendicular to PQ, therefore we have
(a b ) h k
=– i.e. – = (a + b) ...(3)
( ) k h

(h 2 k2 ak ) (h 2 k2 bk )
Solving equations (2), (3) simultaneously, gives = and =
h h
Putting the above values of in equation (1), we have
(h + k – ak) (h + k2 + bk) = (h 2) ab
2 2 2

i.e. (h 2 + k2) {h 2 + k2 + k(b – a) – ab} = 0

i.e. h 2 + k2 + k(b – a) – ab = 0
Putting (x, y) in place of (h, k) gives the equation of the required locus as
x2 + y2 + y(b – a) – ab = 0.
Ex. 66 Through a fixed point any straight line is drawn meeting two given parallel straight lines in P
and Q; through P and Q straight lines are drawn in fixed directions, meeting in R: prove that
the locus of R is a straight line.
Sol. Take the fixed point O for origin, and the axis of y parallel to the two parallel straight lines;
and let the equations of these parallel lines be x = a, x = b.
Then, if the equation of OPQ be y = mx, the abscissa of Q is b, and therefore its ordinate mb.
Let PR be always parallel to y = m x and QR always parallel to y = m x, then the equation of
PR will be y – ma = m (x – a) ..............................(i),
y – mb = m (x – b) ..............................(ii).
To find locus we have only to eliminate m between the equation (i) and (ii).
The result is (b – a) y = m b (x – a) – m a (x – b).
This equation is of the first degree, and therefore the required locus is a straight line.
Ex. 67 Find the equation of the straight line through the point A (1 , 0) and perpendicular to the line
PQ given by the equation , y = m x + m3. Obtain the co-ordinates of the point R in which the
lines meet and prove that the locus of R as m varies is y2 = 1 x. The line through R parallel
to the x axis meets the line through the origin parallel to PQ in S. Find the co-ordinates of S
and prove that when m is positive, the radius of the circle circumscribing the ASR
m
is 1 m2 .
2

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 1
Sol. y= (x 1) or x + m y 1=0
m
Solving y = m x + m3 (1) and
x+my=1 (2)
co-ordinates of R (1 m2 , m)
h = 1 m2 & k = m Locus in y2 = 1 x
Note that ASR is a right triangle
1 1 1
r= AR = m2 m 4 = m 1 m2
2 2 2
2
m y + x = 1 ; R (1 m , m) ; S (1 , m)
Ex. 68A straight line is drawn parallel to the base of a given triangle and its extremities are joined
transversely to those of the base. Show that the locus of the point of intersection of the
joining lines is a straight line.

Sol. Equation of BE :
b kc
y= x or k ( a + c) = h b =
a c bh ka

Similarly equation of CD :
b
0 a b
1 kc
y 0= (x c) k c = (h c) =
a 1 1 (a c) k bc bh
c
1

Equating the two values of we get the locus of P (h , k) as

2 b x (2 a c) y = b c. which is a straight line
Ex. 69 'Q' is any point on the line x = a. If A is the point (a, 0) and QR, the bisector of the angle OQA
meets the axis of x in R, then show that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular from R to
OQ has the equation, (x 2a) (x 2 + y2) + ax2 = 0.
k
Sol. Equation of OQ, y = x;
h
ka
It passes through (a, ) =
h
Note that 's QRA
2
a 2k 2 ak
Hence QP = QA = (h a)2 + k . Simplify to get locus
h2 h
Ex. 70 Through a fixed point O are drawn two straight lines at right angles to meet two fixed straight
lines, which are also at right angles, in the points P and Q. Show that the locus of the foot of
the perpendicular from O on PQ is a straight line.
Sol. Let us take the line passing through O be the axes, O P and O Q be the other pair, O being
(a, b) and cutting the axes at P and Q.
Let the equation of O Q be, (y – b) = m (x – a). ...(1)
1
Hence the equation of O P will be (y – b) = – (x – a). ...(2)
m
(as PO is perpendicular to QO )
Solving (1) with y-axis, OQ willbe (b – am). Similarly solving (2) with x-axis, OP will be (a + bm).

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 x y
Hence equation of OP will be = 1. ...(3)
a bm b am
Let R be the perpendicular on OP from O and its co-ordinates be (h, k). As R lies on OP,
h k
(h, k) will satisfy its equation. Hence = 1. ...(4)
a bm b am
k b am
Slope of OR = . Slope of QP = .
h a bm
k b am
As OR is perpendicualr to QR, × = – 1. ...(5)
h a bm
Eliminating m from (4) and (5), we get the required locus.
N. A PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES THROUGH ORIGIN
(i) A homogeneous equation of degree two of the type ax² + 2hxy + by² = 0 always represents a
pair of straight lines passing through the origin & if :
(a) h² > ab lines are real & distinct.
(b) h² = ab lines are coincident.
(c) h² < ab lines are imaginary with real point of intersection i.e. (0, 0)
(ii) If y = m1x & y = m2x be the two equations represented by ax² + 2hxy + by² = 0, then ;
2h a
m1 + m2 = & m1 m2 = .
b b
(iii) If is the acute angle between the pair of straight lines represented by ,

2 h2 a b
ax² + 2hxy + by² = 0 , then ; tan = .
a b

The condition that these lines are :

(a) At right angles to each other is a + b = 0. i.e. co efficient of
x² + co efficient of y² = 0.
(b) Coincident is h² = ab.
(c) Equally inclined to the axis of x is h = 0. i.e. coeff. of xy = 0.
(iv) The equation to the straight lines bisecting the angle between the straight lines ,
x2 y2 xy
ax² + 2hxy + by² = 0 is = .
a b h
Proof : Let ax2 + 2hxy +by2 a (x – y) (x – y),
2h b
=– and = .
a a
(x y )2 (x y )2
The equation of the bisectors is, 2 = 0.
1 1 2
That is (1 + ) (x2 – 2 xy + 2y2) – (1 + 2
) (x2 – 2 xy + 2y2) = 0,
1
that is x2 + 2 xy – y2 = 0,
b
1
a
that is x2 + 2 xy – y2 = 0,
2h
a
x2 y2 xy
that is .
a b h

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(v) The product of the perpendiculars, dropped from (x1, y1) to the pair of lines represented by
2 2
a x1 2 h x1y1 b y1
the equation, ax² + 2hxy + by² = 0 is .
2
a b 4 h2
Note : A homogeneous equation of degree n represents n straight lines passing through origin.

O. GENERAL EQUATION OF SECOND DEGREE REPRESENTING A PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES

(i) ax² + 2hxy + by² + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if :
a h g
abc + 2fgh af² bg² ch² = 0 , i.e. if h b f = 0..
g f c
(ii) The angle between the two lines representing by a general equation is the same as that
between the two lines represented by its homogeneous part only.
Ex. 71 Prove that the following equation represents two straight lines; find also their point of
intersection and the angle between them : 6y2 – xy – x2 + 30y + 36 = 0.
Sol. 6y2 – xy – x2 + 30y + 36 = 0.
Hence a = –1, b = 6, c = 36, h = –1/2, g = 0, g = 15,
= abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg 2 – ch 2
2
1 1
= (–1).6.36 + 2.15.0 – )–1) (15)2 – 6.(0)2 – 36 =0
2 2
Hence the equation represents two straight lines.
Again 6y2 – xy – x2 = (3y + x) (2y – x)
Hence let 6y2 – xy – x2 + 30y + 36 (3y + x + A) × (2y – x + B). ...(1)
Comparing coefficients of x and y, we get B – A = 0 ...(2)
and 3 + 2A = 30 ...(3)
Solving, we get A = 6 and B = 6.
Substituting in (1), we get the equations of the line represented as
3y + x + 6 = 0 ...(4)
and 2y – x + 6 = 0. ...(5)
2
1 25
2 ( 1)(6) 2
2 4
If be the angle betwee then tan = = 1.
1 6 5
= 45°. Ans.
6 12 6 12
Solving (4) and (5), we get x = ,y=– . So point of intersection is , .
5 5 5 5
Ex. 72 The two line pairs y2 – 4y + 3 = 0 and x2 + 4xy + 4y2 – 5x – 10y + 4 = 0 enclose a 4 sided convex
polygon find (i) area of the polygon (ii) length of its diagonals.
Sol. y2 – 4y + 3 = 0 and x2 + 4xy + 4y2 – 5x – 10y + 4 = 0
(y – 3)(y – 1) (x + 2y – 1)(x + 2y – 4) = 0
y = 1, y = 3

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 l(AB) = 3 h=2
area of parallelogram = 3 × 2 = 6 Ans.
Length of AC = 12 2 2 = 5 length of BD = 7 2 2 2 = 53 = 53
Ex. 73 Show that the equation 6x2 – 5xy + y2 = 0 represents a pair of distinct straight lines, each passing
through the origin. Find the separate equations of these lines.
Sol. The given equation is a homogeneous equation of second degree. So, it represents a pair of
straight lines passing through theorigin. Comparing the given equation with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0,
we obtain a = 6, b = 1 and 2h = –5.

25 1
h2 – ab = –6= >0 h2 > ab
4 4
Hence, the given equation represents a pair of distinct lines passing through the origin.

2
y y
2
Now, 6x – 5xy + y = 0 2 5 +6=0
x x

2
y y y y y
3 2 6 0 3 2 =0
x x x x x

y y
– 3 = 0 or – 2 = 0 y – 3x = 0 or y – 2x = 0
x x
So the given equation represents the straight lines y – 3x = 0 and y – 2x = 0 Ans.
Ex. 74 Find the equations to the pair of lines through the origin which are perpendicular to the lines
represented by 2x2 – 7xy + 2y2 = 0.
Sol. We have 2x2 – 7xy + 2y2 = 0
2x2 – 6xy – xy + 3y2 = 0 2x(x – 3y) – y (x – 3y) = 0
(x – 3y) (2x – y) = 0 x – 3y = 0 or 2x – y = 0
Thus the given equation represents the lines x – 3y = 0 and 2x – y = 0. The equations of the lines
passing through the origin and perpendicular to the given lines are y – 0 = –3 (x – 0)

1
and y – 0 – (x – 0) [ (Slope of x – 3 y = 0) is 1/3 and (Slope of 2x – y = 0) is 2]
2
y + 3x = 0 and 2y + x = 0 Ans.
Ex. 75 Find the angle between the pair of straight lines 4x2 + 24xy + 11y2 = 0
Sol. Given equation is 4x2 + 24xy + 11y2 = 0
Here a = coeff. of x2 = 4, b = coeff. of y2 = 11
and 2h = coeff. of xy = 24 h = 12

2 h2 ab 2 144 44 4
Now tan = a b 4 11 3

Where is the acute angle between the lines.

4
acute angle between the lines is tan–1 and obtuse angle between them is
3
4
– tan–1 Ans.
3
VKR Classes, C-339-340 , Indra Vihar, Kota Straight Line Page 34
Ex. 76 Find the equation of the bisectors of the angle between the lines represented by 3x2 – 5xy + y2 = 0
Sol. Given equation is 3x2 – 5xy + y2 = 0 ...(1)
2 2
comparing it with the equation ax + 2hxy + by = 0 ...(2)
we have a = 3, 2h = –5; and b = 4

x2 y2 xy
Now the equation of the bisectors of the angle between the pair of liens (1) is
a b h

x2 y 2 xy x2 y2 2xy
or ; or
3 4 5 1 5
2
or 5x2 – 2xy – 5y2 = 0 Ans.
Ex. 77 Prove that the equation 2x2 + 5xy + 3y2 + 6x + 7y + 4 = 0 represents a pair of straight lines. Find
the co-ordinates of their point of intersection and also the angle between them.
Sol. Given equation is 2x2 + 5xy + 2y2 + 6x + 7y + 4 = 0
Writing the equation (1) as a quadratic equation in x we have
2x2 + (5y + 6) x + 3y2 + 7y + 4 = 0
(5 y 6) (5 y 6 )2 4.2(3 y 2 7y 4)
x=
4
(5 y 6) 25 y 2 60 y 36 24 y 2 56 y 32
=
4

(5 y 6) y2 4y 4 (5 y 6) ( y 2)
=
4 4

5y 6 y 2 5y 6 y 2
x= ,
4 4
or 4x + 4y + 4 = 0 and 4x + 6y + 8 = 0
or x+y+1=0 and 2x + 3y + 4 = 0
Hence equation (1) represents a pair of straight lines whose equation are x + y + 1 = 0 ....(1)
and 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 ....(2) Ans.
Solving these two equations, the required point of intersection is (1, –2) Ans.
Ex. 78 Find the equation of the pair of lines both of which pass through the point (1, –1) and are
parallel to the angular bisectors of the line given by the equation
x2 – y2 + 4x – 2y + 3 = 0.
Sol. The given equation can be written as
x2 + 4x + y2 + 2y = 3
i.e. (x + 2)2 = y2 + 2y – 3 + 4 = (y + 1)2
i.e. (x + 2) = ±(y + 1)
gives the equations of the two lines as x–y+1=0
and x+y+3=0
Equation of the angular bisectors of the above lines are given by
x y 1 x y 3
2 2
i.e. x + 2 = 0 and y + 1 = 0.
Equations of th lines passing through the point (1, –1) and parallel to the angular bisectors are
x – 1 = 0 and y + 1 = 0
Jointly, the required equation is given by (x – 1) (y + 1) = 0
i.e. xy + x – y – 1 = 0.

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Ex. 79 Obtain the condition that one of the straight lines given by the equation ax2 + hxy + by2 = 0, may
coincide with one of the those given by the equation a x2 + 2h xy + b y2 = 0.
Sol. Let the equation of the common line be y = mx.
Since, this must satisfy both the given equations, therefore we have
bm2 + 2hm + a = 0 ...(1)
and b m2 + 2h m + a = 0 ...(2)
Solving equations (1) and (2), we have
m2 m 1
= =
2(ha h a ) (ab a b ) 2(bh b h)
Eliminating m, we have (ab – a b)2 = 4 (ha – h a) (bh – b h).

Ex. 80 Show that the orthocentre of the triangle formed by the straight lines ,
a x2 + 2 h x y + b y2 = 0 and l x + m y = 1 is a point ( x , y ) such that ,
x y a b
= = 2 .
l m a m 2h l m b l 2
Sol. a x2 + 2 h x y + b y2 b (y m1 x) (y m2 x)
2h a
m1 + m2 = & m1 m2 =
b b
The line l x + m y = 1 cuts y m1 x = 0

x 1
m m1
where m1 point A.
y
m m1

The equation of the line through this point perpendicular to y m2 x = 0 is

m1 1 1
y = x
mm1 m2 mm1

(l + m m1) x 1 + m2 y ( mm1 ) m1 = 0 (1)

The orthocentre lies on the line and also on the line through the origin perpendicular to,
lx + my = 1 i.e. mx ly = 0
x y
or =
= say (2)
m
put x = l and y = m in (1)
2
m ( m1 m2 ) m 2 . m1 m 2 = 1 + m1 m2 .
Putting m1 + m2 & m1 m2 we get ,
a b x y a b
= 2 = =
b 2h m a m2 m b 2
2h m a m2
Ex. 81 Prove that two straight lines represented by the equation,
a y4 + b xy3 + c x2y2 + d x3y + a x4 = 0 will bisect the angle between the other two if
c + 6 a = 0 and b + d = 0.
Sol. Let y = mx. Hence,
am4 + bm3 + cm2 + dm + a = 0
b c d
m1 = ; m1 m2 = m1 m2 m3 = .
a a a

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 3
Note that m1 = tan ; m2 = cot m3 = tan ; m4 = tan
4 4
m1 m2 = 1 and m3 m4 = 1

b
Consider m1 + m1 m2 m3 = 0 =0 b+d=0
a
again m1 m2 = m1 m2 + m1 m3 + m1 m4 + m2 m3 + m2 m4 + m3 m4
= 2 + m1 (m3 + m4) + m2 (m3 + m4)
= (m1 + m2) (m3 + m4) 2
Substituting the values of m1, m2, m3 and m4 it simplifies to 6
c
= 6 c + 6a = 0
a
Ex. 82 Prove that the general equation ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, represents two parallel

g2 ac
straight lines if h2 = ab and bg2 = af2. Prove also that the distance between them is 2
a(a b)
Sol. The given equation is
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(1)
Let the two equations represented by (1) be the respectively.
( a.x + b.y + l) = 0 ...(2)
and ( a.x + b.y + m) = 0. ...(3)
Then the combined equation will be
( a.x + b.y + l) ( a.x + b.y + m) = 0
which is identical to (1) and as the coefficients of x2 and y2 are equal. Hence equating different
coefficients
2h = 2 (ab) ...(4)
2g = a (l + m) ...(5)
2f = b l + m) ...(6)
and c=lm ...(7)
By (4), we get h 2 = ab
g a g2 a
Dividing (5) by (6), we get or 2 .
f b f b
Hence bg 2 = af 2. Proved
Again, if p and p be the lengths of perpendiculars from origin on (2) and (3), then the distance
between them is p – p .
m ( m) ( m) 4 m
So p – p =
(a b) (a b ) (a b) a b
Putting the values of (l + m) and l m from (5) and (7), we get
( 2g / a)2 4c g2 ac
p–p = 2 . Proved
a b a(a b)
P. HOMOGENISATION
The joint equation of a pair of straight lines joining origin to the points of intersection of the
line given by lx + my + n = 0................ (i) and
the 2nd degree curve : ax² + 2hxy + by² + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0....... (ii)
2
lx
my l x my l x my
is ax² + 2hxy + by² + 2gx 2fy c = 0...... (iii)
n n n
(iii) is obtained by homogenising (ii) with the help of (i), by writing (i) in the form :
lx my
= 1.
n
VKR Classes, C-339-340 , Indra Vihar, Kota Straight Line Page 37
Note :
(i) Equation of any curve passing through the points of intersection of two curves C1 = 0 and C2 = 0 is
given by C1 + C2 = 0 where & are parameters.
(ii) Any second degree curve through the four point of intersection of f(x y) = 0 & xy = 0 is given
by f(x y) + xy = 0 where f(xy) = 0 is also a second degree curve.

Ex. 83 Find the equation to the straight lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the straight
x y
line 1 and the circle 5(x2 + y2 + bx + ay) = 9ab. Also find the linear relation between a and
a b
b so that these straight lines may be at right angle.

2
x y x y
Sol. Homogenising, 5(x2 + y2 ) + 5(bx + ay) – 9ab =0
a b a b
since lines are perpendicular
hence coefficient of (x2 + y2) = 0

b a b a a 2 b2
10 + 5 –9 =0 10 = 4
a b a b ab

4a2 + 4b2 = 10ab 2(a2 + b2) = 5ab 2a2 – 5ab + 2b2 = 0

2a2 – 4ab – ab + 2b2 = 0 2a(a – 2b) – b(a – 2b) = 0
a = 2b or 2a = b
Ex. 84 Prove that the straight line joining the origin to the points of intersection of the straight
line kx + hy = 2hk with the curve
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = c2 are at right angles if, h 2 + k2 + c2.

x y
Sol. The given line is kx + hy = 2hk or = 1. ...(1)
2h 2k
The given curve is (x – h)2 – (y – k)2 = c2
or x2 + y2 – 2hx – 2ky + h2 + k2 – c2 = 0. ...(2)
Making (2) homogeneous with the help of (1), we get
2
x y x y x y
2 2 2 2 2
x + y – 2hx – 2ky + (h + k – c ) =0 ...(3)
2h 2k 2h 2k 2h 2k

h2 k2 c2 h2 k2 c2
Coefficient of x2 in (3) is = Coefficient of y2 in (3) is =
4h2 4k 2
If the lines represented by (3) are perpendicular to each other, then

h2 k 2 c 2 h2 k 2 c 2 1 1
+ =0 or (h 2 + k2 – c2) = 0.
4h2 4k 2 4h2 4k 2

1 1
As cannot be zero, being sum of two squares, hence
4h2 4k 2
h 2 + k2 – c2 = 0 or h 2 + k2 = c2. Proved.

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Ex. 85 Prove that the angle between the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the straight

2 2
line y = 3x + 2 with the curve x2 + 2xy + 3y2 + 4x + 8y – 11 = 0 is tan–1 .
3
Sol. Equation of the given curve is x2 + 2xy + 3y2 + 4x + 8y – 11 = 0
y 3x
and equation of the given straight line is y – 3x = 2; =1
2
Making equation (1) homogeneous equation of the second degree in x and y with the help of (1),
we have
2
y 3x y 3x y 3x
2 2
x + 2xy + 3y + 4x 8y 11 =0
2 2 2

1 11 2
or x2 + 2xy + 3y2 + (4xy + 8y2 – 12x2 – 24 xy) – (y – 6xy + 9x2) = 0
2 4
or 4x2 + 8xy + 12y2 + 2 (8y2 – 12x2 – 20xy) – 11 (y2 – 6xy + 9x2) = 0
or –119x2 + 34xy + 17y2 = 0 or 119x2 – 34xy – 17y2 = 0
or 7x2 – 2xy – y2 = 0
This is the equation of the liens joining the origin to the points of intersection of (1) and (2).
comparing equation (3) with the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
we have a = 7, b = –1 and 2h = –2 i.r. h = –1
If be the acute angle between pair of lines (3), then

2 h2 ab 2 1 7 2 8 2 2
tan = a b 7 1 6 3

2 2
= tan–1 proved
3
Ex. 86 If the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, represent a pair of straight lines, prove
that the quation to the third pair of straight lines passing through the points where these meet
the axes is
4fg
ax2 – 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c + xy = 0
c
Sol. We are given the equation as
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ...(1)
The equation of y–axis is x = 0 and x–axis is y = 0. Hence the combined equation will
be xy = 0. ...(2)
Equation of the curve passing through the point of intersection of (1) and (2) will be
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + 2 xy = 0
or ax2 + 2(h + ) xy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. ...(3)
If (3) represent two straight lines, then its discriminant must be zero.
So abc + 2.f.g.(h + ) – af 2 – bg 2 – c (h + )2 = 0
or abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg 2 – ch 2 + 2 (fg – ch) – c 2 = 0 ...(4)
As (1) represents two straight line
abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg 2 – ch 2 = 0.
2( fg ch)
Putting in (4), we get 2 (fg – ch) – c = 0 or = .
c
2( fg ch)
Putting in (3), we get ax2 + 2 h xy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
c

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 4 fg 2 ch
or ax2 + xy + by2 + 2gx + 2dy + c = 0
c

4 fg
or ax2 – 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c + xy = 0. Proved
c
Q. TRANSFORMATION OF AXES
Ex. 87 What does the equation 3x2 + 2xy + 3y2 – 18x – 22y + 50 = 0 become when referred to
rectangular axes through the point (2, 3), the new axis of x making an angle of 45° with the
old ?
Sol. First change the origin, by putting x + 2, y + 3 for x, y respectively.
The new equation will be
3(x + 2)2 + 2 (x + 2) (y + 3) + 3(y + 3)2 – 18 (x + 2) – 22 (y + 3) + 50 = 0;
which reduces to 3x 2 + 2x y + 3y 2 – 1 = 0,
or, suppressing the accents, to
3x2 + 2xy + 3y2 = 1..................................(i)

1 1
To turn the axes through an angle of 45° we must write x –y
2 2

1 1
for x, and x +y for y. Equation (i) will then be
2 2

2 2
x y x y x y x y
3 + . +3 = 1,
2 2 2 2
which reduces to 4x 2 + 2y 2 = 1.
Thus the required equation is 4x2 + 2y2 = 1.
Ex. 88 Find the new abscissa and ordinate if the straight lines 2x – 3y – 12 = 0, 3x + 2y – 4 = 0 are
the new axes of x and y respectively.
Sol. The new abscissa = the perpendicular from (x, y) upon the new

3x 2y 4
axis of y, (3x + 2y – 4 = 0) = .
13
The new ordinate = the perpendicular from (x, y) upon the new

2 x 3 y 12
axis of x, (2x – 3y – 12 = 0) =
13

4 y )2 ( 4 x 3 y )2
(3 x
Ex. 89 Transform the equation of the curve = 1,
25 50
if we make 3x + 4y = 0 the new axis of y, and 4x – 3y = 0 the new axis of x.
3x 4y
Sol. The new abscissa = ,
5

4x 3y
and the new ordinate =
5

(5 x )2 (5 y )2 2
y2
the transformed equation is = 1, or x – = 1.
25 50 2
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Ex. 90 Transform to parallel axes through the point (1, –2) the equations (1) y2 – 4x + 4y + 8 = 0. and (2)
2x2 + y2 – 4x + 4y = 0.
Sol.(i) The equation is y2 – 4x + 4y + 8 = 0. The origin is transfered to (1, –2). So the new equation will be
(y – 2)2 – 4 (x + 1) + 4(y – 2) + 8 = 0
or y 2 – 4y + 4 – 4x – 4 + 4y – 8 + 8 = 0
or y 2 = 4x .
(ii) The equation is 2x2 + y2 – 4x + 4y = 0.
Transferring the origin to (1, –2), we get
2(x + 1)2 + (y – 2)2 – 4(x + 1) + 4(y – 2) = 0
or 2x 2 + 4x + 2 + y 2 – 4y + 4 – 4x – 4 + 4y – 8 = 0
or 2x 2 + y 2 = 6.
Ex. 91 By transforming to parallel axes through a properly chosen point (h, k) Prove that the equation
12x2 – 10xy + 2y2 + 11x – 5y + 2 = 0, can be reduced to one containing only terms of the second
degree.
Sol. The given equation is 12x2 – 10xy + 2y2 + 11x – 5y + 2 = 0.
Let the origin be transferred to (h, k) axes being parallel to the previous axes; then the equation
becomes
12 (x + h)2 – 10 (x + h) (y + k) + 2 (y + k)2 + 11 (x + h) – 5 (y + k) + 2 = 0
or 12x 2 + 12h2 – 24x h – 10x y – 10x k – 10y h – 10hk + 2y 2
+ 2k2 + 4y k + 11x + 11h – 5y – 5k + 2 = 0 ....(1)
or 12x 2 + 2y 2 – 10x y + x (24h – 10k + 11) + y (–10 + 4k – 5)
+ 12h2 – 10hk + 2k2 +11h – 5k + 2 = 0.
If this equation contains the terms of x2 and y2 and constant terms only, then the coefficients of x
and y must be zero.
So 24h – 10k + 11 = 0 ....(2)
and (–10h + 5k – 5) = 0.

3 5
Solving (2) and (3), we get h = – and k = –
2 2

3 5
Hnece the required point is , .
2 2

If we subsitute these values in (1), the equation reduces to

12x 2 – 10x y – 2y 2 = 0.

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