SCALA​R AND VECTOR

QUANTITIES

SCALARS
• ​A SCALAR QUANTITY IS A QUANTITY THAT HAS
MAGNITUDE ONLY AND HAS NO DIRECTION IN
SPACE.
• ​DESCRIBED BY A SINGLE NUMBER AND UNIT OF
• ​MEASUREMENT.
• ​GIVES THE MAGNITUDE (SIZE).
Examples of Scalar Quantities:
► ​Length – 20 cm

► ​Area

► ​Volume

► ​Time – 20 mins.

► ​Mass – 20 grams

VECTORS
Examples of Vector Quantities:
► ​Displacement

► ​Velocity

► ​Acceleration

► ​Force

•
•
•
A VECTOR QUANTITY IS A QUANTITY THAT HAS
BOTH MAGNITUDE AND A
DIRECTION IN SPACE.
ARROWS ARE USED.
DESCRIBED BY A SINGLE NUMBER AND A UNIT OF
MEASUREMENT (SCALAR)
WITH INDICATED DIRECTION (HEAD OF ARROW).

DRAWING ​A vector
A VECTOR?
has both ​size and ​direction.
Tip
A vector is represented ​on paper
by an arrow ​Tail
drawn to scale and pointing in
the direction ​4
of the action

Magnitude of
Vectors
• The best way to ​describe
​ f a vector is
the ​magnitude o
to measure ​the length of the
vector.
• The length of the vector ​is
proportional to the
magnitude of the quantity it
represents.
5

Magnitude of
Vectors
If vector ​A ​represents
A​
a displacement of three ​miles to
the north... ​B
Then vector ​B​, which is twice as
long, would represent a
displacement ​of six miles to the
north!
6

Equal ​vectors have ​the

same length and ​direction,
and must represent the
same quantity (such as force
or velocity).

Equal Vectors
7

Inverse Vectors
Inverse ​vectors have the
same length, but opposite
direction.
A​-A
8

VECTOR
DIAGRAMS
•​VECTOR DIAGRAMS ARE SHOWN
USING AN ARROW
•​THE LENGTH OF THE ARROW
REPRESENTS ITS ​MAGNITUDE
•​THE DIRECTION OF THE ARROW
SHOWS ITS DIRECTION
RESULTANT OF
TWO VECTORS
► ​The resultant is the sum or the
combined effect of two vector
quantities.
VECTORS IN THE SAME
DIRECTION:
6 N + 4 N = 10 N

6 M​+ = 10 M
4M

•​ADDITION​: When two (2)

vectors point in the ​SAME
direction, simply add them
together.
•When vectors are added
together they should be
drawn head to tail to
determine the resultant or
sum vector.
•The resultant goes from tail
of A to head of B.

LET’S
A​

PRACTICE ​ MAN

WALKS 46.5 M EAST, THEN ANOTHER

20 M EAST. ​CALCULATE HIS
DISPLACEMENT RELATIVE TO WHERE
 HE ​STARTED. 46.5
​ m, E ​+ ​20 m, E
66.5 m, E

VECTORS ACTING
IN OPPOSITE
DIRECTIONS
Connect them tail to tail
Subtract:
20 km - 10 km​R = 10 km, 0​o​,

SUBTRACTION​:
W​

When two (2) vectors point in

the ​OPPOSITE ​direction, ​simply
subtract ​them.
LET’S PRACTICE
SOME MORE....
A MAN WALKS 46.5 M EAST, THEN
ANOTHER 20 M WEST.
CALCULATE HIS DISPLACEMENT
RELATIVE TO WHERE HE STARTED.
46.5 m, E ​-
20 m, W
26.5 m, E

METHODS IN
SOLVING
VECTORS
GRAPHICAL METHOD

•​PARALLELOGRAM METHOD

•​POLYGON METHOD
(HEAD-TO-TAIL METHOD)
MATHEMATICAL METHOD

•​PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

•​COMPONENT METHOD
GRAPHICAL
METHOD
ALIGNING VECTORS HEAD
TO TAIL AND THEN
DRAWING THE RESULTANT
FROM THE TAIL OF THE
FIRST TO THE HEAD OF
THE LAST.
THE
PARALLELOGRAM
METHOD
► ​When two vectors are joined ​tail to tail
► ​Complete the parallelogram

► ​The resultant is found by ​drawing the diagonal

► ​When two vectors are joined head to tail

► ​Draw the resultant vector by ​completing the

triangle

PARALLELOGRA

M METHOD ​•​Arrange

the vectors tail to tail in the

correct
direction and draw to scale.
•​Draw two identical vectors
as the originals to form a
parallelogram.
•​Draw in the diagonal of the
parallelogram. This ​is your
answer called a ​resultant.
•​Measure the resultant and
find ​
18

the angle.
A
B
R​
A​ B ​THE
PARALLELOGRAM
METHOD
19

TIP-TO-TAIL
METHOD
•​Arrange the scaled vectors
from the tip of one to the tail
of the next.
•​Draw the resultant from the
tail of the first vector ​to the
tip of the last vector.
•​Determine the magnitude of
the resultant, and find the
angle from the base of the
resultant. Use a ruler and
protractor.
MATHEMATICAL
METHOD
NON CO-LINEAR
VECTORS
When two (2) vectors are
PERPENDICULAR
to each other, you must
use the ​PYTHAGOREAN
THEOREM.

LET’S
PRACTICE
A man travels 120 km ​east then 160
km north. Calculate his resultant
displacement.
c​2 ​= ​a​2 ​+ ​b​2 ​→ ​c ​= ​a​2 ​+ ​b​2 ​c ​= ​resul​tan​t

=​  ​( ​120 ​)​ + ​( ​160 ​)​ 

2​ 2​

c ​=200​km
FINIS
the hypotenuse is
H
called the ​RESULTANT
160 km, N
S​TA

R​T

120 km, E
HORIZONTAL COMPONENT
VERTICAL COMPONENT

WHAT ABOUT
DIRECTION?
In the example,
DISPLACEMENT ​is asked ​for
and since it is a ​VECTOR
quantity, ​we need to report its
direction.
NW of N
E of N
S of WS of E

W of S
E of S

S
N of E ​N of E
W
N of W ​E ​NOTE: ​When drawing a right triangle that
conveys some type of motion, you MUST ​draw your
components ​HEAD TO TOE​.

DIRECTIONS
•​THERE IS A DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN NORTHWEST AND
WEST OF NORTH

NEED A VALUE
–ANGLE! ​Just putting N of
E is not good enough (how far north
of east ?). We need to find a numeric
value for the direction.
160 km, N
120 km, E
To find the value of the ​angle we use a Trig
200 km
function called TANGENT.
 N of E So the COMPLETE final answer is : ​200 km,
53.1 degrees North of East
oppositeside
Tan​ ​= ​
 = 160
adjacentside ​
=1.333 ​
120 ​  ​= ​Tan−1​
​ (1.333) = 53.1​o

EXAMPLE
A boat moves with a velocity of 15 m/s, N in
a river which flows with a velocity ​of 8.0

m/s, west. Calculate the boat's resultant

velocity with respect to due north.

R​v​=
158
2​ ​ /17 ​sm ​8.0 m/s, W
+ ​2 =
15 m/s, N

R​v ​

=
 ​ ​​Tan
1.28)5333.0( =
 ​=

15​8 = 5333.0 ​

Tan
−1
The Final Answer : ​17 m/s, @ 28.1 degrees West of
North

COMPONENT
METHOD
SUPPOSE A PERSON WALKED 65 M, 25
DEGREES EAST OF NORTH. WHAT WERE
HIS HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL
COMPONENTS?
H.C. = ?
The goal: ​ALWAYS MAKE A RIGHT TRIANGLE!
V.C = ?
To solve for components, we often use ​25 ̊
65 m ​the trig functions sine and cosine.
opp CH Em c​ osine

=
adjacent
hypotenuse
side s​ ine ​ ​= ​opposite
hypotenuse side adj
=
hyp c​ os
 ​opp ​= ​hyp s​ in ​ ​CVadj
=
25cos65.. = = ,91.58 ​Nm ​=
25sin65..
= = ,47.27

A.Draw vectors on x-y axis

B.Determine the X & Y
components of
each vector ​a. X-component
= use Cos function b.
Y-component = use Sin
function c. Theta is 0​o ​if
vector is located on X-axis d.
Theta is 90​o ​if vector is
located on Y-axis ​C. Indicate
direction of vectors (+) and
(-)
D. Add X-components
E. Add Y-components
F. Draw vectors representing
the sum of the ​components
head-to-tail.
Signs (+) and (-) ​represents the
direction of
vectors.
G. Draw Resultant
H. Calculate ​R ​using
Pythagorean Theorem
I. Calculate theta 
J. Indicate direction relative to
N, E, S or W

TRIG OF THE
RIGHT TRIANGLE
hypotenuseѲ

Adjacent side
Opposite side
HORIZONTAL
COMPONENT

Ax​ ​=
Ac​ os​
VERTICAL COMPONENT

A​y =
​ ​
A ​
s in​ 
31

EXAMPLE
A plane moves with a velocity of 63.5 m/s at
32 degrees south of east. Calculate the
plane's horizontal and vertical velocity
components.
H.C. =?
cosine

=
adjacent
hypotenuse
side ​sine ​ ​= ​opposite
hypotenuse side 3​ 2 ̊
V.C. = ?
adj
=
hyp c​ os
 ​opp ​= ​hyp s​ in ​ ​63.5 m/s
CHadj ​=
,/85.5332cos5.63.. = = ​Esm CVopp
=
,/64.3332sin5.63..
= = ​Ssm
RESOURCES
• ​Santisteban, Celeste Joan C, (2007).
Breaking Through Physics. ​Quezon City,
Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc. Pp.8-13.

​ alenab, Ryan G, G.C.Cathchillar, And

•M
A.L. Crisostomo, (2002).
Simplified Physics (Worktext) 1st Ed.
Philippines: Rex Bookstore, Inc. ​Pp. 34-50.

• G​ ary, Dale E. ​Physics 111: Mechanics

Lecture 1 Ppt. ​Retrieved August 22, 2020. ​

​ •
​ etrieved
Papaleo, Peter. ​Vectors Ppt. R
August 28, 2020 ​• L​ evine, Jonathan.
Vectors Ppt. ​Retrieved August 28, 2020