LED’s

Optical electronics
 Presented By:
Abdelrahman Ahmed Aboelfotouh (201801323)

Mohamed Ramadan Aweis Mohamed (201802140)

Mayar Mahmoud Ibrahim Mohamed (201801861)

Ghada Mohamed Taher Mohamed (201801381)

Rana Tarek Mohy Eldein Ahmed (201802073)

Introduction:

What do you think about LED?

Introduction:

The first thing we should know is what a diode is ?

• A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way switch for
current. It allows current to flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts
current from flowing in the opposite direction.
• And these are the types of Diodes:
➢ Zener diode
➢ Avalanche diode
➢ Photo diode
➢ Light Emitting Diode
➢ Laser diode
➢ Tunnel diode
➢ Schottky diode
➢ Varactor diode
➢ P-N junction diode
Introduction: (We will talk about the light-emitting diode)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a

semiconductor device that emits
light when an electric current
flows through it. When current
passes through an LED, the
electrons recombine with holes
emitting light in the process. LEDs
allow the current to flow in the
forward direction and blocks the
current in the reverse direction.
Types of LED:

• Miniature LEDs
• High-Power LEDs
• Flash LED
• Bi and Tri-Color
• Red Green Blue LEDs
• Alphanumeric LED
• Lighting LED
Advantages of LEDs over Incandescent Power Lamps

• LEDs consume less power, and they require low operational voltage.
• No warm-up time is needed for LEDs.
• The emitted light is polychromatic.
• They exhibit long life time
Material used in LED:

• The material used most often in LEDs is Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), though there are
many variations on this basic compound, such as Aluminum Gallium Arsenide or
Aluminum Gallium Indium Phosphide all mixed together at different ratios to
produce a distinct wavelength of color.
• GaAs components useful at ultra-high radio frequencies, and in fast electronic
switching applications.
• GaAs devices generate less noise than most other types of semiconductor components,
this is important in weak-signal amplification.
Do LED lights get Hot?

You can expect a little bit of

warmth radiating from your
LED lamp – but a lot less than
halogen and incandescent
equivalents. This is because
LEDs use 90-95% of their
energy supply to produce
light, while the other 5-10%
of energy used produces heat
– the opposite being true for
older bulbs, which is why you
have to careful when changing
them.
Are LED lights Dimmable?

• Yes they are, but you have to make sure you purchase a dimmable LED bulb. You
also need to make sure you have a compatible dimmer switch.
• If you're upgrading from incandescent or halogen to LED, it's more than likely
you're currently using a leading-edge dimmer, and these aren't compatible with
LED.
• We advise upgrading to a specialized LED dimmer, such as an LED-ready trailing-
edge dimmer, that'll deliver the best performance while prolonging the lifespan of
the bulb itself.
What causes LED lights to flicker?

Particularly if they haven't been installed properly in the first place. One of the main
reasons behind LEDs flickering is the power supply they're receiving. While older light
sources require an AC power supply, LED bulbs require a DC power supply. That's
why it's so important to have an LED driver that converts your power supply from AC
to DC. This will ensure there's a constant supply of power to your LEDs to combat any
flickering. Most LED bulbs have the driver built into them, but certain types of LED
lighting require a separate driver to power them.
Are LED lights bad for your eyes?

• As with any source of light, we strongly advise that you don’t stare directly
at LED lights as they could subsequently cause eye damage. Apart from
that, no, they’re not bad for your eyes.
• But, you should to know that LEDs contain blue light, which is naturally
occurring in sunlight. Too much of anything can be bad for you, so, of
course, you can limit the amount of time you spend looking at screens (the
main blue light culprit), but this is good for your health for reasons other
than the light exposure.
Are LED lights good for growing plants?

They are indeed. You can now get LED hydroponic lamps that help stimulate
plant growth by providing the optimum amount of light wavelength and
intensity required for different growth phases, but without the inefficiency that
comes with CFL and incandescent grow lamps.
How do LED lights save money?

• LEDs use up to 90% less energy than incandescent and halogen light bulbs, which
are the most commonly-used light bulbs around. This means that when you make a
switch from an older light source to LED, you'll quickly start seeing your energy
bills plummet. In fact, you'll make back your initial outlay in a matter of months
and continue saving thereafter.
• Lifespan, Incandescent and halogen light bulbs are made to last just 2,000 hours.
LEDs, in comparison, are made to last up to 25,000 hours. Based on average use,
that’s a whopping 15 years of service.
Are LED lights safe?

There are several safety benefits that LED bulbs to possess over traditional,
incandescent lighting. Let’s start by temperature – incandescent lights turn
about 90% of their energy into heat while LEDs – almost none. That puts them
at a significantly lower risk of overheating and becoming a fire hazard. LEDs
can also operate on low-voltage electrical systems, as well as in cold
temperatures, don’t contain any mercury, or emit UV or infrared radiation.
How do LED lights help the Environment?

• LED's consume very little energy, particularly when compared to halogen and
incandescent equivalents. You can replace a 100W incandescent bulb with a 10W
LED and still enjoy the same level of light output, while reducing greenhouse gas
emissions.
• LEDs don’t contain toxic chemicals such as mercury, unlike fluorescent lights.
• LEDs last up to 20-times longer than any other traditional form of lighting, reducing
the number of replacements you need and further lowering your impact on the
environment.
Advantages of LEDs over Incandescent Power Lamps
Uses and Applications of LED:

➢ Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

To produce an image on the screen, complex
signals are applied to the deflecting coils,
and also to the apparatus that controls the
intensity of the electron beam. This causes
the spot to race across the screen from right
to left, and from top to bottom, in a
sequence of horizontal lines called the
raster. As viewed from the front of the CRT,
the spot moves in a pattern similar to the
way your eyes move when you read a
single-column page of text. But the scanning
takes place at such a rapid rate that your eye
sees a constant image over the entire screen.
• Bulky
• Very Heavy
• NO Longer Exist
Uses and Applications of LED:

• Uses fluorescent lamp for backlighting. • Uses multiple LEDs.

• Lower contrast ratio • Produces sharper and more accurate
600:1 Colors.
• Higher contrast ratio
1000:1
• Consume less power.
Uses and Applications of LED:

➢ OLED:
• Contrast Ratio
100000:1
• More Expensive .
• Relativity New.
• Produce Colors Without Using Filters.
• Best Viewing Angles.
• Produce the darkest blacks.

Resolution:-
the number of pixels that are being used to
display an image on the screen.
Uses and Applications of LED:

• LED-backlight LCD television: LED TV is a type of LCD television that uses light-emi
tting diodes (LEDs) to backlight the display instead of the cold cathode fluorescent light
s (CCFLs) used in standard LCD televisions.
It gives an efficient power reduction. on the edges of the TV, using an LED will be a cost
reduction choice. It can help eliminate headaches and eye strain and enhance the picture
quality. This is possible because it increases the contrast of the on-screen image.
How does an LED TV work?

• The way an LED TV works is partially composed of two layers of polarizing material
with a liquid crystal solution between them.
• When an electric current passes through the liquid solution, it causes the crystals to ali
gn so that light is transmitted. Ultimately, this is how the image you see is compose on
the screen.
• This technology can be likened to a window shutter, which allows light to pass through
or be blocked out.
How does an LED TV work?
How does an LED TV work?
How does an LED TV work?
How does an LED TV work?
How does an LED TV work?
Three main configurations of LED backlights:

• Full-Array – LEDs: are distributed evenly behind the entire screen to produce a more
uniform backlight and more effective local dimming (i.e., dimming and turning off
entire LED zones).
• Edge-Lit – LEDs: are placed at the edges of the screen, and depending on the display,
they can be arranged all around the screen, on the left and right sides only, or at the top
and bottom only. As such, this configuration allows the screen to be very thin, but it ca
n cause some spots on the screen to be brighter than others for a less uniform picture.
• Direct-Lit – LEDs: are positioned directly behind the screen like in full-array configur
ations; however, there are fewer LEDs in direct-lit configurations, and they can’t be co
ntrolled separately to generate optimal brightness. Direct-lit LED TVs aren’t as thin as
other LED TVs.
Features of TV Backlights

• Adjustable brightness
• Automatic color change that syncs with
sound, display, and music.
• Connectable to WIFI and Bluetooth
• Controllable from an app
• Sleep mode automatically turns the lights off
• Voice control for convenience
Light-Emitting Diodes(LEDs) and Ultraviolet-LED Lights Appl
ication in Food Quality and Safety

• Food waste is one of the great concerns to sustainability mainly due to higher
loss in food production.

• LED and UV LED technologies have several characteristics, capable to enhance

the food properties and keep fruits and vegetables fresh for a longer period

• LED lights are semiconductors that, when an electric current pass through their
system, can emit visible light, without providing heat liberation. Those features
qualify the LED lights to be used in the refrigeration systems because it does not
provide heat exchanges between the lamps and the ambient.

• LED lights can present several colors, in different wavelengths. UV lights are re
sponsible for the surface microbial counts reduction, by avoiding yeast, mold
and bacteria.
Principles of led mechanism in food

• The LED system works by the principle of passing an electrical current through the dev
ice in one direction and blocking the current flow that comes from the opposite that co
mes from the opposite
• capable of emitting light :
• narrow emission wavelength bandwidths,
• high photoelectric efficiency and photon flux
• LED lights advantages, are the capability to control the spectral output, light intensity a
nd the possibility to select several wavelengths that match the absorbance of plant phot
oreceptors
Visible LED

LED is a semiconductor that can produce light by using a safer approach because is a cold
lightning and does not have glass envelopes or mercury in their composition.

LED lights are a solid-state lighting that provides a non-conventional source. Due to the
capability of monitor their spectral and temporal properties, color and wavelength.

Each one of the LEDs several colors is used in the food industry for cultivation and
postharvest preservation.
UV LED

• UV LEDs are a light source based on the conversion of electricity to photons

• Those photons are absorbed by the food genetic material
• inhibiting the transcription and replication of the cell
• advantages of uv:
• fast start-up
• less energy consumption,
• cold source of light
• possess a long lifetime of 100,000 hours
• 75% wall-plug efficiency,
Refrigerator development
The Endoscope
First Endoscope (1868) By Adolf Kussmaul

Kussmaul was able to visualize the esophagus and fundus using a

47-cm long, 13 mm diameter rigid device with an external
gasoline lamp, with the help of a sword-swallowing associate.
Rudolf Schindler and the Gastroscopy (1932)

• Building on the work of others, Rudolf Schindler developed the first practical semi-flexi
ble gastroscope in 1932.
• He devised an inner tube filled with short-focus lenses which could be bent in any direct
ion to an angle of 34º without visual distortion.

Semi-flexible gastroscope
Rudolf Schindler assisted at gastroscopy
by his wife, Gabrielle Winkler.
What’s the Endoscope Working Principle?

It’s the Total Internal Reflection !

• Total internal reflection happens when a propagating wave strikes a medium
boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical angle.
• One of the two main endoscope cables carries light from a bright lamp in th
e operating room into the body, illuminating the cavity where the endoscope
has been inserted.
• The diseased or injured part of the patient's body is illuminated by the light
shining in.
• The light bounces along the walls of the cable into the patient's body cavity.
• Light reflected off the body part travels back up a separate fiber-optic cable,
bouncing off the glass walls as it goes.
• The light shines into the physician's eyepiece so he or she can see what's ha
ppening inside the patient's body.
Total Internal Reflection
 Firstly: Flexible Endoscope

• It has a camera and light attached to the end of

a long flexible tube that is inserted into the bo
dy enabling the surgeon to look at what’s wron
g inside the body.

• Light rays use total internal reflection to travel

along the fibers. In order for this to be achieve
d, the light ray must hit the walls of the fiber a
t a minimum angle of 82°, which is the critical
angle for light travelling from glass to plastic.
Since the fibers are very narrow, this is usually
not a problem.
Firstly: Flexible Endoscope
Firstly: Flexible Endoscope
Firstly: Flexible Endoscope
 Secondly: Rigid Endoscope (Laparoscope)

• It is a narrow long tool with a camera and light attached to its end. The laparoscop
e is inserted into the body through a very small cut on your body. With the help of
the camera, the doctors are able to see what is happening inside the body on a mon
itor.
• Multiple cuts, usually not more than half an inch long, are made through which the
camera and surgical instruments go in. Before laparoscopy, surgeons had to make
cuts as big as 6 to 12 inches long or even bigger, providing them with enough visio
n to understand what was wrong in the body.
Secondly: Rigid Endoscope (Laparoscope)
Secondly: Rigid Endoscope (Laparoscope)

Laparoscope
Gas (CO2)
Filled Area
Secondly: Rigid Endoscope (Laparoscope)
Secondly: Rigid Endoscope (Laparoscope)
 Light Source (Xenon)

For several decades, Xenon bulbs have been the gold

standard in endoscopy systems. The bright, stable, br
oadband output and uniformity over a large spectrum
which is very close to that of day light make xenon id
eal for many biomedical applications and has enabled
numerous advances in endoscopy and deep-cavity sur
gical illumination. Xenon bulbs have a longer lifetim
e than the traditional filament lamp and superior perf
ormance to halogen.

But!
 Light Source (Xenon)

• Xenon lamps are high powered and highly inefficient as it requires round about
300W of electrical power to delivery just about 1W of optical power.
• Xenon has from 500 to 1000 hours of unit operation lifetime which is a relativel
y short lifetime.
• Requiring an initial payment of about $8000 and $1500 for replacement bulbs!
• A significant amount of heat (which has to be removed by a very noisy fans) is g
enerated at the end of the light cable which ma cause thermal injury to the patien
t or burn paper drapes or clothing with prolonged direct contact.

On the Other Hand

 Light Source (LED)

LED’s which have many advantages are being introduced in the field of medical imagi
ning, mainly because of:
• It is efficient (80% less power consumption compared to Xenon light source), long-
life, inexpensive and has no noise.
• Its miniature size (could operate with rechargeable battery) and flexibility in its arra
ngement.
• The light Source unit could be integrated into the proximal end of an endoscope an
d coupled directly to the optical fibers running to the tip of the endoscope.
• LEDs work for 50,000 hours.
• LED’s can produce 1,00,000 lux of illumination (without emitting UV or IR light)
on operation theatre table.
• Daylight color temperature (very high Color Rendering Index).
• It contributes to saving the environment as no Lead (Pb) or Mercury (Hg) is used.
• Less heat transmission to the endoscope which reduces the risk of burning tissue.
Light Source: LED VS Xenon

Qualitative comparison of xenon and LED illumination with LED

source set for maximum output power.
Multiple Choice Questions:

1- Diodes types are ___________

a) Zener diode
b) Tunnel diode
c) Varactor diode
d) All of the above
2- LEDs allow the current to flow in the ___________ direction
a) Forward
b) Backward
3-LEDs are better than conventional incandescent power lamps because __________
a) LEDs have higher efficiency
b) LEDs have longer life time
c) LEDs are cheap
d) All of the above
4- OLED TV produce ___________
a) color using filter
b) the darkest blacks
c) best viewing angles
d) Both b and c
5- LED emits ___________which is harmful for our eyes
a)Blue light
b) Red light
c) White light
d)Both a and c
6- ___________ LEDs that are positioned directly behind the screen like in full-array configuration.
a) Full-Array
b) Edge-Lit
c) Direct-Lit
7- ___________ LEDs that are distributed evenly behind the entire screen to produce a more unifor
m backlight and more effective local dimming.
a) Full-Array
b) b) Edge-Lit
c) Direct-Lit
8- LED symbol is ___________

a) b)
True or False and correct the false ones:

1- All Diodes work in only one direction () correction: could be forward or reverse
2- LED absorb light while photo diode emit light () correction: emit, absorb
3-Gallium arsenide devices generate more noise () correction: less
4- LED bulbs require a DC power supply () correction: AC
5- LED don’t contain any mercury (✓)
6- LED emit infrared radiation ( ) correction: doesn’t
7- UVC LED lights provide slow and effective neutralization of microorganisms ()
correction: fast
8- TV Backlights can Connect to WIFI and Bluetooth ( ✓ )
9- LED lights in the refrigeration systems provide heat exchanges between the lamps and
the ambient (  ) correction: does not
10- LED is a semiconductor that can produce light by using a safer approach ( ✓ )
11- LED lights are a solid-state lighting that provides a non-conventional source ( ✓)
12- UV LEDs have a short life time () correction: a long life time
15. LED lights are semiconductors that emit visible light with heat ( ) correction: without
16. UV-C light is considered to have the highest efficiency ( ✓)
18. LEDs and UV LEDs have an industrial and commercial potential if applied in the refrigerator
(✓ )
Question?

What makes the LED the best light source ?