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Bolting Basics

The document discusses bolted joint analysis and bolting theory. It explains that when a bolt is preloaded, the bolt sees roughly 15% of any additional external load, while the joint sees the remaining 85%. It also discusses how preload is maintained in the joint under different levels of external force. The document notes that bolting analysis requires the bolt preload to avoid joint separation, the maximum bolt load to not exceed the bolt's yield point, and alternating bolt loads to be less than the bolt's fatigue limit. It lists common structural bolt materials and their yield strengths.

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115 views

Bolting Basics

The document discusses bolted joint analysis and bolting theory. It explains that when a bolt is preloaded, the bolt sees roughly 15% of any additional external load, while the joint sees the remaining 85%. It also discusses how preload is maintained in the joint under different levels of external force. The document notes that bolting analysis requires the bolt preload to avoid joint separation, the maximum bolt load to not exceed the bolt's yield point, and alternating bolt loads to be less than the bolt's fatigue limit. It lists common structural bolt materials and their yield strengths.

Uploaded by

FelipeLeitedeSousa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bolted Joint Analysis


 by

 Moris Fresko

 (rev 4, February 2020)


Hooke’s Law

• Stress = E Strain
• F/A = E dL/L
• F = (AE/L) dL
• F = k dL
• Stiffness k = AE/L
• kjoint > kbolt
Magnified Mill Deflection
Preloaded bolt; no external force

CASE “A”
Preloaded bolt; no external force

Fjoint = -650

Fexternal = 0 Fbolt = 650

negative number indicates compressive force

CASE “A”
Now add external force

CASE “B”
Bolted Joint Basics

• When bolt is preloaded and the preload is maintained, bolt


“sees” roughly 15% of external load (joint “sees” the
remaining 85%).
• When bolt is not preloaded or it loses its preload (joint opens),
bolt “sees” 100% of every additional external load.
Add external force of 100

Fjoint = -650 + 85
= -565

Fexternal = 100 Fbolt = 650 + 15


= 665

negative number indicates compressive force

CASE “B”
Increase external force to 765

Fjoint = -650 + 650


= 0

Fexternal = 765 Fbolt = 650 + 115


= 765

negative number indicates compressive force

CASE “C”
If force is too high, joint opens-up

CASE “D”
Increase external force to 765 + 100

Fjoint = 0

Fexternal = 865 Fbolt = 765 + 100


= 865

negative number indicates compressive force

CASE “D”
Bolting Theory
Force

Deflection
Bolting Theory
Force

Deflection
Bolting Theory
Force

Deflection
Bolting Theory
Force

Case “A”
650 External
(Preload) Load
On the
Joint
=0

Bolt
Stretch Joint
Compression
Deflection
Bolting Theory
Force

Case “A”
650 External
(Preload) Load
On the
Joint
=0

Bolt
Stretch Joint
Compression
Deflection
Bolting Theory
Force

Case “B”
665
15% of 100 Case “A”
650 External
(Preload) Load
On the
85% of 100
Joint
= 100
565

Bolt
Stretch Joint
Compression
Deflection
Bolting Theory
Force

Case “C”
765
Case “B”
665
15% of 765 Case “A”
650 External
(Preload) Load
On the
85% of 765
Joint
= 765
565

Bolt
Stretch
Deflection
Bolting Theory
Force Case “D”
865
Case “C”
765
Case “B”
665
Case “A”
650 External
(Preload) Load
On the
Joint
= 865
565

Bolt
Stretch
Deflection
Bolting Theory
Bolting Analysis Requirements

• Bolt preload must be sufficient to avoid joint separation and


sliding.
• Total maximum bolt load must not exceed bolt material yield
point.
• Alternating bolt load must be less than the fatigue limit of the
bolt.

CHOOSE diameter, qty, bolt material


Structural Bolt Materials used by Metso

• Grade 7 Bolts - typical: ASTM A193 Grade B7


(105,000 psi yield)
• Grade 8 Bolts: ASTM A354 Grade BD
(130,000 psi yield)
• Grade 5 Bolts: ASTM A325 Type 1
(81,000 psi yield)
Bolts

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