Module 5

FISHERY
 Module 5
NATURE AND
IMPORTANCE OF
AQUACULTURE

REPORT BY: DAVE ADANO

BTLED -3
 What is Aquaculture?

 Aquaculture is organized production of a crop in the aquatic medium.

The crop may be that of an animal or a plant. Naturally, the organism
cultured has to be ordained by nature as aquatic.

 Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organism, including fish,

mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/kumarsaurabh544/introduction-to-aquaculture-
61492749&ved=2ahUKEwj28_qOo77uAhXEP3AKHQM3AgIQFjAAegQIAxAC&usg=AOvVaw3B1OcOKHAuxPKu2IPADkfs&cshid=1611825004272
 Objectives of Aquaculture

 Production of protein rich, nutritive, palatable and easily digestible

human food benefiting the whole society through plentiful food supplies
at low or reasonable cost.
 Strengthening stocks of existing fish in natural and mad-made water-
water bodies through artificial recruitment and transplantation.
 Production of industrial fish.
 Kinds of Aquaculture

 Static Water Ponds

 Running Water Culture
 Culture in Rice Field
 Aquaculture in raceways, cages pens and enclosures
 Monoculture
 Polyculture
 Importance of Aquaculture

 Source of Food
-Supplies a quality source of nutrition for a growing population
 Provides valuable non-food products
-Fine leather –eel skins, alligator bides
-Cultured pearl from oysters
-Shells and skeletons for business decorations
-Frog and other animals for educational purposes

https://www.google.com/search?q=importance+of+aquaculture&oq=impo&aqs=chrome.0.69i59j69i57j69i59j0j69i60.1586j0j9&client=ms-android-vivo&sourceid=chrome-mobile&ie=UTF-
8#imgrc=uo2hIlGjpYruhM
 Importance of Aquaculture

 Seafood being the most common food all around the

world
 Aquaculture help us learn more about fish and
seafood, and in the future help us to rebuild some of
our wild fish stock
 Product of the same size, colour and taste can be
supplied to meet the needs of buyers
Nature of Fish
Where do fish live?
 Superbly adapted to life in water, fish are found throughout the world’s
oceans, from warm tropical seas to icy polar waters.
 Others live in the depths, where some use BIOLUMINESCENCE.
 Fish are also found in freshwater habitats such as rivers, lakes, and
swamps.
Fish Classification
 There are over 26,000 species of fish more than half of all the world’s
vertebrates. Fish divide into three major groups.
 The 1st group, and by far the largest, contains the bony fish. There are
more than 25,000 species alive today.
The second group contains the 600 species
of cartilaginous fish sharks and rays.

The smallest group, with about 60

species, is also the most primitive. Its
members, the hagfish and lampreys,
have skeletons but no jaws.
 GILLS
Like all animals, fish need a constant supply of oxygen to
survive. They do not breathe air but extract dissolved
oxygen from the water using their gills.
Fish Characteristics
 All fish are ectotherms.
 They are adapted for living in nearly every type of water environment on
Earth, freshwater and salt water.
 Some fish, such as salmon, spend part of their life in freshwater and part
of it in salt water.
 A streamlined shape, a muscular tail, and fins allow most fish to move
rapidly through the water.
• Fins are fan-like structures attached to the
endoskeleton. They are used for steering, balancing,
and moving.
• Paired fins on the sides allow fish to move right, left,
backward, and forward.
• Fins on the top and bottom of the body give the fish
stability.
• Most fish have scales, which are hard, thin plates
that cover the skin and protect the body.
 Most fish scares are made of bone.
 They can be tooth shaped, diamond shaped, cone shaped, or
round.
 The shape of the scales can be used to help classify fish.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http:
//www.iteachbio.com/Marine-
Biology/Fish.ppt&ved=2ahUKEwj71eXc-
q7uAhXBfd4KHfe8AosQFjAdegQIEBAB&usg=AOvVaw1xXV
N6yQBqmvTva81xk0Xe&cshid=1611299503765
https://www.google.com/amp/s/slideplayer.com/amp/4747972/
https://www.factmonster.com/dk/encyclopedia/nature/fish
TYPES OF FISH
 SALT WATER FISH
• SALTWATER FISH, ALSO CALLED MARINE FISH, ARE FISH
THAT LIVE IN OCEAN WATER. SALTWATER FISH CAN SWIM
AND LIVE ALONE OR IN A LARGE GROUP CALLED A
SCHOOL. SALTWATER FISH ARE VERY COMMONLY KEPT
IN AQUARIUMS FOR ENTERTAINMENT. MANY SALTWATER
FISH ARE ALSO CAUGHT TO BE EATEN, OR GROWN IN
AQUACULTURE.
• FRESHWATER FISH ARE THOSE THAT SPEND SOME OR
ALL OF THEIR LIVES IN FRESH WATER, SUCH AS RIVERS
AND LAKES, WITH A SALINITY OF LESS THAN 1.05%.
THESE ENVIRONMENTS DIFFER FROM MARINE
CONDITIONS IN MANY WAYS, THE MOST OBVIOUS
BEING THE DIFFERENCE IN LEVELS OF SALINITY.
•MANY FISHES MIGRATE LONG DISTANCES
TO SPAWN. IN ORDER TO BETTER
UNDERSTAND THESE MOVEMENTS,
SCIENTISTS HAVE CLASSIFIED THESE
MIGRATIONS INTO SEVERAL CATEGORIES.
•
• ANADROMOUS FISH ARE BORN IN FRESHWATER, THEN MIGRATE TO
THE OCEAN AS JUVENILES WHERE THEY GROW INTO
ADULTS BEFORE MIGRATING BACK INTO FRESHWATER TO SPAWN.

EXAMPLES: SALMON, SMELT, AMERICAN SHAD, HICKORY SHAD,

STRIPED BASS, LAMPREY, GULF STURGEON
• CATADROMOUS FISH ARE BORN IN SALTWATER, THEN MIGRATE INTO
FRESHWATER AS JUVENILES WHERE THEY GROW INTO ADULTS
BEFORE MIGRATING BACK INTO THE OCEAN TO SPAWN

.
EXAMPLES: AMERICAN EEL, EUROPEAN EEL, INANGA, SHORTFIN EEL,
LONGFIN EEL
• AMPHIDROMOUS FISH ARE BORN IN FRESHWATER/ESTUARIES, THEN DRIFT
INTO THE OCEAN AS LARVAE BEFORE MIGRATING BACK INTO FRESHWATER
TO GROW INTO ADULTS AND SPAWN.
• EXAMPLES: BIGMOUTH SLEEPER, MOUNTAIN MULLET, SIRAJO GOBY, RIVER GOBY,
TORRENTFISH, DOLLY VARDEN
• POTAMODROMOUS FISH ARE BORN IN UPSTREAM FRESHWATER HABITATS,
THEN MIGRATE DOWNSTREAM (STILL IN FRESHWATER) AS JUVENILES TO GROW
INTO ADULTS BEFORE MIGRATING BACK UPSTREAM TO SPAWN.
• EXAMPLES: SICKLEFIN REDHORSE, LAKE STURGEON, ROBUST REDHORSE, FLATHEAD CATFISH
• OCEANODROMOUS FISH ARE BORN NEAR SPAWNING GROUNDS, THEN DRIFT
ON OCEAN CURRENTS AS LARVAE BEFORE SETTLING AS JUVENILES TO GROW
INTO ADULTS BEFORE MIGRATING BACK TO SPAWNING GROUNDS.
• EXAMPLES: BLACK GROUPER, MUTTON SNAPPER, GOLIATH GROUPER
• HTTPS://L.MESSENGER.COM/L.PHP?U=HTTPS%3A%2F%2FWWW.SLIDESHARE.NET%2FMOBILE%2FPAPEFO
NS%2FTYPES-OF-
FISH&H=AT0SMWYGK_YSXTQSJLHP1U9BFMJOCKUX3JQ1A2ZJCOIY51IBQIJCLEO1ZSIU4QJNIBENTOJRY
W5WSCW3KBHQH5_RVOJSTSGH-ZHIGKQ8C9ZMZEBTM3MKKOZ8JTNEPIVL7B-PJSHTNCHABYY
• HTTPS://WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM/TOPICS/AGRICULTURAL-AND-BIOLOGICAL-SCIENCES/SALTWATER-
FISH
• HEFISHERIESBLOG.COM/2013/05/20/ANADROMOUS-CATADROMOUS-AMPHIDROMOUS-
OCEANODROMOUS-OR-POTAMODROMOUS/
Other water Organisms
Aquatic Organism: Microorganism

Microorganism
are present in large quantities
everywhere and can survive
extreme physical and chemical
conditions. Many microoorganisms
play foundational roles in aquatic
ecosystems, capturing the sun's
energy through photosynthesis,
and through their role in
decomposition, realeasing store in
organic tissue.
Bacteria
Some of the smallest and most ancient
organisms on earth. Bacteria are
present in virtually every environment
and are abundant in all aquatic
systems. In river and streams, many of
the bacteria wash in from the
sorrounding land, and their
abundance can increase dramatically
after a rainfall.
Bacteria reproduce extremely rapidly
by simple division to produce very
large numbers in a short period of
time.
Bacteria can be found everywhere
such as dead wood and leaves , or
coating the surface of rocks, and
stone.
Bacteria displays the greatest large in
metabolic ability of any group of
organism.
Fungi
occur as a single cells, and in filaments
called hyphae. Most aquatic fungi are
microscopic; those known as
hyphomycetes are the most abundant
and importand. Fungi are heterotrophic
, and like heterotrophic bacteria, obtain
their nutrition by secreting exoenzymes
into their environment , which breaks
compounds down into simpler
substances the fungi can absorb.
Fungi are critical to the decomposition
of plant matter in aquatic systems,
because they are among the few
organisms that can break down certain
plant structural compounds such as
cellulose and lignin.
 Protozoa
Are microscopic, single - celled
organisms that sometimes
group together into colonies.
There are both autotrophic
and heterotrophic types of
protozoa. Unlike bacteria and
Fungi , which absorb dissolved
organic compounds from their
environment , heterotrophic
protozoa consume other
organisms such as algae,
bacteria, or other protists.
 Algae
Vary in size from microscopic to large colonies that can be
considered macrophytes several types of algae- including
phytoplankton -play an important role in supplying the energy at
the base of many aquatic food webs.
Phytoplankton
are small , microscopic plants, that live suspended in the open
water. Phytoplankton are generally more abundant in lakes than
rivers, and are absent from fast- flowing streams, or where the
rate at which the plants are washed downstream is greater that
than the rate at which they reproduce.
Phytoplankton also can exist as single cells or in chains or
colonies. And they are direct food sources for many zooplankton
and some fish, and are the base of food web in deep waters.
 Phytoplankton
Algae
Aquatic Organisms:
Plants

Macrophytes ( literally
'large plants') are
individual aquatic
plants that can be seen
by the unaided eye.
Macrophytes can be
categprized based on
where and how they
grow.
 Rooted Macrophytes
are rooted in the riverbed or lake substrate, and are thus
restricted to areas where flow is low enough to permit fine
sediments to accumulate. Rooted macrophytes may have
leaves entirely submerged, floating on the surface. Rooted
macrophytes may extract nutrients from the substrate as well
as absorbing them from the water as algae do.
Floating aquatic microphytes
are rootless plants that persist only in backwater areas where
the flow slacke ns- otherwise they are carried downstream .
Because their phtosynthetic surfaces are above the water
surface, these plants can grow in deep , turbid water and
places where rooting sites are sparse.
Floating Aquatic
Macrophytes
 Macrophyte
abundance can flactuate
seasonally as a result of scouring
of the bottom sediments and
washout of plants during heavy
rains. For this reason, the
number of macrophytes in river
channels generally peaks during
periods of low flow.
 Aquatic macrophytes
are important in many aquatic systems , systems, espicially
wetlands, slower moving water in stream and rivers, and in
shallower areas of lakes. Aquatic macrophytes add three-
dimensional complexity to aquatic habitat , and can provide
habitat refuse, and spawning areas for animals such as aquatic
insects and fish, as well as a surface for periphyton growth.
Produce organic matter which can be eaten by some fish; however
most of this plant material is unpalatable to herbivores white it is
alive.
 Large populations of aquatic macrophytes can have
negative effects on aquatic ecosystem and the people rely
on them. In some cases, floating plants are so numerous
that they form dense mats covering the water surface . The
interlocking vegetation mat blocks light penetration down
the water column and prevents the growth of other plants.
In extreme cases , the underlying water becomes
deoxygenated and floating plants turn into a nuisance by
inhibiting the passage of boats and interfering with fishing
. Inuasive species of macrophytes can be particularly
discruptive to natural aquatic ecosystems.
 Ribarian Vegetation

is plant growth that lines the banks of rivers and other island
waterbodies. This plants protect riverbanks from wave and
erosion, and offer shelter, feeding, and breeding areas for
fish , birds and other organisms.
Other organic matter from riparian vegetation can provide
significant quantities of organic matter to streams and rivers
.
The riparian zone can contain a variety of plants - from
grasses to trees- often in a gradual transition with distance
from the bank , reflecting different species tolelarces for soil
saturation.
 Aquatic Organism:
Invertebrates

Invertebrates include all animals

withput a backbone.
Invertebrates living on or in
aquatic sediments are termed
benthic invertenrates.
Benthic invertebrates
communities -including
measurements of population
abundance and diversity - are
often used as a indicators of
aquatic ecosystem health some
of the more common benthic
invertebrates are described
below.
Worms
are an informal
collection of three
major groups,
including flatworms
(plafy helminthes),
roundworms (
nematodes) and
segmented worms (
an nelids).
 Flatworms include a major
group that is free- living and
often predatory ( Turbellaria)
and Cestoda (tapeworms) ,
that have adult stages that
are entirely parasitic ,
although their intermediate
stages may be aquatic . Some
flukes and tapeworms are
important parasites of
humans often causing serious
illnesses.
Molluscs
inlclude the familiar groups of snails
( gastropods) and bivalves (clams
and mussels). A hard shell endoses,
wholly or in part, the bodies of
most molluscs. Snails feed by
scraping biofilm from surfaces,
surfaces, collecting organic matter
deposited in the sediment,
consuming macrophytes, or feeding
on decaying animals. Bivalves have
gills, which they use both for
breathing and for collecting small
particles from the water.
Insects
are the most diverse group of
animals on earth, most
insects are terrestrial while
some have life stages that are
aquatic like dragonflies and
mosquitos. Most aquatic
insects have gills and need
water with dissolved oxygen
while others , such as
mosquito larvae, breathe
through the surface film of
still a waters.
Zooplankton
are aquatic animals that cannot
swim against water currents ,
typically because they are too small
to do so. However many
zooplanktoon can swim significant
distances in fairly still waters.
Because they cannot swim against
currents, they are more important
in lakes that in running water.
Zooplankton are heterotrophic and
are significant sources of energy
and nutrients to carnivorous
invertebrates and aome
vertebrates.
 source: http://www.ramp-
alberta.org/river/ecology/life/microorganisms.aspx

THANK YOU 😇
REPORTED BY: NICOLE C. BELEN
 Water is necessary to sustaining life on Earth,
and helps tie together the Earth's lands, oceans,
and atmosphere into an integrated system.
Water is one of the most important natural
resources on earth and it can be found in various
forms on earth. There are various water bodies
which divide into categories of salt and fresh as
well as small and large.
Water moves from the earth to the
atmosphere through the processes of
evaporation and transpiration.
❖ cover at least 71% of
the surface of the earth.
❖ Large bodies of
saltwater.
❖ Mankind is dependent
on oceans
❖ Pacific Ocean, Atlantic
Ocean, Indian Ocean,
Southern Ocean and
Arctic Ocean
❖ Most of these water
bodies directly connect
to the ocean.
❖ It divides into smaller
categories of bays, strait
and gulfs.
❖ The coastal reaches of
the oceans where they
surrounded by land
masses.
❖ flowing bodies of
water that are useful
resources for
irrigation, factories,
and local water
systems.
❖ The four types of
streams are rivers,
creeks, brooks, and
canals.
❖ they are also used
greatly for
transportation
purposes and as
fishing grounds.
❖ Bodies of fresh water
moving.
❖ Nile River in Africa is
one of the longest
rivers in the world.
❖ Greek word is Hole
❖ Most are formed when
water filled a hole or
opening of earth’s
surface by rain water.
❖ These are inland
bodies of water and
found either with
freshwater or
saltwater.
❖ Non-flowing bodies
of water that are
smaller than lakes.
❖ Commonly
manmade
❖ used as a source of
recreation or for use
by livestock.
❖ Glaciers are frozen
bodies of water.
❖ They cover almost
10% of the earth’s
land area.
❖ It may seem odd to
call a glacier a body
of water –but ice
represents a form of
water.
Source:
https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/environmental-
chemistry/types-of-bodies-of-water/

https://science.nasa.gov/earth-
science/oceanography/ocean-earth-system/ocean-
water-cycle

http://www.cawater-info.net/bk/1-1-
2_e.htm#:~:text=A%20pond%20is%20a%20body,ver
nal%20pools%20and%20prairie%20potholes

https://www.slideshare.net/ubiquinone/bodies-of-water-
9356910
METHODS OF CULTURING FISH
AND WATER BIODIVERSITY
PREPARED BY : GLENN ARVIN TARDIO
• Culturing of fish in association with agriculture or ducks or chicks or pigs or prawns
is called integrated fish culture.
• Fish wastes fertilize the crop fields while wastes from crops and poultry chicks are
used as feed by fish. Individually these farming methods may yield low income.
4 COMMON METHODS FOR
AQUACULTURE
 POND SYSTEM
• THE OLDEST TYPE OF FISH FARMING IS THE POND SYSTEM,
WHICH ORIGINATED THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO. POND FARMS
INCLUDE EARTHEN POND, DITCH OR CANAL SYSTEMS, WITH CLAY-
BASED SOILS THAT CAN EASILY BE DIKED TO MAKE ENCLOSURES.
• OF COURSE, MORE SOPHISTICATED METHODS MAY BE DEPLOYED
ON TODAY’S INDUSTRIAL SCALE—BUT IT’S WORTH NOTING THAT
POND SYSTEMS ARE OFTEN DEPENDED ON IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES, WHERE A SHORTAGE OF WILD FISH COULD
HAVE SERIOUS NUTRITIONAL CONSEQUENCES. THE FACT THAT
THEY ARE SELF-CONTAINED AND CAN BE USED FOR SEVERAL
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FISH AT ONCE MAKES THEM AN OPTIMAL
CHOICE FOR FARMERS.
• WHEN HANDLED PROPERLY, PONDS HAVE A WEALTH OF
POTENTIAL. BECAUSE THEY’RE SITUATED INLAND, OR AT LEAST
ISOLATED FROM LARGER BODIES OF WATER, IT’S RELATIVELY
SIMPLE TO SEND THE WASTE WATER INTO SIDE POOLS TO BE
PROCESSED, OR USED AS FERTILIZER. THIS SIGNIFICANTLY
REDUCES THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF POND ENCLOSURES ON THE
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.
 OPEN NET PEN
FISH FARMERS FAVOR NET PENS BECAUSE OF THEIR
FLEXIBILITY, VERSATILITY AND SCALE. THEY’RE ABLE TO
SUCCEED IN WHICHEVER TYPE OF WATER BODY BEST SUITS THE
NEEDS OF THEIR STOCKS. THEY’RE DESIGNED TO ALLOW WATER
TO FLOW FREELY THROUGH, WHICH HELPS FARMERS DEAL WITH
WASTE.
REPUTABLE FISH FARMS AND PROCESSING PLANTS HAVE
WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES ONSITE TO REDUCE
POLLUTANTS. WASTEWATER CAN ALSO BE RECYCLED IN
INNOVATIVE WAYS: IT MAKES GREAT NUTRIENT-RICH
IRRIGATION FOR AGRICULTURE, AND CAN ALSO BE USED TO
NOURISH OTHER FARM STOCKS SUCH AS SHELLFISH, WHICH ARE
FILTER FEEDERS, OR CATFISH, WHICH ARE BOTTOM FEEDERS.
COMPANIES THAT ARE CERTIFIABLY SUSTAINABLE DON’T
DEPEND ON CHEMICALS OR ANTIBIOTICS TO KEEP THEIR STOCKS
HEALTHY, WHICH HELPS CONSERVE LOCAL ECOSYSTEMS.
ADDITIONALLY, FLOATING FISH FEEDS STAY WITHIN THE
ENCLOSURES.
 SUBMERSIBLE NET PEN
• AN ALTERNATIVE TO OPEN NET PENS ARE SUBMERSIBLE NET
PENS. INSTEAD OF FLOATING ON THE SURFACE, THESE ARE
FULLY UNDERWATER, AND OFTEN TAKE THE FORM OF A
LARGE, CLOSED-OFF CAGE.
• SINCE THEY’RE BENEATH THE SURFACE, THEY’RE ALSO
MORE REMOTE THAN OPEN PENS. THIS SHELTERS THEM
FROM THE ELEMENTS, AND MAKES IT LESS LIKELY THAT
CAPTIVE FISH STOCKS WILL ESCAPE.
• OPEN OCEAN AQUACULTURE HAS MANY ADVANTAGES: FROM HEALTHIER
FISH THAT BENEFIT FROM REDUCED EXPOSURE TO PATHOGENS AND
DISEASE TO OPERATIONS THAT HAVE LESS IMPACT ON THE SURROUNDING
ENVIRONMENT.
• BUT OPEN OCEAN AQUACULTURE COMES WITH ONE BIG CHALLENGE:
PROTECTING FISH PENS AND OTHER EQUIPMENT FROM THE EFFECTS OF
MOTHER NATURE.
 RECIRCULATING SYSTEM
• SOME TYPES OF FISH FARMING SHOW ENORMOUS PROMISE
FOR REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS. ONE
EXAMPLE IS RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS, WHICH ARE
ESSENTIALLY LIKE HIGH-TECH POND SYSTEMS. FISH STOCKS
ARE REARED IN A SERIES OF INTERCONNECTED, FULLY
CONTROLLED TANKS THAT ARE INDOORS AND HAVE
VIRTUALLY NO CHANCE OF CONTACT WITH WILD STOCKS.

• A CLOSED CIRCUIT OF PIPES CARRIES CLEAN WATER TO THE

TANKS, WHILE WASTEWATER IS PUMPED OUT OF THEM,
PURIFIED, AND THEN RECIRCULATED. IN THE COMING YEARS,
RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS MIGHT BECOME MORE COMMON IN
THE AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY.
 WHAT IS WATER BIODIVERSITY

• Water biodiversity describes the diversity of species and ecosystems found in and
around aquatic habitats such as rivers, lakes, and oceans. As with terrestrial
ecosystems, aquatic biodiversity varies from region to region. Aquatic biodiversity is
greatest in tropical latitudes.
• Water is required to support biodiversity. Without sufficient water, stresses on species
increase global biodiversity losses. ... The water cycle is influenced heavily by
ecosystems and the life associated with them. Forests, grasslands, soils, wetlands all
influence water.
 IMPORTANCE OF WATER BIODIVERSITY
• PROTECTION OF WATER RESOURCES (E.G. MANGROVE FORESTS TRAP SILT)
• NUTRIENT STORAGE AND CYCLING
• POLLUTION BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION
• CONTRIBUTES TO CLIMACTIC STABILITY
• RECOVERY FROM UNPREDICTABLE EVENTS (E.G. HURRICANES)
• FOOD
• MEDICINAL RESOURCES
• RECREATION
BIODIVERSITY IN THE WATER

CORAL REEFS
PLANTS
FISH
 NOTES

METHODS OF FISH CULTURING

HTTPS://WWW.BIOSCIENCE.COM.PK/TOPICS/ZOOLOGY/ITEM/631-FISH-CULTURE-AND-REARING-METHODS
4 METHODS OF AQUACULTURE
HTTPS://THEHEALTHYFISH.COM/4-COMMON-METHODS-AQUACULTURE/
WATER BIODIVERSITY
HTTP://WWW.WATERENCYCLOPEDIA.COM/A-BI/BIODIVERSITY.HTML
IMPORTANCE OF WATER BIODIVERSITY
HTTPS://AMBERGRISCAYE.COM/REEFBRIEFS/BRIEFS77.HTML#:~:TEXT=MARINE%20BIODIVERSITY%20THEREFORE%20REFERS%20TO,IN%20THE%20O
CEANS%20IS%20ENORMOUS.