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Notes - Momentum - Ws

1. Momentum is conserved in collisions and explosions. The total momentum before an event will equal the total momentum after. 2. Impulse is the change in momentum, and is calculated by multiplying the average force by the time of impact. 3. Forces occur in equal and opposite pairs during collisions or interactions between objects, but momentum and impulses do not - the momentum of one object changes the momentum of the other.

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85 views

Notes - Momentum - Ws

1. Momentum is conserved in collisions and explosions. The total momentum before an event will equal the total momentum after. 2. Impulse is the change in momentum, and is calculated by multiplying the average force by the time of impact. 3. Forces occur in equal and opposite pairs during collisions or interactions between objects, but momentum and impulses do not - the momentum of one object changes the momentum of the other.

Uploaded by

Not Ismdan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1st term – 2022-2023/ Momentum/Notes & worksheet 1st term – 2022-2023Moments & forces/Notes & worksheet

Momentum Force and momentum


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Momentum can be defined as "mass in motion. “ A moving object
A force will cause the velocity of an object to change and therefore
has momentum. This is the tendency of the object to keep
also its momentum. The greater the force the faster the
moving in the same direction. It is difficult to change the
momentum changes.
direction of movement of an object with a lot of momentum.
Momentum, acceleration and force
Momentum can be calculated using this equation:
Consider a body of mass mchangingvelocity fromuto vin time t.

p=m×v acceleration= velocitychange· timetaken


a =(v –u) / t
where: Multiply both sides of this equation by the mass, mgives:
ma =m(v –u) / t
ma =(mv–mu) / t
p is the momentum in kilograms metres per second, kg m/s
ma is equal to the force, Fcausing the acceleration.
and (mv– mu) is equal to the momentumchange
m is the mass in kilograms, kg And so:
F =(mv –mu)
v is the velocity in m/s t
For example, what is the momentum of a 5 kg object moving
with a velocity of 2 m/s?
Or

momentum = 5 × 2 = 10 kg m/s
Ft = (mv –mu)
Direction Impulse = Change in momentum
Notice that momentum does not just depend on the object’s
mass and speed. Velocity is speed in a particular direction, so Impulse
the momentum of an object also depends on the direction of Impulse is defined as the product of average force and time of
travel. This means that the momentum of an object can change contact for a collision:
if: IMPULSE = FORCE ×TIME
 the object speeds up or slows down There is no symbol for impulse but the units are Newton seconds
 the object changes direction (Ns)
1st term – 2022-2023/ Momentum/Notes & worksheet 1st term – 2022-2023Moments & forces/Notes & worksheet

Conservation of momentum Head-on collisions


In this case bodies are moving in opposite directions.
As long as no external forces are acting on the objects involved, the
total momentum stays the same in explosions and collisions. We say Momentumhas direction.
that momentum is conserved. One direction is treated as positive, the other as negative.
In calculations the velocity of one of the colliding bodies
must be entered as a NEGATIVE number.
You can use this idea to work out the mass, velocity or momentum of
an object in an explosion or collision. DIRECTION OF MOTION
Momentum calculations NEGATIVE POSITIVE

Here is a worked example:


+ ve - ve
velocity velocity
Two railway carriages collide and move off together. Carriage A has a
Here is a worked example:
mass of 12,000 kg and moves at 5 m/s before the collision. Carriage B
has a mass of 8,000 kg and is stationary before the collision. What is the A car of mass 1000 kg moving at 20 m/s makes a head-on collision with a
velocity of the two carriages after the collision? lorry of mass 2000 kg moving at 16 m/s. Calculate their common velocity
Step 1 after the collision if they remain attached to each other.
Work out the total momentum before the event (before the collision): lorry, mass 2000kg
p=m×v car, mass 1000kg
Momentum of carriage A before = 12,000 × 5 = 60,000 kg m/s 20 m/s 16 m/s
Momentum of carriage B before = 8,000 × 0 = 0 kg m/s
Total momentum before = 60,000 + 0 = 60,000 kg m/s
Step 2 DIRECTION OF MOTION
Work out the total momentum after the event (after the collision): NEGATIVE POSITIVE
Because momentum is conserved, total momentum afterwards =
Step 1: total momentum before collision p = m x v
60,000 kg m/s car: = 1000 kg x +20 m/s = +20000 kg m/s
Step 3 lorry: = 2000 kg x -16 m/s = -32000 kg m/s
Work out the total mass after the event (after the collision): total initial momentum = -12000 kg m/s
Total mass = mass of carriage A + mass of carriage B = 12,000 + 8,000 = Step 2: Momentum is conserved in the collision
20,000 kg so total momentum after collision = -12000 kg m/s
Step 3: Total Mass = 1000 + 2000 = 3000 kg
Step 4 Step 4: total momentum = total mass x velocity
Work out the new velocity: -12000 kg m/s = 3000 kg x v
p = m × v, but we can rearrange this equation so that v = p ÷ m -12000 ÷ 3000 = v
Velocity (after the collision) = 60,000 ÷ 20,000 = 3 m/s common velocity = - 4 m/s
The lorry/car combination will move in the original direction of the lorry.
1st term – 2022-2023/ Momentum/Notes & worksheet 1st term – 2022-2023Moments & forces/Notes & worksheet

1. Which object has the least momentum? 1. Which has more momentum, a 1000 kg car moving 1 m/s or a 70 kg
person sprinting at 8 m/s?
A. m = 1 kg, v = 100 m/s
B. m = 10 kg, v = 12 m/s 2. An official major league baseball has a mass of 0.14 kg. A pitcher throws
a 40 m/s fastball which is hit by the batter straight back up the middle at a
C. m = 0.5 kg, v = 1000 m/s speed of 46 m/s. a) What is the change in momentum of the ball during the
D. m = 100 kg, v = 2 m/s collision with the bat?
2. If a 54 Ns impulse (recall, impulse is force*time, so it is measured in b) If this collision occurs during a time of 0.012 seconds, what is the
Newtons*seconds) is given to a 6-kg object, then the transfer of average force exerted by the bat on the ball?
momentum is 3. A tennis ball may leave a top player’s racket on the serve with a speed of
A. 6 Ns C. 54 Ns 65.0 m/s. If the ball’s mass is 0.0600 kg and it is in contact with the racket
for 0.0300 s, what is the average force exerted on the ball? Would this force
B. 9 Ns D. 324 Ns be enough to lift a person off the ground?
3. Which quantities do not occur in equal and opposite pairs when two
4. How much force is required to stop a 60 kg person traveling at 30 m/s
objects interact? during a time of
A. impulses
a) 5.0 seconds
B. forces b) 0.50 seconds
C. accelerations c) 0.05 seconds
D. transfers of momentum What is the impulse in each case?
4. A firecracker is placed in the midst of a motionless cluster of billiard 5. A 30 kg child running at 7 m/s jumps onto a 10 kg sled which was initially
balls on a table. When the firecracker explodes, the balls scatter in all at rest. What will be the velocity of the child+sled immediately after the child
jumps on the sled?
directions. The total momentum of the balls immediately after the
explosion is 6. A 1500 kg car traveling at 15 m/s collides with a 500 kg moose which is
at rest. If the moose is knocked backward at 20 m/s, what happens to the
A. more than before the explosion. car?
B. less than before the explosion.
7. A 1500 kg car traveling 5.0 m/s collides head on with a 3000 kg truck
C. the same as before the explosion. traveling 7.0 m/s in the opposite direction. If the bumpers lock (the collision
D. impossible to tell. is inelastic), what is the velocity of the two vehicles together immediately
5. Consider a karate expert. During a talent show, she executes a swift following the collision?
blow to a cement block and breaks it with her bare hand. During the 8. A 70 kg astronaut floating in an orbiting space station throws a 1.0 kg
collision between her hand and the block, the ___. water bottle across the room at a speed of 8.0 m/s. What is the magnitude
A. time of impact on both the block and the expert's hand is the same of the astronaut’s recoil velocity?
B. force on both the block and the expert's hand have the same 9. A rifle of mass 2 kg is suspended by strings. The rifle fires a bullet of
mass 0.01 kg at a speed of 200m/s. What is the recoil velocity of rifle?
magnitude
C. impulse on both the block and the expert's hand have the same 10. A 30-kg girl and a 25-kg boy face each other on friction-free roller
blades. The girl pushes the boy, who moves away at a speed of 1.0 m/s.
magnitude
Find the girls speed.
D. all of the above.

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