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For your convenience Apress has placed some of the front
matter material after the index. Please use the Bookmarks
and Contents at a Glance links to access them.

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Contents at a Glance

About the Authors........................................................................... xiii

About the Technical Reviewer ..........................................................xv
Introduction ....................................................................................xvii

■ Chapter 1: The Architecture of the Windows Registry.................... 1

■ Chapter 2: Registry Tools and Utilities ......................................... 11
■ Chapter 3: Troubleshooting a Corrupted Registry ......................... 33
■ Chapter 4: Working with Other Users’ Registry
Files/Advanced Troubleshooting .................................................. 51
■ Chapter 5: Securing the Registry ................................................. 73
■ Chapter 6: Hacks, Tweaks, and Common Changes ....................... 93

Index .............................................................................................. 111

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Introduction

Whatever you do on your Windows PC, from installing software and apps, to using GPS
hardware, creating 3D models, or intricate embedded security systems and games, the
Registry is at the heart of what you do.
Consequently, it’s the one common element that’s guaranteed to run through all
troubleshooting problems. his makes a good knowledge of what the Registry is,
how it works, and how you can work with it, an essential skill for any support technician
or IT pro.
hat’s where this book comes in. here have been other Windows troubleshooting
books, but none have gone into as much detail about the Registry as you’ll ind here.
It’s not all dry technical code and complex structures, though. here are also a lot
of fun and cool things you can do with the Registry to enhance your productivity and
enjoyment of using your PC. In this book we’ve included over 60 of our favorite hints, tips,
and tweaks for Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Windows 8.1.
With a good knowledge of the Registry—and there’s no better way to learn than to
dive in with some hacks—you’ll be in a much better position to quickly diagnose and
repair Windows and PC problems as you encounter them.

xvii

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CHAPTER 1

The Architecture of the

Windows Registry

The most relevant simile for the Windows Registry in your PC is the human brain It stores
all of the key information and code that allows the different parts of your computer, and
its operating system and software, to communicate with one another. This includes
details about hardware addresses and communications protocols, software installation
and configuration files and, of course, the inner workings of Windows itself.
No matter what version of Windows you are using, you will have not one but many
registry files, as Windows splits the registry into several main files, which contain all the
information relevant to the overall operation of the computer and its hardware, and other
files specific to each individual user and their software, settings, and preferences.
Registry files are databases, often large and complex, that the operating system loads
into the PC’s memory as the computer starts or the user signs in. Without this readily
available store of settings, files, and options, nothing can start or operate on the PC at all.
The Registry is similar to the brain in another way, too. It’s able to heal itself, but only
to a limited extent. While the human body is full of all the building blocks required to
repair and rebuild damaged cells and tissue, the brain, like the spinal cord, mostly lacks
this self-repair ability. Should the wrong part of the brain is damaged, it simply would
be unable to repair itself In the case of the Registry, should the parts of the databases
containing the information required to load the Registry Editor, any third-party repair
tools, or the System Recovery Options become corrupt, self-repair will be out of the
question.
Fortunately, however, the Registry is unlike the human brain in one significant
way: you can rebuild and repair it from the outside, and even reset it to an earlier state
or wipe it completely and start from scratch. While the prospect of a surgeon or doctor
performing such an operation on your own mind might seem disturbing at the least, this
book will guide you through the Windows Registry in depth, and show you how to protect
configure, and repair your PC’s brain under any circumstances.

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CHAPTER 1 ■ THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE WINDOWS REGISTRY

What Is the Windows Registry?

If, like me, you used Windows 3.1 back in the day, you might remember having to
manually open a .ini file in the folder for a program or driver and changing or
configuring settings that would enable that program or piece of hardware to work.
Every program and hardware driver had its own .ini file, which was a plain ASCII
text document, and each one needed configuring individually for each individual PC.
This is because there were always minor differences between PCs, such as different drive
letter or serial port assignments, so if you imported a .ini file from one Windows 3.1 PC
to another it was unlikely to work.
The Registry was Microsoft’s answer to this chaos, and it effectively pulled all these
individual .ini files together into a single, manageable database.
The Registry as we know it now was first introduced in Windows 95 and Windows
NT, and as a core component of the operating system it hasn’t changed much since. The
reason for this is compatibility with legacy hardware and software is crucial to business
users of PCs, and changing the Registry too much would either break everything, or
require a complex virtualization engine, effectively running a PC inside a PC (which
would present significant security implications if overall performance wasn’t to be
affected as well).
Over time the Registry has been made more robust and secure, with features such as
User Account Control (UAC) preventing malware from writing itself deep into the folder
structure where it might never be found.
Despite its size and the tens or even hundreds of thousands of keys it contains, it’s
quite a straightforward, simple, and robust system to work with, consisting of a fairly
simple structure of folders, keys, and values.

Windows Registry Files

If you are using a modern version of Windows—by which I mean Vista, Windows 7,
Windows 8 or 8.1, and Windows 10—then the Registry, how it is structured and operates,
and how you can edit and work with it will be the same. As a core component of the
operating system, it doesn’t change very often, though there were slight differences in
Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 that, where applicable, we will detail in notes
throughout this book.
Windows has several stores for Registry files, one for the settings that are relevant to
all users on the PC, such as hardware and general operating system options, and more for
each individual user.
The main registry files are located in the %systemroot%\System 32\Config\ folder
(see Figure 1-1) and consist of the following:
•฀ SAM (Security Accounts Manager)
•฀ SECURITY
•฀ SOFTWARE

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 CHAPTER 1 ■ THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE WINDOWS REGISTRY

•฀ SYSTEM
•฀ DEFAULT
•฀ USERDIFF (used only for OS upgrades)
Additionally, each user will have their own Registry files:
•฀ %userprofile%\ntuser.dat
•฀ %userprofile%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\UsrClass.dat

Figure 1-1. The main Windows Registry files

The first of these files, ntuser.dat, contains the user’s general software,
customization, and configuration options. The second, UsrClass.dat, contains
additional settings such as user-specific file associations and COM (Component Object
Model) information.

■ Note If you are still using Windows XP or Windows Server 2003, please stop! However,
the UsrClass.dat file can be found in the %USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\
Application Data\Microsoft\Windows\ folder.

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CHAPTER 1 ■ THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE WINDOWS REGISTRY

The Registry files themselves are binary format files, and as such are not readable
without interpreter software. This is different from .reg files, which are exportable from
the Windows Registry Editor and are plain text, so as to be viewable and editable by
administrators.

Registry Keys and Values

The Registry, when viewed in its entirety, is split into five main sections, or groups. This
helps organize the different keys and folder in the Registry to make them easily navigable.
When you modify or create items in the Registry you will create both keys and values,
but what are the differences between the two?

■ Note Registry keys are containers that will contain values for software, hardware or the
Windows OS itself. Keys can be thought of as folders, in which the values are individual files.
You can navigate the keys using a folder-type hierarchy. Values are the nuts and bolts of the
Registry. These are the settings, integers, and strings that provide the data and information
that helps Windows load and effectively work with your hardware and apps.

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT (HKCR)
This section stores information about registered applications, OLE Object Class IDs, and
file associations. Sometimes you may see it abbreviated to HKCR.
Should a subkey be added that duplicates a key that already exists in
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes, Windows will use the
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes key as its master.

HKEY_CURRENT_USER (HKCU)
This section contains the configuration options for the currently signed-in user’s profile,
including the disk locations for user folders, control panel settings, and specific app
configuration settings.

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (HKLM)
As you might expect, this key contains all the settings specific to the PC on which
Windows is installed. It contains the subkey files SAM, SECURITY, SYSTEM, and SOFTWARE
that I listed earlier. A fifth file, HARDWARE, is created afresh each time the PC starts, and
contains information about currently detected plug-and-play hardware.
This key also contains the files COMPONENTS and BCD, which can be found in the
%systemroot%\System 32\Config\ folder, and which contain information specific to the
PC’s boot configuration data.

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 CHAPTER 1 ■ THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE WINDOWS REGISTRY

A few of the subkeys in the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE section are worthy of note, because
this collection of Registry files is most commonly modified and edited by users.

SAM
The Security Accounts Manager keys section will commonly appear empty unless the
viewing user has all appropriate administrative permissions. It contains the security
information for all the domains the PC connects to, including the local domain, which is
also called SAM.
Each SAM database contains the username used to log in to the domain, along with a
UID (Unique Identifier) for the domain, a cryptographic hash of the user’s password, the
location of the user’s Registry Hive, on the server, and various other settings and flags that
may be required by the connection.

SECURITY
This subkey also appears empty for most users unless they have appropriate
administrative permissions. Upon connection to a domain, it is linked to the security
database in the Server Registry Hive, which will contain all security policies applicable to
the current user and their installed apps.

SYSTEM
This subkey contains information about Windows setup, settings, and details for currently
mounted devices, and for drives that contain a file system.

SOFTWARE
This subkey contains settings for the currently installed Windows installation and its
installed software and apps. The keys are organized by software vendor and include
subkeys for file extensions, MIME types, and Object Class and Interface IDs (such as
ActiveX controls).

HKEY_USERS (HKU)
The HKU key contains settings and options for the currently-loaded user profile. You
cannot access settings for any user account other than the currently signed-in user
through these keys.

HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG (HKCC)
Last, the HKCC keys contain information gathered when the PC starts and Windows loads.
This information is relevant only to the current powered-session and is discarded when
the PC is switched off.

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CHAPTER 1 ■ THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE WINDOWS REGISTRY

Within each of the Registry sections, the individual keys include many different types,
to allow the greatest flexibility for managing settings and options for the Windows OS
and your apps and hardware.

HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA
This section is invisible when using the Windows Registry Editor. It contains runtime and
performance data that is provided by the Windows kernel, drivers, apps, and services. It is
discarded when the PC is switched off and is rebuilt at the next boot.

Registry Value Types

When you create a new Registry value, you will be presented with the following options:
•฀ REG_BINARY: This key type stores raw binary data.
•฀ REG_DWORD: A variable-length 32-bit integer.
•฀ DWORDS: Commonly used to define the parameters for settings,
device drivers, and software configuration.
•฀ REG_SZ: A fixed-length string value.
•฀ REG_EXPAND_SZ: An expandable-length string value, also used to
contain environment variables.
•฀ REG_MULTI_SZ: A multiple string that may contain a list of values,
normally separated by commas or a space.
•฀ REG_RESOURCE_LIST: A list of resources in a nested array, used by
device drivers.
•฀ REG_RESOURCE_REQUIRMENTS_LIST: An array list of hardware
resources, used by device drivers.
•฀ REG_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR: These are nested arrays used to
store the resource lists for physical hardware devices.
•฀ REG_LINK: A symbolic link (UNICODE) to another Registry key
that specifies both the root key and the path to the target key.
•฀ REG_NONE: Data that does not have a specific type.
•฀ REG_QWORD: A variable-length 64-bit integer.

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■ Note There are some differences between 32-bit (x86) and 64-bit (x64) Windows
Registries. The 64-bit QWORDs are not supported by 32-bit versions of the Windows operating
system. Also, the Registry handles 32-bit and 64-bit keys in the same intelligent way that
the file system handles multiple versions of the same DLL files, but maintains a compatibility
folder that you can find in the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\WOW6432Node section of the
Registry.

.reg Files
Earlier in the chapter I made a reference to .reg files, which are different from the
Registry in several important ways. First, while they store Registry keys and values, they
are intended for backup and transport between different PCs and Windows installations
of those values and keys. Also, .reg files are stored in plain ASCII text, unlike the Registry
database files, which are stored in binary.
.reg files will be automatically opened (or at least they should be if the file
associations are set correctly on a PC) by the Windows Registry Editor when double-clicked.
You can also export the entire Registry, or individual Registry keys, to .reg files in the
Registry Editor itself; we will show you how to perform these actions in Chapter 2.
You can manually edit the contents of a .reg file in Windows Notepad, or any other
text file editor (see Figure 1-2). Right-clicking a .reg file in File Explorer (known as
Windows Explorer in Vista and Windows 7) will reveal an Edit option in the context menu
that appears.

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Figure 1-2. Editing the contents of a .reg file in Notepad

In the example seen in Figure 1-2 the key is listed as HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control

Panel\Desktop\WindowMetrics, and I have highlighted it here as it includes an addition
to the default configuration.

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At the end of the key sits a subkey called "MinWidth" that has an integer value of 54.
This key changes the behavior of the Never Combine, Hide Labels option for the Windows
Taskbar (not Vista) so that program icons appear separately when multiple instances of
that program are run, but without their text labels.
We will include many more hints, tips, hacks, and tweaks for the Windows Registry in
Chapter 6.

Summary
Overall, while the Windows Registry is a huge behemoth bloated with many thousands
of complex binary, hexadecimal, and ASCII values and codes, it’s fairly simple and
straightforward to work with. In the next chapter, we’ll look how you can do exactly that,
and what tools and utilities exist to help you.

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CHAPTER 2

Registry Tools and Utilities

Because of the complexity of a PC system, with its OS components, software, apps,

hardware, and drivers, the Registry can swell to a significant size. On my own PC, as I sit
and write this, the Registry files are over 225MB combined. If you wanted to open these
files in a text editor, such as Windows Notepad, they would take a long time and be very
complex indeed.
It’s a good thing, then, that the Registry is a binary database, rather than a text file, and
that dedicated tools exist to help you open, edit, and work in other ways with the Registry.
In this chapter we’ll show you around the most common and popular tools and utilities.

RegEdit
The most logical place to start is Windows’s built-in Registry Editor, RegEdit (see Figure 2-1).
You can find this by searching for Regedit.exe in the Start menu or at the Start screen;
it will require elevated administrator privileges to run.

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CHAPTER 2 ■ REGISTRY TOOLS AND UTILITIES

Figure 2-1. The Windows Registry Editor (RegEdit)

The built-in Registry Editor is a fairly basic editing and viewing app for the Registry,
but then it doesn’t have to do much. For the majority of the time all you will need to
do with the Registry is back up and reimport Registry files, and view, create, modify,
and delete individual keys and values. To summarize, the Registry Editor allows you to
perform the following operations:
•฀ Locate a subtree, key, subkey, or value
•฀ Add a subkey or a value
•฀ Change a value
•฀ Delete a subkey or a value
•฀ Rename a subkey or a value

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File Menu
There is a standard menu at the top left of the Registry Editor window with File, Edit,
View, Favorites, and Help options. The File Menu (see Figure 2-2) contains the Import
and Export controls and you can use these to back up and restore individual keys, settings
for whole applications or devices, or the entire Registry.

Figure 2-2. Back up and restore the Registry in the File menu of the Registry Editor

■ Note Always make a backup copy of the Windows Registry before creating, editing,
or modifying any keys or values, in case an action you perform causes an app, a hardware
device, or Windows itself to become unstable or unresponsive. You can back up the Registry
in the File menu of the Registry Editor by selecting Export. You can also force Windows to
make a backup of the Registry by creating a System Restore point, as described in Chapter 3.

Backups of the Registry are saved with the registration file (.reg) extension, which
are plain text and can be opened with Notepad, as shown in Figure 2-3. This means that it
is always advisable to store your .reg backup files in a secure and encrypted location, as
any plain-text file in the workplace that might be susceptible to theft by an individual or
through the use of malware might reveal sensitive data, such as domain information, that
you would not wish revealed.

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Figure 2-3. Edit or view exported Registry information with Notepad

Typically a .reg file will contain Registry information exported from one Registry.
If this .reg file is then run on another system, the information contained in the .reg file
will be imported directly into the Registry.

■ Note For a user to work with the Registry Editor or import .reg files directly to the
Registry, they will require elevated administrator privileges.

Also in the File menu are options to load and unload a Hive. This is a file that
contains a portion of the Registry but that may be currently inactive, such as being
applicable for a different user on the machine or not being applicable to the current
Windows session (e.g., if you’ve booted from a Windows install disc and are editing the
Registry from that).
Load and Unload Hive will permit you to manage these additional Registry files for
viewing and editing. By default in Windows these options are grayed out and unavailable
until you select HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (HKLM) or HKEY_USERS (HKU). We will show you how
to edit Registry Hive files, including the files for other users, in Chapter 4.

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The next menu option allows you to connect to a Network Registry. If you
have a computer with Remote Administration enabled that is running the Remote
Registry Service, you can use this function to access Registry files on that PC. Remote
administration will be covered in Chapter 4.

Edit Menu
The Edit menu in RegEdit (see Figure 2-4) provides the commands you need to create
new Registry keys and to edit and delete existing keys and values. All of this functionality
is also available by right-clicking in RegEdit as well.

Figure 2-4. Manage Registry permissions in RegEdit’s Edit menu

Under the Edit menu you can also set access permissions for the Registry. This can
be useful if you need to manage the Registry files for other users on the PC, but find that
file access is blocked when you do so.
Clicking Permissions in the Edit menu will display a Windows security dialog
containing a list of users and administrators on the PC, along with straightforward Allow
and Deny check boxes, as shown in Figure 2-5. You can modify access permissions here
for the Registry files.

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CHAPTER 2 ■ REGISTRY TOOLS AND UTILITIES

Figure 2-5. Managing Registry access permissions

Registry keys can be created by choosing the appropriate option in the Edit menu,
or by right-clicking on any Registry key (to edit it) or in a blank space (to create one) as
shown in Figure 2-6.

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 CHAPTER 2 ■ REGISTRY TOOLS AND UTILITIES

Figure 2-6. Creating and editing Registry keys

The main tree view of the Registry in the left panel of RegEdit, as shown in Figure 2-7,
also allows you to manage, create, and delete whole key groups. Right-clicking on a
group presents the same options as right-clicking on an individual key, with the addition
of Export and Permissions options. The Export option can be useful for saving just the
keys required for a particular customization, option, app, or hardware device for use on
additional PCs.

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Figure 2-7. Adding and managing Registry keys

REG.EXE and REGINI.EXE

You can also modify the Windows Registry directly from the Command Prompt (if you are
running the Command Prompt with elevated administrator privileges).
The commands you can use with the Console Registry Tool for Windows (REG.EXE)
are add, compare, copy, delete, export, import, load, query, restore, save and unload. Let’s
look at the syntax for each of these commands.

■ Note By default, Reg.exe works to match the version of Windows that is installed, be
this 32 bit or 64 bit, To work specifically with other key types you can use REG.EXE with the
/reg:32 and /reg:64 switches.

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Add is used to add keys or subkeys to the Registry and is used in the following format
(note that some of the variables and syntax will be uniform across REG.EXE commands
and as such will only be detailed once):

REG ADD <KeyName> [{/v ValueName | /ve}] [/t DataType] [/s Separator]
[/d Data] [/f]

Use Add to add keys or subkeys to the Registry, as shown in Table 2-1.

Table 2-1. Reg.exe command line switches

<KeyName> The key or subkey optionally specifying the \\<ComputerName>\,

where omitting \\<ComputerName>\ causes the command to
default to the local computer.
Use HKLM, HKCU, HKCR, HKU, and HKCC for the main keys or HKCU\
Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion to address
subkeys.
/v <ValueName> The Registry entry to be added to the specified key or subkey:
e.g., /v MidWidth
/ve Used to specify the Registry entry; should have a null value
/t <Type> Specifies the type for the Registry entry; use REG_SZ, REG_MULTI_SZ,
REG_DWORD_BIN_ENDIAN, REG_DWORD, REG_BINARY, REG_DWORD_
LITTLE_ENDIAN, REG_LINK, REG_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR,
REG_EXPAND_SZ,
/s <Separator> If adding a data type such as REG_MULTI_SZ, specifies the character
used to separate multiple instances of data; the default is /0
/d <Data> Specifies the data to add to the Registry key
/f Forces the Registry change and skips the prompt for confirmation

Use Compare to view the similarities and/or differences between two Registry keys,
as shown in Table 2-2, using the following format:

REG COMPARE <KeyName> <KEYNAME2> [{/v ValueName | /ve}]

[{/oa | /od | /os | /on}] [/s]

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CHAPTER 2 ■ REGISTRY TOOLS AND UTILITIES

Table 2-2. Reg.exe switches to compare Registry keys

/v Specifies the value name to compare

/ve Specifies that only entries with null value names should be compared
/oa Displays all the differences and matches
/od Displays only the differences
/os Displays only the matches
/on Does not display results
/s Compares all subkeys and entries in a recursive way

You can make a copy of a Registry key with Copy, as shown in Table 2-3, using
this format:

REG COPY <KeyName> <KeyName2> [/s] [/f]

Table 2-3. The Reg.exe switch to copy subkeys

/s Copies all subkeys and entries under the specified key

Use Delete to discard a Registry key, as shown in Table 2-4, using the following format:

REG DELETE <KeyName> [{/v ValueName | /ve | /va}] [/f]

Table 2-4. The Reg.exe switches to delete keys and entries

/v Deletes a specific key; if not specified all entries and subkeys will be deleted
/ve Only deletes entries with a null value
/va Deletes all entries under the specified key but not subkeys

Use Export and Import to make and restore backup copies of Registry keys
(see Table 2-5):

REG EXPORT <KeyName> <FileName> [/y]

REG IMPORT <FileName>

Table 2-5. The Reg.exe switches to overwrite existing files

<FileName> The path and name of the .REG file to create

/y Overwrites any existing file without confirmation

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Use Flags to check the virtualization status or to set virtualization for a Key (i.e., to
maintain application compatibility), as shown here and in Table 2-6:

REG FLAGS <KeyName> [QUERY | SET [DONT_VIRTUALIZE:STATUS]

[DONT_SILENT_FAIL:STATUS] [RECURSE_FLAG:STATUS]] [/reg:32 | /reg:64]

Table 2-6. Reg.exe flags

QUERY Display the current flags for the key

DON'T_VIRTUALIZE Set the key to not permit UAC virtualization
DON'T_SILENT_FAIL Set the Silent Fail flag for the key
RECURSE_FLAG Sets recursion of flags on all subkeys
:STATUS Specify :SET or :CLEAR
/reg:32 Specifies the key should be accessed using the 32-bit Registry view
/reg:64 Specifies the key should be accessed using the 64-bit Registry view

Use Load to write previously saved subkeys into a different subkey in the Registry.
Use Query for operations such as troubleshooting Registry entries; it is intended for use
with temporary files (see Table 2-7).

REG LOAD <KeyName> <FileName>

REG QUERY <KeyName> [{/v ValueName | /ve}] [/s] [/se <Separator>]

[/f <Data>] [{/k | /d}] [/c] [/e] [/t <Type>] [/z]

Table 2-7. Reg.exe search switches

/f <Data> Specified the data or pattern that should be queried; use double quotes ""
if string will contain spaces
/k Search in key names only
/d Search in data only
/c Makes the query case sensitive
/e Only return exact matches
/t <Type> Specifies what specific Registry type to search, REG_SZ, REG_MULTI_SZ,
REG_DWORD_BIN_ENDIAN, REG_DWORD, REG_BINARY,
REG_DWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN, REG_LINK, REG_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR,
REG_EXPAND_SZ
/z Includes the numeric equivalent of the Registry type in the search results

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Use Restore to write previously saved keys and subkeys back into the Registry:

REG RESTORE <KeyName> <FileName>

Use Save to save a copy of specified subkeys to a file:

REG SAVE <KeyName> <FileName> [/y]

Use Unload to remove a section of the Registry previously added using REG_LOAD:

REG UNLOAD <KeyName>

RegIni is used to modify Registry files using a script contained in one or more text
files. The text file will contain REG.EXE commands (see Table 2-8):

REGINI [-m <\\ComputerNamee> | -h <HiveFile HiveRoot>] [-I n]

[-o <OutputWidth>] [-b] TextFiles...

Table 2-8. Working with scripts in Reg.exe

-m <\\ComputerName> Specifies the remote computer that is to have its Registry

modified by the command
-h <HiveFile HiveRoot> Specifies the local Registry Hive to modify
-i <n> Specifies the level of indentation to use in the Registry tree
structure; default value is 4
-o <OutputWidth> Specifies the width in characters of the command output to
appear in a Command window; default is 240 characters
-b Forces compatibility with earlier versions of REGINI.EXE
when working with different Windows versions
TextFiles The name of one or more text files containing the scripts

Modifying the Registry Using PowerShell

As an alternative to working with the Registry using RegEdit or the REG.EXE command,
you can also use PowerShell, which is built into all modern versions of Windows.
PowerShell allows the automation of common tasks such as creating and editing Registry
settings in the PC either directly or via Group Policy Objects.
Many more commands for working with and modifying the Registry are available
in PowerShell, and each has its own specific syntax. When PowerShell was first released
there were just 129 commands; now in Windows 8 there are over 2,000 commands
and functions. Indeed, there are no fewer than 57 PowerShell Registry commands, and
a full list with their syntax and usage can be found on the Microsoft MSDN website at
http://pcs.tv/1x9NW1M.

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PowerShell is a vast topic and anything more than a brief introduction is outside
of the scope of this book. Since most readers will be administrators working with the
Registry, we will assume that you will seek additional knowledge regarding PowerShell
if needed.
One of the first issues many beginners find when learning how to use PowerShell
is that a command (cmdlet) may not work as expected. A very common issue relates to
correctly setting the Set-ExecutionPolicy. To enable tests of your PowerShell scripts
within your virtual-lab test environment, you will need to open a new PowerShell
command console with administrative privileges and type the following within the
PowerShell command window:

Get-ExecutionPolicy

You should see that PowerShell is by default set to restricted—that is, to only allow
scripts that are digitally signed to run. You need to change that policy to unrestricted to
allow our scripts to work in our lab environment. Type the following:

Set-ExecutionPolicy Unrestricted

When the cmdlet runs, you will be given a warning. Type Y to accept the policy
setting. This command modifies a key within the Registry to allow scripts to run on your
PC without requiring that they be signed first. You will see later in this chapter the exact
setting within the Registry that this command changed.
PowerShell can modify settings in the Registry, File System, Certificate Store, and
other areas, which PowerShell classes as Drives. Within PowerShell, type:

Get-PSDrive

You will be presented with the current list of drives that PowerShell has the ability to
interact with.
Noice that PowerShell has access to two Hives within the Registry: HKEY_CURRENT_USER
and HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE. Just like the file system, you can navigate within the Registry
structure through PowerShell. Try typing the following (don’t forget the colon!):

CD HKCU:
DIR

If you want to view the properties of a Registry key, you can type:

Get-ItemProperty -Path HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\PowerShell\1\ShellIds\

Microsoft.PowerShell

You should see the properties of the key and this should correlate with the setting
you configured earlier in this chapter.

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If you wanted to set the value back to Remote Signed, you would type:

Set-ItemProperty -Path HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\PowerShell\1\ShellIds\

Microsoft.PowerShell -Name "ExecutionPolicy" –Value "RemoteSigned"

System administrators will also use Group Policy and Group Policy Preferences to
configure PCs within an enterprise. There are several PowerShell commands that can be
used when working with the Group Policy Preferences that set Registry values as shown
in Table 2-9.

Table 2-9. Setting Registry Values

Verb CMDLETS
Get Get-GPPrefRegistryValue
Get-GPRegistryValue
Set Set-GPPrefRegistryValue
Set-GPRegistryValue

■ Note You cannot use PowerShell to manage Registry settings that affect the security
settings or software installation settings on a PC.

ScanReg
If you are using a “legacy” or older PC, rather than a modern operating system, you
may still need to manage or repair your Registry. The Windows Registry Checker Tool
(Scanreg.exe) was included with Windows 98, ME, and NT. Microsoft provided this tool
for users to be able to fix issues, optimize the Registry, and back up or restore the database.
To access the ScanReg tool, restart the PC in a special startup mode called “Safe
Mode Command Prompt Only.” In Windows 98 a daily backup of the Registry would be
created. Restore the most recent Registry as follows:
•฀ Type cd\windows\command at the prompt, then press Enter.
•฀ Type Scanreg.exe/restore.
•฀ Select the required backup of the Registry from the list,
then press Enter.
The PC will restore and then you can restart the PC.
A GUI version of the tool ScanRegw is also available, which can be invoked by
selecting Run from the Start menu and typing scanregw. The result is shown in Figure 2-8.

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Figure 2-8. Legacy Registry maintenance with ScanRegw

■ Note ScanReg has been deprecated and is no longer included in modern versions
of Windows.

Process Monitor
Process Monitor (ProcMon) is one of the most comprehensive and powerful tools that
you should consider using when working with the Registry. Sure, the built-in RegEdit tool
can provide you with basic editing and functionality for occasional use, but the abilities of
the Process Monitor soon make the default tool very amateurish.
Process Monitor is not included in Windows but is a free tool from Microsoft that has
been created by the Sysinternals team and is fully supported by Microsoft. You can either
download and install it, or run it directly from the Sysinternals website, at
http://technet.microsoft.com/sysinternals.
Process Monitor allows you to monitor, record, and save Windows activity in real
time (i.e., dynamically). It looks at all file system, Registry, and process/thread activity
with the ability to log, analyze, and filter the results (see Figure 2-9). We are primarily
interested in its ability to focus on Registry activity. Many forensic and digital investigators
consider the tool the de facto advanced monitoring tool for Windows systems due to its
advanced features, including live filtering and the ability to save session details in Process
Monitor Format (PML), which further allows the data to be loaded into Process Monitor
for subsequent analysis.

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Figure 2-9. Process Monitor

■ Note The two legacy Sysinternals utilities, FileMon (File Monitor) and RegMon (Registry
Monitor), have been combined into the current Process Monitor tool.

You can see in Figure 2-9 that without filters applied, Process Monitor can capture
a staggering amount of data—over one million events were recorded within just 10
minutes. It is very important to understand how to apply filters to drill down and focus on
the data that you need.
One of the most useful features of the tool is the ability to apply and subsequently
save filters for later use. The underlying data is still available regardless of the filters
applied—if you remove the filters, then all of the data will be restored.
Simple filtering can be applied by using the event-class filter toggle buttons, which
are shown in Figure 2-10 on the toolbar above the activity screen.

Figure 2-10. Toggling the built-in event-class filtering buttons

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As shown in the column selection dialog (Figure 2-11), Process Monitor can display a
vast array of data, such as the time, date, type, path, username, and whether the process is
running in UAC virtualization mode.

Figure 2-11. Process Monitor column selection options

While the built-in filtering may appeal initially, most users will need more advanced
filtering. Process Monitor can filter the results on each of the columns and combine
results using the Boolean operators OR and AND. To build your own filter, type Ctrl+L or
select Filter from the menu bar and then select Filter.... With the Process Monitor Filter
dialog box open, use the drop-down menus to select which column heading to filter and
whether the item is included or excluded. Wild cards are also allowed within the filtering;
for instance, “Operation begins with Reg” will filter activities that affect the Registry, as
shown in Figure 2-12.

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Figure 2-12. Building Process Monitor filtering

If you create a set of filters that you would like to reuse, you can save the
configuration by using the Save Filter option within the Filter menu.

■ Note Process Monitor will collect data continuously after you open the tool. Each
subsequent filter applied will filter through an increasing amount of data. Consider clearing
the output by stopping the capture, applying the filter, and then restarting the capture.

Earlier in this chapter you used PowerShell to change the ExecutionPolicy on your
computer. To illustrate the power of Process Monitor, we created a filter to capture only
the Registry activity by the PowerShell.exe process before the Set-ExecutionPolicy
command was run. You can see the results in Figure 2-13. The entry that set the Registry
value is highlighted.

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Figure 2-13. Using Process Monitor to identify changes made to the Registry

You can right-click the entry in Process Monitor and select Jump to from the context
menu to open the Registry and view the newly modified entry. If you just want to see
the details of the modification you made, select Properties from the context menu of
the item as shown in Figure 2-14, which clearly shows the successful change of status to
Unrestricted.

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Figure 2-14. Using Process Monitor to view the properties of a Registry entry

We will revisit the Process Monitor tool in Chapter 3 to troubleshoot common

problems often found within the Registry.

Registry Cleaners
There is some debate about the relative merits or drawbacks of third-party Registry
cleaners and utilities and whether, especially on a fast, modern PC, they provide any
useful functionality at all. For those people who do like to clean their Registry, however,
the most popular tool is the free CCleaner (Figure 2-15), which can be downloaded from
www.piriform.com/ccleaner.

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Figure 2-15. Managing the Registry using CCleaner

CCleaner is a trusted utility that will automatically prompt you to make a backup
copy of your Registry before performing changes to it. It will then search for orphaned
(i.e., unused and unlinked) Registry keys and remove them. Using a Registry cleaner can
reduce the overall size, and therefore load time, of the Registry databases, and prevent
data corruption. Table 2-10 lists a number of popular third-party Registry cleaners.

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Table 2-10. Popular Third-Party Registry Cleaners

Tool Cost OS Download URL

AML Free Free Windows XP/2003/ http://www.amltools.com/
Registry Cleaner Vista/Windows 7/
Windows 8 (32 and 64 bit)
Auslogics Free Windows XP/Vista/ http://www.auslogics.com/en/
Registry Cleaner Windows 7/Windows 8.1 software/registry-cleaner/
download/
CCleaner Free Windows 8.1, 8, 7, Vista, http://www.techradar.com/
and XP (32 and 64 bit), downloads/ccleaner
but not RT tablet editions
EasyCleaner Free All versions of Windows: http://personal.inet.fi/
95/98/ME/NT 3.51 business/toniarts/ecleane.htm
(or newer)/2000/XP
JetClean Free Windows XP/2000/ http://www.bluesprig.com/
Vista/Windows 7/ jetclean.html
Windows 8 (32 and 64 bit)
Offline NT Free Supports all Windows http://pogostick.net/
Password and from NT3.5 to Win8.1, ~pnh/ntpasswd/
Registry Editor plus Server versions
RegCleaner Free Windows XP, 2000, http://www.techradar.com/
ME, 98, 95, NT downloads/regcleaner
Wise Registry Free Windows XP/Vista/ http://www.wisecleaner.com/
Cleaner Windows 7/Windows 8.1 wiseregistrycleanerfree.html

Summary
While RegEdit is the most well known and perhaps widely used utility for editing and
working with the Windows Registry, it’s by no means the only one available nor the most
flexible—that prize clearly goes to PowerShell.
However you want to work and whatever you’re most comfortable with, there’s a tool
or utility to help you get the job done. Armed with that arsenal, troubleshooting problems
in the Registry becomes a simpler task, and it’s this troubleshooting that we’ll look at in
the next chapter.

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CHAPTER 3

Troubleshooting a Corrupted
Registry

From our short exploration of Process Monitor, you can appreciate that for every piece
of software that is installed or run on and even removed from a PC, the system will write,
query, or delete entries in the Windows Registry. It is therefore vital that you maintain the
Registry carefully and ensure that it is kept in good working order.
It is not only that Windows depends on the Registry; applications also store settings and
query Registry keys on a regular basis to guide their operational behavior. When corruption
occurs, both system and application failures can often be traced to a rogue or incorrect
Registry item that can result in error messages and sometimes cause a system to crash.
The main causes of Registry corruption on PCs are...
•฀ Windows Registry corruption
•฀ Software installation or application failure
•฀ Hardware or device driver failure

Windows Registry Corruption

The Registry is a complex database that on occasion can become corrupted. This is,
however, quite rare, due to the approach that Microsoft has adopted and refined over the
last 30 years of developing Windows. Let us explain.
The Registry is implemented and managed by an executive subsystem called the
Configuration Manager (CM). The Registry is made up of several independent Hives,
which are then brought together for viewing by the Registry Editor. The CM organizes the
Hives on disk and ensures that whenever an application or operating system component
reads or changes Registry values or keys, the Registry is always in a recoverable
state—even if the PC suffers a crash during Registry modification.
This is achieved by caching parts of the Registry, which allows for very fast search,
write, and commit operations. The Registry has evolved from being stored in a simple, flat
file structure to benefitting from advances in database technology, so that each
in-memory operation is now treated as a transaction and recorded in a special
dual-logging scheme. This approach ensures that the transaction will be rolled back if
the task could not be completed due to a system failure. Only completed transactions are
committed to the Registry.
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In addition to the micro-level transactional processing, modern versions of Windows

offer self-healing capabilities with features and services such as improvements to
New Technology File System (NTFS) and automatic disk check and repair tools, so the
underlying file system on which the Registry files are stored remains safe from corruption,
thus maintaining Registry integrity.
When a PC is booted, at the beginning of the system boot process, prior to the kernel
being loaded (and before the user is presented with the login screen) the Windows
Boot Loader also runs some code to ensure the Registry is in a reliable state. If there
are inconsistencies, the Boot Loader can perform automatic repairs to fix them before
proceeding to load the kernel.
If the system encounters an issue where it needs to invoke a self-heal process, the
user will see a pop-up dialog box stating that there was a system error and that the error is
being repaired. Once this is completed the PC will continue to load normally.

Software Installation or Application Failure

We have already discussed that during its installation and subsequent configuration,
application software writes new Registry keys and updates others with the necessary data
to allow the software to work and for Windows to interoperate with the application.
When you use a tool such as Process Monitor, you can witness many hundreds
of thousands of key entries and configuration changes to the Registry during a typical
installation. Even if you deduct from this number an estimate of the Registry changes
that occur normally, you will still see many thousands of Registry interactions. Despite
advances in how Registry keys are created, modified, and deleted so that no transaction
can be left “orphaned” (i.e., partially complete), this is not the case on older operating
systems, on which the “blue screen of death” was often caused by the system not being
able to read the expected Registry key due to a write error or power outage corrupting part
of the Registry.
On all versions of Windows, the Registry is very susceptible to rogue keys being
written during software installations; very often numerous keys are simply left in place
even after the software has been uninstalled. Much of the time this is due to an element
of laziness by the software author and that during processing, the Registry does not check
the robustness of the transactions the software installer has provided.
Software vendors often use the Registry to store and maintain licensing information
for the software, which is often locked to the specific user account. In some cases the
practice of leaving behind licensing status information in the Registry can be a valid
strategy—for example, most trial versions of software will not allow the user to uninstall
and reinstall the same software on the same PC in order to gain an additional trial period.
You will also see in Chapter 5 how the prevalence of malware infecting a PC during
software installations is entirely preventable, though this is very much dependent upon
the usage of the PC, the user account credentials, and whether UAC is in operation.
In summary, over any period of time, whether this is one year or several years,
the Registry on your PC will often accumulate a great deal of unwanted, often obsolete
information. Unless malware causes other, more serious problems first, the combined
effect of this excess clutter will be a bloated Registry, which can lead to degradation of
system performance, increased frequency of application errors, and more system freezes
and crashes.

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Hardware or Device Driver Failure

Hardware and drivers are typically supplied by the hardware vendor and issued as a CD,
DVD, or download for the user to install when configuring the device.
For most of the lifetime of Windows, Microsoft has implemented a program that
allowed Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), upon payment of a fee, to supply
their drivers to the Microsoft Windows Hardware Quality Lab (WHQL) team. The WHQL
would extensively test and verify the compatibility of the driver against the selected
operating system, and if the driver was functional then Microsoft would digitally sign the
driver, include it in its Upgrade Advisor tool (which replaced the Hardware Compatibility
List [HCL] used in the XP timeframe), and make it available as part of Windows Update.
Hardware vendors could also enroll in Microsoft’s “Compatible with Windows XP”
or “Certified for Windows 7” programs, or later, the Windows Hardware Certification
Program—all of which boosted sales through the reassurance that the device/software
would be compatible.
Over the last five years, especially since Windows 7, hardware drivers have become
much more robust than those found in Windows XP and especially the troublesome
Vista. Windows XP suffered mainly due to the patchwork nature of its own evolution—
remember that XP was launched in 2001, years before innovations such as Bluetooth
and USB 2.0 had taken hold, and XP did not even Release to Manufacturing (RTM) with
a firewall in place. Over its lifespan Windows XP had three major service packs (SPs) as
well as thousands of smaller updates during the period that Microsoft still supported it.
While this may or may not have created an unstable platform on which OEMs had to write
drivers, it did create a headache for the HCL, and OEMs decided not to keep subscribing
over and over again to get drivers validated for each SP.
Over time as XP became widely adopted, OEMs cut back on the driver approval
process to save money. Without the habit or requirement to produce drivers that would
be verified against Microsoft’s strict compatibly testing, this resulted in some drivers
being released that were incompatible and in several cases very suspect in terms of
performance and reliability.
Windows Vista suffered from a number of driver-related issues at the time of release.
After a long period of Windows stagnation (remember, Windows XP was very successful
and users were reluctant to change), Vista arrived without much OEM support.
The lack of adequate driver support was primarily due to Microsoft having changed the
way in which Windows worked—Vista was a complete rework as far as the kernel, driver
support, and security model. Nearly every legacy driver thus would no longer work with
Vista. These legacy drivers would require a complete rewrite—something for which the
OEMs did not have the capacity (or, for a period of time, the skilled developers with the
up-to-date .NET skills to write them). Writing drivers for the new Windows therefore took
some time, both to learn the new skills needed and also to achieve the required driver
availability for the installed device population.

■ Note Just as with software installation, it is best practice to reboot the PC after each
installation of hardware. This effectively creates a point that is either stable or unstable.
Some issues may not present themselves to the user until after a reboot. Both are valuable
checkpoints if troubleshooting needs to take place subsequent to the installation.

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Resolving Registry Corruption

As we have mentioned, in some cases when the Registry detects inconsistencies in the
Registry because “dirty” data has been written, it will attempt to self-repair during the boot-
up process. However, while poorly written software and drivers may not pollute the Registry
with actual dirty data, they may leave the Registry in an unstable status or with areas of
untidiness, which may create system instabilities whenever these areas are accessed.
Windows provides several tools that administrators can use to restore the Registry
to a reliable state, including System File Checker, ChkDsk, System Restore, and Driver
Rollback. You can also use third-party tools that will help repair, clean, or defragment the
Registry.

System File Checker

System File Checker (SFC) is a legacy tool that still works on modern operating systems
using an administrative command prompt. SCF seeks to check the integrity of each
system file that exists within the Windows installation including Internet Explorer.
A corrupted Windows system file can cause system instability and security vulnerabilities,
and can lead to suboptimal performance during normal operations.
To invoke SFC, perform the following actions:
•฀ Insert your Windows DVD install media (but do not launch
setup).
•฀ Open an administrative command prompt.
•฀ Type: sfc /scannow and press Enter as shown in Figure 3-1.

Figure 3-1. Running System File Checker from the command prompt

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SFC is included with all versions of Windows, but if you are attempting to run SFC
on a Windows system that has been updated with one or more service packs, you will
need to provide a DVD (or mounted ISO) of the Windows installation files that include
the applied service patch. This is because SFC will check and use the SP versions of the
system files to replace corrupted files.

■ Note SFC will take a long time to complete (the screen capture in Figure 3-1 took
one hour). SFC will check each system file for integrity and will repair any damaged system
file that it finds.

SFC is not intended to be a regularly used troubleshooting tool; consider using it only
when you encounter issues that relate to an unstable system.

ChkDsk
Another legacy tool, Check Disk (ChkDsk and ChkNTFS), will scan the computer’s hard
drives for errors and fix them. The tool requires administrative credentials to run since it
operates at a low hardware level and needs to have exclusive access to the disk if fixing issues.
To run ChkDsk, open an administrative command prompt, type the following, and
press Enter, as shown in Figure 3-2.

ChkDsk C: /F

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Figure 3-2. Running ChkDsk from the administrative command prompt

Running the ChkDsk tool on the System drive will result in the task being scheduled
to run at the next system restart.
Any hard drive that is starting to fail to read or write data to the disk correctly is very
likely to lead to file corruption on the system. Normally if the PC encounters a corrupted
data file, this will result in some data loss and ultimately require the user to recover their
files from a backup or File History. You should be specifically interested in corrupted
Registry files as these can cause the system to hang or, more likely, crash.
Whenever Windows attempts and fails to read data from a corrupted system file,
page file, or the Registry, Windows will display a Stop error, commonly known as a blue
screen of death. If this happens, you should immediately troubleshoot your system
to establish whether this is an isolated incident or whether the blue screen is an early

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indication of likely drive failure resulting in widespread file corruption and Windows
instability. Drive failure may sound catastrophic, and it is, but normally some time prior
to this a drive will exhibit the aforementioned failures, which are typical symptoms of
bad sectors—areas of a disk that have become unusable. Most bad sectors are caused by
physical disturbances such as voltage surges, physical damage, or manufacturing defects.
Software tools such as ScanDisk and ChkDsk are available for users to try to recover
data. Typically once a bad sector is identified, the system marks it as bad so it will be
hidden from the operating system and never be used again for data.
Windows 8.1 updated the Chkdsk tool so that it will run automatically in the
background and actively monitor the health of NTFS volumes. Should a file system
corruption be detected, NTFS now self-heals most issues when Windows is running,
without requiring the tool to be run from an offline repair tool such as a recovery drive.

■ Note Under normal operational conditions you will not need to run Chkdsk if you use
Windows 8.1 as the OS now monitors the file system for corrupted or bad sectors and fixes
the problems as a background task.

CCleaner
Although we have already introduced the popular CCleaner tool from Piriform, it is worth
including it again here in relation to resolving common Registry corruption issues.
As discussed earlier, whenever software applications and hardware drivers are
installed or removed from a PC there will be inevitable issues with leftover or orphaned
fragments and incomplete or obsolete entries.
A Registry cleaner will carry out some or all of the following activities:
•฀ Scan your Registry for unwanted/malicious entries
•฀ Remove unwanted/malicious entries to mitigate against
Registry bloat
•฀ Remove outdated or superseded files
•฀ Create backups of the Registry
•฀ Remove incorrect file and program associations
•฀ Restore the Registry if any maintenance task fails
•฀ Defragment the Registry to remove any vacant spaces
(empty placeholders left behind in the Registry)
•฀ Repair or remove system files such as orphaned or shared DLL files,
and locate device drivers no longer required and old ActiveX files
•฀ Schedule scans to ensure that the Registry is scanned and errors
are repaired automatically

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Many third-party Registry cleaners will remove excess bloat and keys that are
no longer relevant to the current system by deleting the unwanted keys and then
defragmenting the Registry files.

System Restore
Turned on by default, System Restore has been a key recovery component of Windows
for many years and can be extremely useful to recover a system that has encountered a
variety of problems. One of the key aspects that we like is that the tool can be used by
users of any ability, and can be initiated from either the Graphical User Interface (GUI)
or, if the GUI is not stable or accessible, then from the Advanced Startup options within
Windows 8.
System Restore is designed to apply a previously working snapshot (or system state)
to your PC from an earlier date (such as yesterday or this morning), before it became
corrupted, infected, or otherwise problematic—such as an infection with malware or
a faulty driver. System Restore can be accessed via System Properties; select System
Protection as shown in Figure 3-3.

Figure 3-3. System Restore settings

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■ Note Performing a System Restore does not delete any of your personal files or
settings, but you will lose any apps or installed programs that you have added to your
system after the date of the chosen System Restore point. The installation files may still be
on your PC, but their Registry entries will have been removed.

Windows 7 improved System Restore by allowing users to view a list of applications

that might be affected by using System Restore. For any application other than a simple
self-contained executable (such as Procmon.exe), this can be a big deal. Newly installed
programs will not work after a System Restore recovery because the application entries
within the Registry will not be restored during the restoration process, causing the
software to fail when launched unless they are reinstalled.
Restore points are stored on the local system and managed by Windows
automatically. They will be triggered when the following activities take place:
•฀ Installation of new application
•฀ Installation of device driver
•฀ User manually creates a restore point within the System
Properties dialog box by clicking Create... (see Figure 3-4)

Figure 3-4. System Restore protection settings

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To restore a PC that has become unresponsive or keeps crashing, use one of the
following options.

Launch System Restore from Within the GUI

If you are using Vista, Windows 7, or Windows 8, you can launch the System Restore
wizard by performing the following steps:
•฀ Select System from the Administrative menu (Windows+X in
Windows 8 and 8.1).
•฀ Select System Protection.
•฀ Click the System Restore... button.
•฀ Choose the recommended restore point, or show more restore
points (see Figure 3-5).

Figure 3-5. Choosing additional System Restore recovery points

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•฀ Click Next and follow the wizard instructions, allowing the PC

to reboot.
•฀ Once the process is complete, Windows will display the System
Restore notification screen, which will advise if the process was
successful or if the restore point could not be applied.

■ Note System Restore has always received mixed reviews from IT professionals; some
like the tool, while others have little faith in its abilities. Our experience is that the tool is very
credible and works well, especially on well-maintained systems. It remains a valuable tool in
our troubleshooting toolkit and, being wizard driven, is generally not prone to user error.

Launch System Restore from the Advanced Options Menu

at Startup
On a Windows 7 PC, reboot the system and press F8 during the boot-up phase of startup,
prior the “Starting Windows” logo being displayed. You should then see the Advanced
Boot Options as shown in Figure 3-6. To start the System Restore wizard, select the Repair
Your Computer option.

Figure 3-6. Windows 7: Advanced Boot Options

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If you are using Windows 8 or later, you can also invoke the Advanced Startup tools
from within the GUI. If your PC will not boot into Windows due to startup failure, then
the OS should automatically restart in the Recovery Environment and offer you options to
help troubleshoot your PC.
If your PC does not offer you the recovery environment, insert your Windows 8 or later
DVD or Recovery Disc and follow the “Press any key to boot to the DVD” prompt. Click
Next, and then click Repair your computer. On the Choose an Option page, as shown in
Figure 3-7, select Troubleshoot. (External link: Windows Recovery Environment (Windows
RE) Overview, http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh825173.aspx.)

Figure 3-7. Windows 8: Recovery Environment

On the Troubleshoot page, select Advanced options, then select System Restore as
shown in Figure 3-8.

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Figure 3-8. Windows 8: Recovery Environment—advanced options

On the System Restore screen, choose the operating system that you want to restore
and then click Next. The System Restore wizard will now run, and you will be able to
follow the wizard as it prompts you to select the appropriate restore point and then restart
the PC.

Automatic Startup Repair

Windows 7 and later OSes can now attempt to automatically detect and repair many
common startup problems without the need for user intervention. In nearly all scenarios
where a PC has difficulty booting or starting, you should allow Windows to troubleshoot
and fix the problem before moving on with your recovery plan to a more advanced stage.
In Windows 8 the OS should initiate startup repair if any of the following issues are
present:
•฀ Windows fails to startup properly twice
•฀ Windows is restarted unexpectedly twice within two minutes after
the startup
•฀ An error is detected during Secure Boot
•฀ A BitLocker-related error is detected during startup on a touch-
only device
If you have moved to Windows 8 from an earlier OS such as Windows XP, Vista, or
Windows 7 and have tried to invoke the Advanced Boot Options by pressing F8, you will
have noticed that this option is no longer available.

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To allow a user to see the Advanced Boot Options, you will need to run the following
command:

BCDEdit /set {bootmgr} displaybootmenu yes

You can then reboot the system and enter the Recovery Environment as shown
previously, or wait for the command-line option, which allows you to press F8 and boot
into the Startup Settings without requiring you to use the Windows DVD, and offers the
tools shown in Figure 3-9. Notice that you can use either the number keys or function
keys F1 to F9 to select an option.

Figure 3-9. Windows 8: Advanced Startup Settings

■ Note By default the system will allow 30 seconds to decide if users wish to enter the
boot recovery options during startup. This setting can be set to a lower number (such as 10)
by changing the setting within the Startup and Recovery setting dialog box found in System
Properties.

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Last Known Good Configuration

Although this feature has been part of Windows for many years, most users either have
not seen the feature or perhaps have misunderstood it.
If the user is unable to sign in to the system for whatever reason, Windows provides
a little-known startup option called “Last Known Good Configuration” as shown in
Figure 3-10, which will replace the current system Registry configuration (HKLM\SYSTEM\
CurrentControlSet) with a saved version of the Registry in which the boot process had
been successful.

Figure 3-10. Windows 7: Selecting the Last Known Good Configuration option

A successful boot relates to the success criteria of each of the following actions:
•฀ Startup of auto-start services
•฀ Load of device drivers
•฀ User account sign in
Last Known Good Configuration should only use this feature if the problem relates to
the current signed-in session and the user reported no incidents in the previous login.

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The Registry stores information within the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM Hive to

indicate whether the system successfully started at the last startup. This information is
located in the following subkeys:
•฀ \CurrentControlSet (which acts as a pointer to the
ControlSetxxx subkey, where xxx represents a number, such as
001, shown below in the Current value)
•฀ \Select (which contains the following entries: Default, Current,
Failed, and LastKnownGood)
During normal Windows startup, the Windows Boot Loader uses the control set
given in the \Select\Default value, and if no errors are encountered then the values for
the subkeys Default, Current, and LastKnownGood will all contain the same ControlSet
subkey, such as ControlSet001.
If the startup process encounters issues and the user fails to sign in to a user account,
the subkey for the Failed entry is updated to point to the failed configuration definition
so that this is not used again.
In practice most troubleshooting issues relating to the startup process are
attributable to corrupt, faulty, or incorrect drivers or loading service configurations and
their interdependencies.

■ Note Last Known Good Configuration has been deprecated in Windows 8 and later in
favor of the new Recovery Environment.

Roll Back Driver

If an incompatible or corrupted device driver has been installed on the PC, it is very likely
to be responsible for any stability issues that may arise following the installation.
If you can sign in to Windows, you should be able to use a feature called Roll Back
Driver, which will allow you to replace the updated driver with the previously installed
driver, effectively rolling back the driver. In most cases this will resolve the problem. Roll
Back Driver is an option found on the Properties tab of the device within Device Manager
(see Figure 3-11), and was first introduced with Windows XP.

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Figure 3-11. Roll Back Driver feature and confirmation screen in Device Manager

If the system is very unstable and will not allow normal booting into Windows, you
can boot using Safe Mode, which is a version of Windows that loads a minimal set of
essential drivers. Once in Safe Mode you should be able to either roll back the driver, or
delete it and reinstall a working driver and then reboot.

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To boot into Safe Mode, use the same process as indicated before to boot to the same
menu that we saw for the Last Known Good Configuration (in Windows 7), then select
to boot the PC in Safe Mode. If you are using Windows 8, boot to the Advanced Startup
Settings shown in Figure 3-8 and select Enable Safe Mode.
Many of these driver issues have been mitigated over recent years for a number of
reasons, including a stable and consistent kernel model introduced with Windows Vista,
and also the increased shift toward 64-bit computing, which requires all drivers to be
digitally signed.

Summary
However you need to troubleshoot problems with the Registry, there are tools and
utilities that help you do it. Even if you’re unable to boot to the Windows desktop, you can
still use utilities built into the OS to repair problems.
The methods we’ve detailed so far, though, are primarily aimed at troubleshooting
and repairing problems for a single-user PC. If more than one user is set up on the
system, things can get slightly more complicated, and this is what we’ll deal with in the
next chapter.

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CHAPTER 4

Working with Other Users’

Registry Files/Advanced
Troubleshooting

Working on the Windows Registry shouldn’t ever be an overly difficult or arduous task,
especially if it’s your own Registry, you need to make changes or troubleshoot a problem
for the currently signed-in user, or you need to fix a hardware or general Windows issue.
Sometimes, however, you might find that more than one person uses the same PC and
you need to make changes to all of their accounts. You can’t rely on those other people
being around and coming to sign in to the PC when you need them to so you can expedite
your repair work.
It is possible, though, to work on the Registry files of more than one user account
on a PC from within a single administrator-level account, which can save valuable time,
frustration, and the need to save text and configuration files containing all the necessary
changes, let alone transport those files from one account to another.

Working on Other Users’ Registry Files

We have seen how important the Registry is in relation to Windows and how
modifications to the Registry can affect how the PC will operate. Within an enterprise,
administrators will often use Group Policy to configure, deploy, and manage applications,
settings, and user preferences on PCs within the organization.
We will now discuss how to manage Registry settings on other users’ PCs using the
following tools:
•฀ Regedit.exe
•฀ Remote Registry Service
•฀ Windows PowerShell
•฀ Group Policy Preferences

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RegEdit.exe
RegEdit was introduced in Chapter 2, so we will dive straight into how to use this built-in
Windows tool to connect to another Registry on a different PC.
If you are testing this scenario locally, you can export a copy of your own Registry,
which you can then import to work with. Open Command Prompt (Admin) either by
searching for it in the Start Menu or at the Start Screen, or by pressing Windows+X in
Windows 8 or 8.1, and then type the following:

C:\mkdir c:\Temp
Regedit.exe /e c:\temp\yourname.reg

To load another Registry Hive into the current Hive, follow the steps below:
1. Log on to your computer as an administrator.
2. Type RegEdit at the Start Screen and press Enter.
3. Accept the User Account Control (UAC) warning.
4. Select the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE branch.
5. From the File menu, select Load Hive.
6. Locate the Registry file that you want to load and click OK.
7. Provide a friendly name for the loaded Registry file.
Once you have inspected or amended the Registry settings, you should unload the
Registry file by selecting Unload Hive from the File menu.
If you want to connect to the Registry owned by another user account, you can run
RegEdit.exe as before, but then open the NTuser.dat from the user profile that you
wish to access. The NTuser.dat (or NTuser.man for a mandatory user profile) files are
found within the Documents and Settings folder for Windows Vista or the Users folder in
Windows 7 or later. Essentially you will load another users’ Registry Hive file onto your
own PC and view them within the HKEY_USERS Hive, as shown in Figure 4-1.
1. Log on to your computer as an administrator.
2. Type RegEdit at the Start Screen and press Enter.
3. Accept the UAC warning.
4. Select the HKEY_USERS branch.
5. From the File menu, select Load Hive.
6. Browse to the profile directory and select NTuser.dat.
7. When prompted for Key Name, input their username as a
reference label.
8. RegEdit will then import the user’s Registry data.
9. Once you have reviewed or made your changes, highlight the
Hive and select the Unload Hive option from the File menu.

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Figure 4-1. Loading NTuser.dat in RegEdit

To load the same Hive directly into RegEdit, type the following command, with
the username of the account you want to load the Hive for, into an elevated Command
Prompt or administrative PowerShell console:

reg.exe load HKLM\TommyLee "c:\users\Tommy Lee\ntuser.dat"

■ Note You are only able to use RegEdit to access the HKEY_USERS and
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE Hives from another user.

The system hides NTuser files by default, so you may need to amend your Folder
Options settings within File Explorer to enable the viewing of hidden system files.
If you do not have third-party tools available and you want to compare two registries
side by side, you can use the following command in an administrative PowerShell console
to open an additional, separate instance of RegEdit:

Regedit.exe –m

If you do not have an existing instance of RegEdit running, you will receive an error.
Once you have two instances of RegEdit running, if you are using Windows 7 or
later you can use the Windows Snap feature to compare the results side by side, as
shown in Figure 4-2.

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Figure 4-2. Multiple RegEdit windows using Windows Snap

If you are not familiar with the Snap feature, you can use the keyboard shortcuts:
Windows+left arrow to snap the window against the left side or Windows+right arrow to
snap it against the right.

■ Note The Regedit.exe –m command will work with Windows XP and later OSs, and
requires at least one instance of RegEdit already to be running.

Remote Administration
To activate Remote Administration on a PC there are several steps to go through. The first
is to open the Group Policy Editor (search for gpedit.msc in the Start Menu search box or
at the Start Screen) and navigate to Computer Configuration ➤ Administrative Templates
➤ Network ➤ Network Connections ➤ Firewall, and then either Domain Profile or
Standard Profile depending on how you will connect to and manage the PC.
You will want to enable the Windows Firewall: Allow inbound remote administration
exception. When you do this you will be informed (see Figure 4-3) that this will permit
tools such as the Microsoft Management Console (MMC) and Windows Management
Instrumentation (WMI) to remote-administer the PC.

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Figure 4-3. Activating Remote Administration in the Group Policy Editor

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You will also be told to open TCP ports 135 and 445 in the firewall. To open the
firewall, either search for Firewall in the Start Menu or at the Start Screen and, when it
opens, click the Advanced Settings link in the left panel, or open the Administrative Tools
from the Control Panel and you will see Windows Firewall with Advanced Security listed.
In the Advanced Firewall, click the Inbound Rules link in the left panel, then the New
Rule… link in the right panel. You can now create a new inbound rule to permit access to
ports 135 and 445 (see Figure 4-4).

Figure 4-4. Opening a port in the Windows Firewall

■ Note You can enable or disable the Remote Administration exception in Group Policy
from the Command line by using the command netsh firewall set service
type = remoteadmin mode = [mode] where [mode] is either enable or disable.

The last step is to activate the Remote Registry service on the PC you want to
remotely administer. The Remote Registry Service can be found in the Windows Services
panel, or you can search for services.msc in the Start Menu search box or at the Start
Screen (see Figure 4-5).

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Figure 4-5. Starting the Remote Registry Service

To activate the service, right-click and select Properties from the context menu that
appears. The service is disabled by default but a dialog will appear where you can enable
and start the service.

■ Note To enable and start the Remote Registry service from the Command Prompt,
type sc start RemoteRegistry. You can set it to automatically start each time the
computer boots using the command sc config RemoteRegistry start = auto.

Connecting to a Remote Registry

For information to be polled from a target PC you must first ensure that the Remote
Registry Service is enabled and running, as shown in Figure 4-6.

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Figure 4-6. Enabling the Remote Registry Service

With the Remote Registry Service running on both the local and remote PCs, you can
then attempt to connect across the network from within RegEdit:
1. Log on to your computer as an administrator.
2. Type RegEdit at the Start Screen and press Enter.
3. Accept the UAC warning.
4. Click File and select Connect Network Registry
5. Enter the name of the PC you wish to connect to. You can also
click the Advanced button and then click Find Now to list all
available PCs on the network that you can connect to.
6. Click OK.
7. You will now see the PC listed and two new branches appear
within RegEdit: one for HKLU and one for HKU.
8. Once you have reviewed or made your changes, highlight the
Computer icon and select the Disconnect Network Registry
option from the File menu.
If you prefer to use the command line rather than the GUI tools, you can use the
following commands to enable and start the Remote Registry Service, respectively:

sc config remoteregistry start=demand

net start remoteregistry

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Windows PowerShell
PowerShell does not natively allow the manipulation of the Registry on a remote PC.
This could be achieved through some coding to create a script with the .NET Framework
(using the Microsoft.Win32.Registry and Microsoft.Win32.RegistryKey classes),
but this is outside of the scope of this book.
In Chapter 2 we explored how PowerShell could be used to configure Registry
settings with Group Policy Preferences, which can be directed at remote PCs and users
in an organization.

Using Group Policy Preferences

Enterprise administrators may have to maintain thousands of PCs and servers within
their organization. Manually configuring changes to each PC would be very time
consuming and error prone. Group Policy is a feature of Microsoft’s popular Active
Directory Directory Services (AD DS), which allows resources such as user accounts,
groups, PCs, and servers to be managed centrally.
Group Policy Preferences (GPPs) were introduced with the Windows XP Group
Policy Preference Client Side Extensions. They added the ability for an administrator
to deploy and modify Registry settings to multiple PCs and servers within the
organization easily. Registry settings are only one of the types of settings that GPPs allow
administrators to maintain. This section will provide you with some insight and guidance
for using GPPs to deploy and modify Registry settings in your own environment.
If you are signed into a domain-joined PC and have and account with administrative
credentials, you will be able to use the Remote Server Administration Tools (RSAT) to
manage AD DS from your PC. Alternatively you can open a console connection to the
server (if permitted) using the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) and use the AD DS tools
interactively.
Download the version of RSAT that you need from from the Microsoft web site. There
are different versions of RSAT for different versions of Windows, so you should search for
the one you need.
Using your PC or the server, you will now take a look at the GPPs and how they can
be used to manage Registry settings within the enterprise:
1. Using either a PC with RSAT installed or a RDP console to the
server, open the Group Policy Management Console (GPMC).
2. Right-click Group Policy Objects (GPOs) and select New, then
provide the GPO a name such as ModifySoftware.
3. Right-click the ModifySoftware GPO, and select Edit.
4. Expand Computer Configuration ➤ Preferences ➤ Windows
Settings and then double-click the Registry icon.
5. Right-click Registry and select New as shown in Figure 4-7.

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Figure 4-7. Creating new Registry keys with Group Policy Preferences

There are three Registry key options available to choose from, as shown in Table 4-1.

Table 4-1. Options for Creating New Registry Keys with Group Policy Preferences

New Option Description

Registry Item Allows creation of a single Registry item.

Collection Item Creates and organizes Registry Preference items into a folder.
Useful if you need to add a group of Registry items.
Registry Wizard Wizard to use the local Registry as a reference, or connect to a
remote PC. Allows creation of single or multiple entries.

1. Choose the Registry Wizard.

2. Browse to the required location and configure the required
keys and values to import into the GPPs.
3. Click Finish.
4. Expand the Registry entries and review as shown in Figure 4-8.
5. By default the Action is set to Update.

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Figure 4-8. Setting the Action condition within Group Policy Preferences

There are four Action options available to choose from, as shown in Table 4-2.

Table 4-2. Action Conditions Available Within Group Policy Preferences

Available Action Description

Create • Creates the Registry item
• Ignored if the item exists
Update (Default) • If the item already exists, it will be updated
• It the item does not exist, it will be created
Replace • Delete the existing item if it already exists and create a new item
Delete • Deletes the item

1. Once you have reviewed the options, click OK.

2. Link the GPO to an Organizational Unit to enable it.
3. Close the GPMC.

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■ Note When you run Group Policy on your local machine, you are using Local Group Policy,
which does not contain Group Policy Preferences. GPPs can be managed from systems with
the GPP Client Side Extensions. These extensions need to be separately downloaded for
Windows XP and Windows Server 2003, but are available as a built-in feature that you can
enable on client PCs running Windows Vista with Service Pack 1 (or later) with the RSAT or
Windows Server 2008 (or later).

Comparing Registries
We have already mentioned that nearly everything that is installed or configured on a
Windows PC is stored within the Registry. During a typical software installation you will
be surprised by the scale of how much Registry activity occurs. Often tens of thousands of
Registry keys are added or edited during even a relatively small software installation. If we
were able to compare the Registry of a PC before and after one of these events, we would
be able to see the changes made within the Registry.
We can use special utilities to effectively take snapshots of the Registry, before
and after these events, so that we can make a comparison between two exported files.
Another forensic technique is to compare registries from one machine and a different or
reference PC to identify the changes that are in effect between the two PCs. Some Registry
comparison tools are listed in Table 4-3.

Table 4-3. Popular Third-Party Registry Compare Utilities

Tool Download URL

File Compare (fc.exe) Included in Windows XP
InstallWatch Pro http://installwatch-pro.en.lo4d.com/
Process Monitor http://technet.microsoft.com/sysinternals/bb896645.aspx
(Windows Sysinternals)
Regshot www.aplusfreeware.com/categories/util/registry.html
Tiny Watcher http://kubicle.dcmembers.com/watcher/
Total Commander http://ghisler.com/
What Changed www.majorgeeks.com/files/details/what_changed.html
WinDiff www.grigsoft.com/download-windiff.htm
WinMerge http://winmerge.org

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Advanced Troubleshooting
All of the repair methods for the Windows Registry that we’ve detailed so far rely on the
OS being in a state in which it will either boot, or the startup options will work. What
should you do, though, if the Registry is so corrupt that neither of these is an option? Do
you need to reinstall the OS from an image backup or can the Registry still be repaired?
The former option is often seen as the quick and simple way for a systems
administrator to fix a problem, but it’s rarely as quick and simple as might first appear.
Yes, you can restore a Windows system image in less than the 30 minutes—normally
deemed “the holy grail” of repair times, especially in a enterprise environment—but most
PCs will very likely then have a huge number of Windows, software, and other updates to
install, not to mention any configuration or user changes that were made after the backup
image was created.
All of these things can add an extra couple of hours to the repair time for a PC, during
which the machine itself, and the person relying on it, is unproductive. Tools do exist to
help you repair the Registry in case of a full-on crisis, however, and some careful planning
and preparation can help get even an unbootable Windows installation working again.

Running RegEdit from Windows Installation Media

One of the ironies about the Windows operating system is that as the OS has become
more stable, reliable, and robust, the amount of tools and utilities available to repair it has
expanded in number and functionality. Your Windows installation media also contains
these tools, such as System Restore, mentioned in Chapter 3.
You can also access RegEdit by booting from your Windows installation media. The
process for doing this will vary slightly depending on the Windows version you are using.

Booting into the Recovery Options in Vista and Windows 7

If you are repairing a Windows Vista or Windows 7 installation, click through the language
choice when starting the PC from your installation media and, at the Install screen, click
the Repair your computer link. This will likely, but not always, launch System Image
Repair and you’ll need to get out of this.
Check the option to Restore your computer using a system image that you created
earlier and click Next. It’s likely that no additional images will be found, but either way at
the next dialog you’re presented with Re-image your computer. Click Cancel to access the
Windows Recovery options (see Figure 4-9).

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Figure 4-9. Accessing the Recovery Options in Windows Vista and Windows 7

When the System Recovery Options appear, open the Command Prompt, and it’s
here that you can type RegEdit.exe to start RegEdit.

Booting into the Recovery Options in Windows 8 and Windows 8.1

Starting a PC from installation media in Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 can be trickier,
because the OS starts so quickly that there’s not time enough in which to press F8 to
display the boot options menu.
You can access the PC’s BIOS/UEFI system and change the boot order if need be,
and how you do this will vary from one PC to another, but it’s more likely at this point that
Windows won’t start at all, so you should boot fine from the installation media.
At the first options screen click the Troubleshoot option, and then Advanced Options
at the next screen. You will now see a Command Prompt button to click (see Figure 4-10),
and it’s here that you can type RegEdit.exe to start RegEdit.

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Figure 4-10. Accessing RegEdit from Windows 8 and 8.1 installation media

Using RegEdit from the Recovery Environment

RegEdit, when run from Windows installation media, or indeed from a system recovery
disk or USB recovery drive, won’t be connected to the Registry files for Windows on your
hard disk, nor will they be attached to the Registry files for any user account on the PC.
Instead, you will be looking directly at the Registry for the installation media itself, and
yes, it does have one; see Figure 4-11.

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Figure 4-11. Using RegEdit from your installation media

You will thus need to connect RegEdit to the appropriate file or files you want to work
on. This is done in the Administrative Command Prompt before you open RegEdit itself,
and was detailed at the beginning of this chapter.
You will connect to a user’s Registry files using the command reg.exe load HKLM\
TommyLee "c:\users\Tommy Lee\ntuser.dat", but you may want to change the
name and location of the .dat file to one of the core OS Registry files located in the
%systemroot%\System 32\Config\ folder of the hard disk, as detailed in Chapter 1.
Once connected to the appropriate Registry file, you can make changes in the same
way as if you were using RegEdit on a working PC, including importing a backup copy of
an old Registry file if this is required.

Repairing the Registry using a Portable OS

Windows Vista introduced a system called Shadow Copy, which allows backups to be
made of core operating system files while they’re still in use. This allows you to add the
core Registry files to your standard regular backup. You do have one, right?
Optionally, when you create a System Image of the OS you may choose to create
backup copies of the Registry manually within RegEdit itself. Bear in mind, however,
that restoring an older copy of a full Registry to a Windows installation that has had OS,
software, and driver updates and changes will inevitably create a situation where some
components will be unstable or nonfunctional.

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■ Note A quick note on the System Volume Information folder, which System Restore uses
to make periodic backup copies of system files, including the Registry: these files are stored
in a compressed and encrypted *.dat file container and cannot be accessed for reasons
of security and to prevent malware infection.

This brings us back to adding your PC’s Registry files to your regular backup. Armed
with these files you can start your PC from a portable OS such as GNU/Linux, Ubuntu
(as shown in Figure 4-12), or a USB-bootable copy of Windows and restore those Registry
files using the file explorer in the portable OS. This will allow you to display all files,
though bear in mind you will likely need to check the relevant option to show all hidden
files on the hard disk.

Figure 4-12. Using a portable OS to restore a backed-up Registry

■ Note You cannot use a Windows To Go USB Flash Drive to access the file system on the
host computer, as it is blocked for security reasons.

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Creating a Portable Windows OS USB Flash Drive

It is possible to create a bootable Windows 7, Windows 8, or Windows 8.1 USB flash drive,
containing all your software without requiring Windows To Go. This can be useful if
you do not have access to an Enterprise edition of Windows 8 or 8.1 (Windows 7 did not
support Windows To Go).
You will need a spare license for the copy of Windows you install on the USB flash drive,
but it has the advantage of being able to let you view all the folders and files on the host PC.
To create a portable Windows installation you will need an install DVD or ISO file.
1. Open the Command Prompt (Admin) from within Windows
on the desktop.
2. Type diskpart and press Enter.
3. Type list disk and press Enter. This displays a list of disks in
your PC. Make a note of the number for the USB flash drive
(1, 2, etc.).
4. Type select disk n, where n represents the disk number for
your USB flash drive.
5. Type clean and press Enter to prepare the drive for
formatting.
6. Type create partition primary and press Enter.
7. Type format fs=ntfs quick and press Enter.
8. Type active and press Enter to make the newly created
partition the active (bootable) partition.
9. Type assign letter=e and press Enter, to temporarily assign a
drive letter to the flash drive so you can install Windows onto it.
10. Type Exit and press Enter to exit Diskpart.
11. Now place your Windows installation DVD into your DVD
drive or mount your ISO image as a drive. You can mount
ISO images natively in Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 by
right-clicking them and selecting Mount from the options
that appear. In Windows 7 you will need a third-party utility
such as WinISO.
12. Back at the Command Prompt type dism /apply-image
/imagefile=f:\sources\install.wim /index:1
/applydir:e:\ where f is the location of your ISO file or
DVD and e is the USB flash drive. This will copy the
Windows installer image to the flash drive and takes
around 8GB of space.
13. Type bcdboot.exe e:\Windows /s e: /f ALL to set the USB
flash drive as being bootable.

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You can now boot your PC from the flash drive, but note that you may need to
change the boot setting in the BIOS/UEFI for this, and use this portable OS to repair the
host PC. The initial setup process for the flash drive when you first start the PC from it can
take some time, and it’s a good idea to do this on the PC you intend to repair, as moving
the drive between different PCs—especially with different BIOS/UEFI types—can result in
the flash drive not working on some machines or Windows believing the hardware it has
been installed on has changed, and asking for a fresh product key.

■ Note If you intend to use this flash drive for a one-time repair, Windows 7 presents
a good option, as it offers a 30-day trial of the OS. You can download a trial of the
current Windows version from the TechNet Evaluation Center at
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-gb/evalcenter.

One last point to note is that you can repair any version of Windows by using any
other version of Windows as a portable OS. It is, for example, perfectly okay to repair
Windows 10 using a Windows 7 bootable Flash Drive. The two operating systems won’t be
in a dual-boot system, and so long as one can read the file system of the other all will work
well. This won’t work with drives that are encrypted with BitLocker Drive Encryption,
however, where you will need to resort to a System Image recovery.

Repair the Registry Without Booting Windows

Everyone likes a new tool or program, and I recall a Microsoft trainer friend explaining
to me one day how she had used a tool called Autoruns—another utility from the
Sysinternals Suite. She decided that the userinit.exe listed on her Windows XP machine
was spyware, and deleted the item from the list in Autoruns. Not such a great idea,
because once she rebooted her PC and tried to log on, the machine automatically logged
off again. Somehow, she had removed a crucial setting within the Registry and could not
gain access to the Registry (or Autoruns) to fix the problem.
We have discussed several ways in which a modern operating system can recover
from a scenario like this one, but my favorite is still System Restore. There are several
third-party tools that will help fix Windows problems prior to Windows loading—these
are especially useful for systems running an OS prior to Windows 8.1 as they allow
booting direct from a CD or DVD. Recovery tools that allow you to access the Registry
from outside of Windows include the following:
•฀ PCRegEdit
•฀ Hiren’s Boot CD
•฀ Lazesoft Recovery Suite Home—Recovery CD
•฀ UBCD4Win
•฀ DaRT—part of the Microsoft Desktop Optimization Pack for
Software Assurance (MDOP)

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We will walk through the steps to recover the preceding case study by using the
popular Hiren’s Boot CD.
1. Download the Hiren’s Boot CD ISO.
2. Create a bootable USB or CD from Hirensbootcd.iso.
3. Boot the PC with the Hiren disk, then select Mini Windows XP.
4. Allow Mini XP to load, then click the Hiren menu icon and
select Registry, then Registry Editor PE.
5. Set the remote Windows directory to C:\Windows and click OK.
6. To edit the Registry Hive HKEY_CURRENT_USER, you need to
load NTUSER.DAT from the User directory.
7. Expand HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE and navigate to
_REMOTE_SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\
CurrentVersion\Winlogon.
8. Edit the Userinit key and set the value to
"C:\Windows\System32\Userinit.exe" as shown in Figure 4-13.
9. When you close RegEdit the Hives will automatically unload
and you can then exit the Hiren’s toolkit and reboot the PC.

Figure 4-13. Editing the Userinit key within RegEdit

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Summary
With PCs being designed to maximize the potential for multi-user environments, it might
seem perplexing that it’s often difficult to edit and troubleshoot the Registry files for
user accounts other than your own. As you have seen in this chapter, however, it can be
achieved without too much fuss.
The primary reason for Microsoft making it difficult, however, is to maintain a high
level of security for both the Registry and the PC, and it’s maximizing your Registry’s
security that we’ll talk about in the next chapter.

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Securing the Registry

As a parent, I was once told that if children are left to play, then they will happily play all
day without getting themselves into any trouble, but if a door or garden gate is forgetfully
left open, then children will wander, explore, begin to get into mischief. . . . There are
many doors in the Registry, but while some may be opened, thankfully Windows will
protect us from destroying the Registry. On a modern operating system, the Windows
security model is very robust and will do a very good job at protecting itself from
destruction, sometimes despite our own best endeavors to undermine security.
As you discovered earlier, a PC is only secure if Windows does not get
compromised. Windows can be attacked from many vectors, and we will highlight a few
in this chapter to help prevent unauthorized access to your system and ultimately the
Registry. We have identified several areas where an attacker can seek to gain access to
your system. These include:
•฀ Physical security
•฀ Anti-malware
•฀ User protection
•฀ Encryption
•฀ Password security

Physical Security—Locking the Door

We have learned that a defense-in-depth approach to security is the best way to protect
our systems. That is, we should protect the heart of the system by building up layers of
defenses to either thwart attackers or to slow and discourage them during their attack so
that they are motivated to move on to an easier target. In this section we offer a number of
recommendations that can be applied specifically to securing the Registry.

Disable the Remote Registry Service

You saw in Chapter 4 that to enable remote administration of the Registry, you must
enable the Remote Registry Service. To prevent unauthorized access to your Registry
across the network, you should ensure that the Remote Registry Service is disabled and
not running (by default it is set to Disabled), as shown in Figure 5-1.

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Figure 5-1. Ensuring the Remote Registry Service is disabled

Restrict Remote Users

Members of the special Remote Management Users group are given the necessary group
membership rights to be allowed to manage the PC remotely. In Windows 8, you should
review the built-in Remote Management Users group membership and ensure that only
the user accounts that you approve are listed. Remove any user accounts and user groups
that should not have access as shown in Figure 5-2.

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Figure 5-2. Configuring Remote Management Users Group membership

Windows 7 provides remote access to only administrators of the machine, whereas in

Windows 8 members of the Remote Users Group are also granted remote access to
the machine.

Driver Signature Enforcement

In Windows 8, all device drivers are digitally signed, which guarantees that the driver has
not been tampered with. This should reassure us that the driver is safeguarded against
being infected with malware.
A signed driver, however, is not a guarantee that it will be compatible with your
hardware. As we have already discussed in Chapter 3, drivers are allowed to write information
directly into the Registry, and badly written drivers have been known to have caused system
failures especially when installed on Windows XP and Windows Vista devices.
Driver signing is a good way to protect a system from rogue, poorly written, or
infected driver software. Unfortunately the appreciation of what driver signing means is
seldom understood, especially by non-technical people.
Drivers remain an essential commodity for the PC owner and an area that attracts
a lot of attention from people with unscrupulous intent. You only need to search for a
driver on the Internet to find dozens of websites offering to provide you with drivers
that, unknown to the user, will include additional software that infects your PC with
ransomware or spyware. Both of these activities fool thousands of people daily and this
“business” is now worth millions of dollars annually.

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In case you are still unsure whether an unsigned driver is cause for concern, let us
delve a little deeper. Windows has been built to run in two main modes—a kernel mode
and a user mode. User mode runs applications and software on a top layer of Windows
and interacts continuously with the operating system, but never directly controls system
resources, RAM, CPU, or hard drives.
Kernel mode is a trusted area. Windows gives full access to the internal memory
spaces and does not regulate, check, or provide any protection to the system from
components that are trusted to run in kernel mode. Internal Windows processes,
including system code such as services and device drivers, run completely within kernel
mode. It is therefore vital that these components be carefully designed and tested,
because once they have access to run in kernel mode they completely bypass Windows
security to access objects on the system.
To list all drivers that have been registered on a PC, you can use the built-in
Msinfo32.exe utility in Windows.
1. Search for Msinfo32 on the Start screen in Windows 8.1 or in
the Start Menu in Windows 7.
2. Select the System Drivers entry under Software Environment.
3. Sort the drivers by the Started column; drivers that are loaded
are represented by a “Yes” in Figure 5-3.

Figure 5-3. Using Msinfo32.exe to view loaded drivers

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You can also view the list of loaded kernel-mode drivers with Process Explorer,
another tool in the Sysinternals suite.
The pop-up warning that a user receives when they attempt to load an unsigned
third-party driver is often ignored, yet this is potentially one of the most common points
of entry into a system that malware can adopt.

■ Note There is no way to turn off the “unsigned driver” pop-up warnings in Windows on
a permanent basis.

Restrict Physical Access

It may sound bizarre, but the majority of cyberattacks are carried out in person—
interactively, from inside the enterprise, at an unattended PC or using a stolen laptop.
Users should always lock their PCs when they leave their workstations, and devices should
be configured to require a password whenever they resume from sleep or hibernation.
Windows 8 allows the PC to be locked manually by the user, or to lock automatically
based on system inactivity, as shown in Figure 5-4. Within an enterprise environment
administrators can also set this criteria by using Group Policy.

Figure 5-4. Windows 8 lock screen

In addition to using a lock screen, Windows employs an additional security feature

that requires the user to click or hit any key to expose the login screen from the lock
screen as shown in Figure 5-5.

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Figure 5-5. Windows 8 interactive login screen

Anti-Malware: Location, Location, Location

Windows has suffered greatly due to malware. The infection rate is significantly
more prevalent on older operating systems, where users routinely signed in using
administrative credentials (especially home and workgroup users) and allowed malware
programs such as viruses, spyware, and Trojans to create entries within the Registry,
which then allowed the malware access to the heart of their PCs.
PCs in home and workgroup settings continue to be affected to a greater extent than
PCs in enterprise settings. Typically an enterprise user is provided with a preconfigured,
managed device which is pretty much “locked down,” and operators will not have the
necessary permissions to install additional software. Only the IT team and helpdesk
members will be able to add or remove software, and often this is controlled centrally by
using Group Policy. By default users are members of the Standard Users group, which
prevents them from making modifications to their PCs. In some situations, even the user
profile is fixed by using mandatory profiles—another method of restricting the human
interaction with the system Registry.
Members of a workgroup or HomeGroup in a peer-to-peer network—very popular
in small and micro businesses with up to 10 PCs—are often configured to share multiple
resources such as files, folders, and printers. This small shared network can provide an
ideal environment for sharing software, which often leads to malware infestation that can
quickly spread across the network.
The users of non-managed PCs are most at risk from Registry corruption and
malware infestation, and they are also the least knowledgable about their vulnerability.
Users in this group install software from a variety of sources, and in much greater
frequency, often downloaded from torrent sites or file-sharing repositories. Typically
a home and micro business user will utilize the administrator account as their normal
user account and will ignore security warnings and UAC prompts designed to prevent
unauthorized software installation such as malware (which often hitches a ride with
freeware or shareware).

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Windows 8 and 8.1 include a built-in anti-malware package called Windows

Defender, which is available as an optional download for Windows 7, where it’s called
Security Essentials. This package forms the central internal defense for Windows
against virus, malware, and spyware attacks, though it also relies on additional Windows
components such as SmartScreen. So long as the software is running, and you have
Windows Updates enabled, your PC will be protected and Windows Defender will
monitor your system for issues in real time, as shown in Figure 5-6.

Figure 5-6. Windows Defender status

To confirm that your anti-malware signatures are current and that Windows
Defender is configured to operate in the background and perform real-time scanning,
perform the following steps:
1. Type defender into the Start Screen and press Enter.
2. Windows Defender will open.
3. Review the Real-time protection status (on/off ).
4. Review the status of the virus and spyware definitions.
5. If necessary click Update.
6. Close Windows Defender.
Because Microsoft is able to update malware signatures via Windows Update quickly
to millions of PCs around the globe, Windows PCs are protected against the constant
threat of malware.
Enterprise customers will often choose to configure PCs within their organization
to receive enterprise-level anti-malware software updates, which allows greater
management capabilities such as deployment, reporting, and isolation-based quarantine.

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The introduction of UAC has greatly reduced the infection rate from malware,
although malware has also continued to advance and keeps finding new and innovative
ways to infect our PCs.

User Protection—User Account Control

We have mentioned UAC several times in this book, and we want to restate the
importance of maintaining this feature in its default state. It does an excellent job at not
only protecting the Registry, but also protecting the whole of Windows (see Figure 5-7).

Figure 5-7. UAC protects the system from unauthorized changes

Most security breaches, malware, and Registry corruption is related to tasks carried
out with administrator privileges—the most trusted status. Standard user accounts, on
the other hand, are limited in their ability to make system-wide changes, and are even
prevented from launching tools that could be used to make changes, such as allowing
applications to be installed.
Some references mention UAC as a user protection tool, since it is aimed at
protecting the system from the user, but unfortunately it is often ignored by the home and
enthusiast PC owner. As mentioned, this ignorance is primarily due to a lack of awareness
of what UAC actually does and how it helps with the defense-in-depth strategy that is
absolutely required in the modern age of computing. Put bluntly, UAC is a key weapon
against the constant and ever-changing threat from malware.

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Educating users as to how UAC protects our systems is often overlooked. Within
an enterprise, UAC will rarely present itself to typical users, since they are not routinely
configuring, installing software on, or modifying their systems. These tasks are often
the core roles for the IT support professionals to whom employees will turn, via the IT
helpdesk, should they require changes to be made to their devices. IT support has the
necessary administrative privileges, tools, and knowledge to respond to both the UAC
prompt and the user’s requested change.
We have mentioned that most PC users outside of the enterprise space are often
configured as the administrator of the PC. For home and enthusiast users of Windows,
the UAC has often been referred to as mildly annoying. Research has proven that over a
period of time, a constant prompt by the UAC will become counterproductive, with users
ignoring the warning presented and instead acknowledging the request to elevate, and
that they see the UAC as simply a hurdle to cross in order to implement the change that
the user initiated.
The main purpose of UAC, however, is not to annoy users. In Windows 8, thankfully,
there were some slight changes to the way in which UAC interacts with the user. This fine
tuning is certainly welcome, but it may be more appreciated by new users of Windows,
who have not been frustrated by UAC since its introduction in Windows Vista.
To modify the UAC settings as shown in Figure 5-8, type UAC into the Start screen and
press Enter or select Change User Account Control settings.

Figure 5-8. Modifying UAC behavior on a Windows 8.1 PC

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Standard user accounts can be used to perform the following tasks:

•฀ Burn CD/DVD media
•฀ Change the desktop background
•฀ Change the time zone
•฀ Change their own user account password
•฀ Configure accessibility options
•฀ Configure power options
•฀ Connect to a WiFi or LAN connection
•฀ Install drivers, either from Windows Update or those that are
supplied with Windows
•฀ Install updates from Windows Update
•฀ Modify their display settings
•฀ Pair and configure a Bluetooth device with the PC
•฀ Perform other troubleshooting and network diagnostic and
repair tasks
•฀ Play CD/DVD media
•฀ Restore own files from File History
•฀ Use Remote Desktop to connect to another PC
•฀ View most settings, although they will require elevated
permissions when attempting to change Windows settings
Administrators have a great amount of power—they can read, write, execute and
modify all resources and Windows permissions on a PC.
One of the most noticeable aspects of UAC is that even an administrator is required
to operate routinely with standard user–level permissions. Only when they attempt to
carry out an administrative task will Windows prompt them with the UAC pop-up as
shown in Figure 5-9, requiring that they acknowledge that the task requires administrative
privileges to complete the operation (or cancel the operation). This principle is known as
Admin Approval Mode.

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Figure 5-9. UAC Adminstrator approval request

Table 5-1 shows the differences between the elevation prompts that each type of user
will receive each time they wish to perform a task that will have system-wide impact.

Table 5-1. UAC Elevation Prompt Types

Elevation Prompt Type Description

Consent Only shown to administrators in Admin Approval Mode
when they try to perform an administrative task
Credential Shown to standard users when they attempt to perform an
administrative task

Typical scenarios where a standard user would be prompted by UAC for the
elevation to administrative privileges to complete the task include the following:
•฀ Add or remove a user account
•฀ Browse to another user’s directory
•฀ Change user account types
•฀ Change Windows Firewall settings
•฀ Configure Automatic Updates
•฀ Configure Parental Controls
•฀ Install a driver for a device
•฀ Install ActiveX controls
•฀ Install and uninstall applications
•฀ Modify UAC settings

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•฀ Move or copy files into the Program Files or Windows directories

•฀ Restore system backup files
•฀ Schedule Automated Tasks
For users of Windows 8.1 and later, it is not possible to actually turn off UAC—it is
an integral part of the modern operating system security model. It is possible to silence
the notifications by moving the slider shown in Figure 5-8 all the way down to the bottom
(Never Notify).
Our best practice recommendation is to educate users on why the UAC prompts are
designed to protect the operating system and to maintain UAC at the default setting.

Encryption—BitLocker
One of the trends of modern computing is that the majority of devices have become
increasingly mobile. This is great for scenarios that benefit from mobility, but the
downside is the increased number of devices that get left on a train, stolen, or accidentally
dropped and damaged. During 2013 in the UK alone, over 880,000 devices were stolen or
lost.
Most devices that are lost or stolen are resold on the black market to unsuspecting
(or not) purchasers, and the device then has a second life. Some theft is much more
sinister and results in the device being stolen to order, with the aim of gaining corporate
network entry or access to data contained on the device.
The majority of laptop owners rely entirely on the username/password combination
that they type into the PC offering them protection against unauthorized access to their
corporate data or (for home users) personal information. This process utilizes the NTLM
protocol to securely authenticate and is an excellent, proven method of security.
Yet most users are unaware (and shocked to learn when told) that simply removing
the hard drive from a lost, stolen, or damaged laptop and connecting it to another
computer will allow anyone with administrative privileges on the local PC to read and
extract all the information contained on the hard drive without any special skills, tools, or
passwords, thus completely bypassing the built-in Windows security.
Third-party drive encryption software to help protect against this method of data
access has been available for many years. Microsoft provided BitLocker Drive Encryption,
a tool available since Windows Vista, which has allowed users and enterprises to
completely encrypt the hard drive on their PCs—thereby preventing unauthorized access
to their data, even if the drive is lost and subjected to the process just outlined. BitLocker
is an encryption-based technology that works “under the hood” of Windows to ensure
that the device is secure even before Windows takes over.
Still, despite BitLocker and similar tools being available, only a tiny proportion of
devices are actually encrypted by their owners. With the release of Windows 8.1 and
later, Microsoft has enabled BitLocker device encryption on all OEM-shipped devices
by default. Once the new owner of the device signs on to the device using their Microsoft
account, the BitLocker encryption is completed and the BitLocker recovery keys are
automatically stored within the user’s own OneDrive location (formerly known as SkyDrive),
which is available by signing on to the page at https://onedrive.live.com/recoverykey.

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BitLocker is an extremely secure way of protecting your Windows device. It encrypts

all of the key files on the computer including the operating system, the Registry,
hibernation, paging files, and all the user data, information programs, and settings on the
encrypted disk drive.
The key required by BitLocker to grant access to the data is stored within a
special tamperproof microchip on the motherboard of the device, called a Trusted
Platform Module (TPM) chip. TPM chips were quite rare as little as five years ago, but
now they are commonplace and required as part of the official Microsoft software and
hardware certification program. The majority of systems available today support TPM
versions 1.2 or 2.
The TPM is a hardware device that BitLocker can use to securely store the AES 128-
bit encryption keys. You can see if your device has a TPM chip and check the version
number using the TPM Administration tool within Control Panel as shown in Figure 5-10.

Figure 5-10. Viewing the status of the Trusted Platform Module in the Control Panel

How to determine if a PC has a TPM chip?

1. Open Control Panel, click System and Security, and then click
BitLocker Drive Encryption.
2. Click TPM Administration.
3. The TPM Management on Local Computer Microsoft
Management Console (MMC) appears.

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4. Notice the message in the center of the MMC.

5. If the PC does not have a TPM, the “Compatible TPM cannot
be found” message appears.
BitLocker can be enabled on devices even without a TPM chip, and unlocking these
devices will require the user to type the unlock key, or provide a USB that contains the key.
In the earlier scenario where the disk drive has been removed from a device, the thief
will be unable to extract any data from a BitLocker-encrypted drive because the drive
must be unlocked by the TPM chip (or key). Otherwise the drive remains completely
encrypted.
If the stolen device is able to boot, the data still remains protected by the normal
Windows username/password logon prompt, which is also very secure.
If you are using a modern operating system you will be able to see if your device has
a TPM chip, and the status of BitLocker Drive Encryption on your device, via the Control
Panel item called BitLocker Drive Encryption within the System and Security section, as
shown in Figure 5-11.

Figure 5-11. Viewing the status of BitLocker Drive Encryption in the Control Panel

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In an enterprise environment, Windows 8 Pro and Windows 8 Enterprise editions

can be managed by using Group Policy, and BitLocker recovery keys can be centralized
in AD DS using a tool called Microsoft BitLocker Administration and Monitoring 2.5
(MBAM). MBAM provides the following management tasks:
•฀ Deployment and recovery of encryption keys
•฀ Centralized compliance monitoring and reporting
•฀ Provisioning of encrypted drives
•฀ Support for encrypted drives, including a self-service portal for
users to recover their recovery keys
•฀ Enforcement of organizational BitLocker policies

■ Note Microsoft BitLocker Administration and Monitoring 2.5 is only available as part of
the Microsoft Desktop Optimization Pack (MDOP), which is a benefit to Microsoft Software
Assurance customers.

BitLocker Drive Encryption can be installed on different versions of Windows as

shown in Table 5-2.

Table 5-2. BitLocker Drive Encryption in Microsoft Windows Versions

Windows Version Edition Description

Windows Vista Ultimate and Enterprise Allowed only system drive to be
encrypted
Windows 7 Ultimate and Enterprise Full GPO management ability, allows
all drives to be encrypted
Windows 8 Pro and Enterprise Full GPO management ability, allows
all drives to be encrypted
Windows RT RT Device Encryption using BitLocker
encryption
Windows 8.1 All Device Encryption using BitLocker
encryption. No management
capability (on/off only).
Windows 8.1 Pro and Enterprise Full GPO management ability, allows
all drives to be encrypted

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Although outside the scope of this book, BitLocker can also be deployed to protect
removable drives such as SDHC cards, USB hard drives, and thumb drives using a feature
called BitLocker To Go. Enterprises have the ability to allow or deny users the ability to
save data onto external drives that are not BitLocker encrypted by using the extensive
GPOs that are available.

■ Note If you want to use BitLocker to protect a drive on a PC without a TPM, you must
enable the Require additional authentication at startup policy setting within Group Policy, and
then within that setting, click Allow BitLocker without a compatible TPM.

We hope that you can appreciate from this short introduction of BitLocker Drive
Encryption that this feature is a valuable defensive strategy that protects against data
theft. BitLocker encrypts entire volumes on a hard disk, making them unusable unless
the drive has been unlocked by BitLocker, and thereby minimizes the risk of data loss on
computers that are lost or stolen.

Password Security
Passwords have been at the heart of most computer system security for several decades,
and while the protocols have improved, the concept has remained the same: a user will
sign in to a PC using a username and password to gain access.
In this section we describe a free tool from Microsoft that will allow users and
administrators to establish what level of security their machine exhibits, and will also
highlight vulnerabilities and areas for concern. The tool scans the local PC (or even a
whole network of PCs) for a multitude of security-related issues and displays the results in
an easy-to-read and understand report.
The tool is called Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA) and can be
downloaded at www.microsoft.com/en-gb/download/details.aspx?id=7558. The
reason to include the tool in this section is because it will scan and report on the existence
of weak passwords, and of computer accounts that may not have any passwords set at all!
The tool has been available for download for over 10 years but rarely, during my onsite
consultancy visits, do I encounter many enterprises using the tool.
Download MBSA and follow the wizard to run the security analysis on your PC. An
example report is shown in Figure 5-12.

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Figure 5-12. Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer tool

MBSA will check for the following issues:

•฀ Basic vulnerabilities
•฀ Missing Windows Update patches
•฀ Microsoft SQL Server vulnerabilities
•฀ Internet Information Server (IIS) vulnerabilities
•฀ Basic security settings and weaknesses
•฀ Weak passwords
•฀ Accounts with no passwords
•฀ Status of the built-in guest account

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Because of the nature of the scan, MBSA requires administrative privileges on the
PCs that it is scanning.

■ Note You can also use MBSA to perform security scans on servers.

We are particularly interested in finding the existence of weak or no passwords

on the systems. For passwords to be effective, they should be strong and changed on a
regular basis, such as every 60 days. The definition of a strong password in Microsoft’s
security policy is as follows:
•฀ Not contain the user’s account name or parts of the user’s full
name that exceed two consecutive characters
•฀ Be at least six characters in length
•฀ Contain characters from three of the following four categories:
· English uppercase characters (A through Z)
· English lowercase characters (a through z)
· Base 10 digits (0 through 9)
· Non-alphabetic characters (e.g., !, $, #, %)
•฀ Complexity requirements are enforced when passwords are
changed or created.
The password policy can be set via Group Policy or on the local computer via the
Local Group Policy Editor. To open the Local Group Policy Editor type secpol.msc into
the Start Screen in Windows 8 or 8.1, and into the Start Menu search box in Windows 7,
and press Enter. The MMC as shown in Figure 5-13 will appear.

Figure 5-13. Using Local Security Policy Editor to modify the password policy

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These complexity requirements can help ensure users have strong passwords that
are significantly more difficult to crack, even by automated means. Where users need to
regularly change their passwords, it can be helpful to suggest that they use passphrases to
create long passwords that are easier to remember.

Summary
Maintaining effective and robust security on PCs is the best way to secure the Registry
from attack by malware, hackers, or users who would do it harm. Security these days is
multilayered, too, as we’ve detailed in this chapter.
Aside from all the seriousness, however, if you did want to hack your own Registry,
what would you do with it? Well, in the final chapter we’ll detail over 60 of our favorite
cheats, hacks, tweaks, and Registry modifications.

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CHAPTER 6

Hacks, Tweaks, and

Common Changes

No operating system has ever been as configurable as Microsoft Windows. From its very
earliest days you could change all manner of facets in its look, feel, and operation, and
many of these have been made possible by the Registry.
You’ll probably have your very own favorite Registry hacks and tweaks, which could
do anything from modifying the look of the Windows User Interface (UI); to changing the
operation of a feature, piece of software, or hardware device; or might even be a hack that
modifies the underlying operation of Windows itself.
This chapter, then, is a grand compendium of our favorite hacks, tweaks, and
changes, grouped with others that people have found useful or interesting over the years.

■ Note Not all of these hacks will be relevant to all Windows editions. Where this is
the case we will highlight this in the text by adding the version numbers at the start of
the description.

It’s worth noting that for all of these changes, you will either need to sign out and
back in again if the change has been made to HKCU, or restart the PC if the Registry is
change is made elsewhere. Also there are many tweaks here for File Explorer, which is
called “Windows Explorer” in Windows Vista and Windows 7.
One word of warning: Before you implement any of the Registry tweaks here, or
indeed any Registry tweak at all, make sure you export a backup copy of the Registry,
or even just the affected key(s), so that you can restore these if the change you make
causes a problem.

User Interface Tweaks

The most common hacks and tweaks in Windows will always involve the UI, and people
have found a lot of them over the years. Here are some of the most popular, with our
personal favorites.

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Add Never Combine / Hide Labels to the Taskbar

(7, 8) The Windows Taskbar is great in how it handles icons and permits pinning of apps.
However, it’s missing a view that permits open apps to appear as separate icons without
their descriptive text. You can add this, however, by changing the behavior of the Never
Combine Hide Labels option; see Figures 6-1 and 6-2.

Figure 6-1. The default Taskbar view in Windows

Figure 6-2. The modified Taskbar view for the same open apps

To do this, navigate to [HKCU]\Control Panel\Desktop\WindowMetrics and create

a string value called "MinWidth" with the value "54". You will need to sign out and back
in again for this change to appear. If you are using desktop scaling on your PC change the
value appropriately (e.g., for 150% scaling use 72, and for 125% scaling use the value 63).

Change Taskbar Program Preview Icons

(7, 8) When you hover your mouse over an icon for a running app on the Taskbar, the
thumbnail image that appears can be resized to any pixel size you specify at the key
[HKCU]\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Taskband by adding
a DWORD value named "MinThumbSizePx" and the value of the thumbnail size you want
in pixels (e.g. 200 for large thumbnails or 400 for very large ones).

Change Taskbar Icons to Reopen Last Active Window

(7, 8) When you click a Taskbar icon and more than one instance of a program is running,
you will be presented with thumbnails of all the running instances. You can change this
behavior so that clicking the icon automatically displays the last running instance on the
desktop (you can use Alt+Tab to switch to the others).
Navigate to [HKCU] \Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\
Advanced and create a new DWORD value called "LastActiveClick" with a value of "1".

Change Peek Operation Time

(7) You can change the time it takes for Aero peek to display when you hover over
its icon in the far right of the Taskbar at [HKCU] \Software\Microsoft\Windows\
CurrentVersion\Explorer\Advanced by creating a new DWORD value called
"DesktopLivePreviewHoverTime" with a value in milliseconds (e.g., "200"). You can set it
to activate instantly with the value "0".

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Speed Up Appearance of Taskbar Thumbnail Icons

(7, 8) You can speed up the appearance of Taskbar app previews when you hover
your mouse cursor over a running app, by going to [HKCU]\ Software\Microsoft\
Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Advanced and creating a new DWORD value called
"ExtendedUIHoverTime" that has the value of "1".
You can also slow down the appearance of the thumbnail previews by changing
this value to a larger number, such as 500 or 1000. The number represents the time in
milliseconds.

Show Classic “All Programs” in Start Menu

(Vista, 7) You can force the display of the XP-style All Programs menu at both [HKCU]
\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Shell Folders and [HKCU]
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\User
Shell Folders. Change the value of "Favorites" for both keys to "C:\ProgramData\
Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs".
Once you have made the change, right-click the Start button and click Properties
from the context menu that appears. Under the Start Menu tab in the next dialog, click
Advanced, and then in the list of options that appears, make sure Favorites menu is
checked. You will need to restart your system for the change to take effect.

Pin Folders to the Start Menu

(Vista, 7) You can pin a folder to the Start Menu by going to the key [HKCR]\Folder\
shellex\ContextMenuHandlers and adding a new key called
{a2a9545d-a0c2-42b4-9708-a0b2badd77c8}.
This will add a Pin to Start Menu option to the context menu for folders when you
right-click them in Windows Explorer.

Disable Desktop Shake

(7, 8) Desktop shake, whereby you shake a window to minimize all others, can be
annoying, especially for those with motor problems. It can be disabled in the Accessibility
Options, but this can be difficult to find. Fortunately you can also disable it in the Registry
at [HKCU]\ Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows by adding a new subkey called
Explorer in which you add a DWORD value called "NoWindowMinimizingShortcuts" with
the value "1". The changes will take effect when you sign out and back in again.

Remove “Shortcut” Text from Shortcuts

(Vista, 7, 8) When you create a shortcut to a file or folder the text - Shortcut is
automatically appended to its name. You can change this behavior at [HKCU] \Software\
Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer where you will find a REG_BINARY value
of "1e 00 00 00". Change this to "00 00 00 00" to implement the tweak.

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Get Rid of Shortcut Arrow Icons

(Vista, 7, 8) Arrows on the icons of shortcuts are seen by many people as annoying,
but you can remove them.
Navigate to [HKLM] \SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\
Shell Icons. If this key doesn’t exist, you can create it. Create a string value called "29".
The value for this should be C:\Windows\System32\shell32.dll,50. You will need to
restart your PC to reset the icon cache before this will work.

Show Drive Letter Before Volume Name in File Explorer

(Vista, 7, 8) If you want to change the way File Explorer displays drive letters, so that
they appear before the drive name rather than after it, navigate to [HKLM]\SOFTWARE\
Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer and create a new DWORD called
"ShowDriveLettersFirst" with the value "4".

Hide Drives in File Explorer

(Vista, 7, 8) You can hide any hard disk drive in File Explorer by navigating in the Registry
to [HKCU] \Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer and
adding a DWORD value called "NoDrives". This DWORD value will have a 32-bit number
as its data that represents all the drives you wish to hide. The number you assign to the
DWORD is the total of the drives you wish to hide; for example, hiding drives C and E will
mean giving a value of 20 (4+16) as calculated using Table 6-1.

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Table 6-1. Hiding Drive letters in File Explorer

Drive Letter Number

A 1
B 2
C 4
D 8
E 16
F 32
G 64
H 128
I 256
J 512
K 1024
L 2048
M 4096
N 8192
O 16384
P 32768
Q 65536
R 131072
S 262144
T 524288
U 1048576
V 2097152
W 4194304
X 8388608
Y 16777216
Z 33554432
ALL 67108863

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Show Recycle Bin in Computer View of File Explorer

(Vista, 7, 8) You can add the Recycle Bin to the Computer view in File Explorer by
navigating to [HKLM] \SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\
MyComputer\NameSpace and creating a new key called {645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-
00AA002F954E}.

Remove the “Use the Web Service to Find the

Correct Program” Dialog
(Vista, 7) When Windows doesn’t have a program or application associated with a specific
file, it will ask if you want to search for one (Figure 6-3) or by a Windows Store pop-up in
Windows 8 and 10.

Figure 6-3. The Use the Web service to find the correct program dialog

You can prevent this message from appearing by navigating to [HKLM]\SOFTWARE\

Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer and creating a new DWORD
value called "NoInternetOpenWith" that has the value "1".
The result of making this change is that you will then automatically be presented
with a list of installed programs and applications on your PC, and you can choose which
one of these you wish to use to open the file.

Add Copy to…/Move to… to the File Explorer

Context Menu
(Vista, 7, 8) You can add Copy to… and Move to… options to the context menu in File
Explorer at the key [HKCR]\AllFilesystemObjects\shellex\ContextMenuHandlers
and by adding new keys called "CopyToFolder" with the value {C2FBB630-2971-11D1-
A18C-00C04FD75D13} and "MoveToFolder" with the value {C2FBB631-2971-11D1-A18C-
00C04FD75D13}.

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Add Open with Notepad to File Explorer Context Menu

(Vista, 7, 8) You can add an "Open with Notepad" option to the Context Menu when
right-clicking files at [HKCR]\*\Shell by creating a subkey called "Open with Notepad"
that has a subkey called "command" with the data for the Default string value
"notepad.exe %1".

Add Defragment to the File Explorer Context Menu

(Vista, 7, 8) Add a defragment option to the File Explorer context menu when
right-clicking disks at [HKCR]\Drive\shell and by creating a new subkey called "runas".
Double-click this to open it and change its Default string value to "Defragment", and
create a subkey under that called "command" with the following data for its Default string
value: "defrag %1 –v".

Add Command Prompt to the File Explorer Context Menu

(Vista, 7, 8) To add an Open Command Prompt option to context menus when you
right-click a folder in File Explorer, navigate to [HKLM]\Software\Classes\Folder\Shell
and create a new subkey called "CommandPrompt". Double-click this to open it and change
the data for its Default string value to "Open Command Prompt here...".
Next, create a subkey under this called "command" with the following data for its
Default string value: "cmd.exe /k pushd %L".

Disable the Send to… Menu in File Explorer

(Vista, 7, 8) You can disable the Send to… option in File Explorer context menus by
navigating to [HKCR] \AllFilesystemObjects\shellex\ContextMenuHandlers\Send To.
Double-click the Default value for this key and delete its contents. You can later restore it
by changing its contents back to {7BA4C740-9E81-11CF-99D3-00AA004AE837}.

Hide Unwanted Apps from the File Explorer Context

Menus
(Vista, 7, 8) Installed programs can push themselves in your Context Menus and clutter
them. You can remove these additional items at the following Registry locations; alas,
they’re not all stored in one place together:

[HKCR]\*\shell
[HKCR]\*\shellex\ContextMenuHandlers
[HKCR]\AllFileSystemObjects\ShellEx

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Under these locations you will see subkeys for the third-party software that has
plugged itself into your context menus. There are several ways to handle them. You can
delete the keys to remove them completely. To force them to show only on a Shift+right
click, add a string value to each called "Extended", or to leave them in the Registry but
disable them, add a string value called "LegacyDisable".

Remove Troubleshoot Compatibility from File Explorer

Context Menu
(Vista, 7, 8) You may not want the Troubleshoot Compatibility option to display
in the context menu for apps and can disable it at both [HKCR] \exefile\
shellex\ContextMenuHandlers\Compatibility and [HKCR] lnkfile\shellex\
ContextMenuHandlers\Compatibility by adding a dash "-" to the beginning of the key
value for each.

Remove Programs from Open with… Context Menu

(Vista, 7, 8) If you want to remove programs from the Open with… menu that appears
when you right-click a file, navigate to [HKCU]\Software\Microsoft\Windows\
CurrentVersion\Explorer\FileExts where you will see subkeys for all known file
extension types.
In this list of subkeys, look for "OpenWithList" and you can delete values in this list
for the programs you wish to remove from the context menu.

Add Copy to Clipboard Option to File Explorer

Context Menu
(Vista, 7, 8) Sometimes you want to copy a file to the computer’s Clipboard, but if you
press Ctrl+C it will copy the whole file. Adding a Copy to Clipboard option in your File
Explorer context menu will instead copy what’s inside that file.
To add a Copy to Clipboard option, navigate to [HKCR]\txtfile\shell where you
should create a subkey called "CopyToClip" with Copy to Clipboard for its Default
string value.
Under the CopyToClip subkey, create an additional subkey called "command" with the
following data for its Default string value: "cmd /c clip < "%1"".

Remove Items from IE Context Menu

(Vista, 7, 8) It’s not just File Explorer that can have messy and slow-to-open context
menus; Internet Explorer can, too. You can tidy it by navigating to [HKCU] \Software\
Microsoft\Internet Explorer\MenuExt, where you will find subkeys for browser
plug-ins that have added themselves to the menu. You can delete these subkeys to
remove the associated menu option.

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App Tweaks
Sometimes specific apps will come with their own Registry tweaks. Two useful and
common ones are the options to remove the Context menu entries for AMD and Nvidia
display cards.

Remove AMD Catalyst Control Center from Desktop

Context Menu
(Vista, 7, 8) To remove the AMD Catalyst Control Center option, navigate to [HKCR]
\Directory\Background\shellex\ContextMenuHandlers\ACE and double-click the
Default value. Then add a dash "-" to the beginning of the value to disable the item.

Remove NVIDIA Control Panel from Desktop

Context Menu
(Vista, 7, 8) To remove the Nvidia Control Panel item from context menus, navigate to
[HKCR]\Directory\Background\shellex\ContextMenuHandlers\, where you can delete
the key "NvCplDesktopContext".

Administrative Tweaks
It’s common knowledge that tasks that can be accomplished in Group Policy, can also
be achieved through the use of Registry tweaks. This isn’t the limit of the administrative
tweaks that can be performed in Registry however, and here are our favorites.

Prevent Windows Update from Restarting the PC

Automatically
(Vista, 7, 8) Windows Update can be annoying. Even in Windows 8 and 10 where it’s
less prone to automatically restart your PC when you don’t want it to. You can prevent
Windows Update from being able to restart a PC completely, however, at
[HKLM]\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate\AU.
If this key doesn’t exist, you can create it. Next, create a DWORD value called
"NoAutoRebootWithLoggedOnUsers" and give it the value "1" as its data.

Stop Windows Update from Hijacking Your Shut

Down/Restart Options
(Vista, 7, 8) When Windows Update has updates to install, it will alert you by modifying
the Shut Down and Restart options in the Start Menu or at the Start screen with an icon or
some text.

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This can sometimes change the default button, which often is set to Sleep. But you
can disable Windows’s ability to change this button by navigating to [HKCU] \Software\
Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate\AU and adding a DWORD value called
"NoAUAsDefaultShutdownOption" with "1" as its data.

Disable the Shut Down Command

(Vista, 7, 8) You can disable the Shut Down command in the Start Menu and Start screen
at the key [HKCU]\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer
by creating a DWORD value called "NoClose" with "1" as its data.

Hide Unwanted Items from the Control Panel

(Vista, 7, 8) Many items can be hidden from the Control Panel using a Registry hack at
the key [HKLM]\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Control Panel\don't
load. You can create it if it doesn’t exist. You can add a new string value for each one you
wish to hide (see Table 6-2).

Table 6-2. Control Panel Applet Names

Control Panel Applet Name of String Key

Accessibility Options access.cpl
Add New Hardware Wizard hdwiz.cpl
Display Properties desk.cpl
Game Controllers joy.cpl
Internet Options inetcpl.cpl
Mouse Properties main.cpl
Network Connections ncpa.cpl
ODBC Data Sources odbccp32.cpl
Phone and Modem Options telephon.cpl
Power Options powercfg.cpl
Programs and Features appwiz.cpl
Region intl.cpl
Sound mmsys.cpl
Speech sapi.cpl
System sysdm.cpl
Time and Date timedate.cpl
User Accounts nusrmgr.cpl

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Add RegEdit to the Control Panel

(Vista, 7, 8) A Windows Registry book wouldn’t be complete without a Registry tweak, and
here’s one that allows you to add a direct link to the Registry Editor to the Control Panel.
Open a blank Notepad file and write the following text into it.

Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00

[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{77708248-f839-436b-8919-527c410f48b9}]
@="Registry Editor"
"InfoTip"="Starts the Registry Editor"
"System.ControlPanel.Category"="5"
[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{77708248-f839-436b-8919-527c410f48b9}\DefaultIcon]
@="%SYSTEMROOT%\\regedit.exe"
[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{77708248-f839-436b-8919-527c410f48b9}\Shell]
[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{77708248-f839-436b-8919-527c410f48b9}\Shell\Open]
[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{77708248-f839-436b-8919-527c410f48b9}\Shell\Open\
Command]
@=hex(2):25,00,53,00,79,00,73,00,74,00,65,00,6d,00,52,00,6f,00,6f,00,74,00,
25,\00,5c,00,72,00,65,00,67,00,65,00,64,00,69,00,74,00,2e,00,65,00,78,00,
65,00,\00,00
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\
ControlPanel\NameSpace\{77708248-f839-436b-8919-527c410f48b9}]
@="Add Registry Editor to Control Panel"

Now save this file as a .reg file; by default Notepad will want to save it as a .txt file,
so in the Save dialog choose All file types instead.
You can also remove the Registry Editor from the control panel by creating a .reg file
with the following contents.

Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00

[-HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{77708248-f839-436b-8919-527c410f48b9}]
[-HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\
ControlPanel\NameSpace\{77708248-f839-436b-8919-527c410f48b9}]

Add Control Panel to Computer Display in File Explorer

(Vista, 7, 8) You can add a link to the Control Panel to the Computer view in File Explorer
by navigating to [HKLM] \SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\
MyComputer\NameSpace where you should create a new subkey called either {26EE0668-
A00A-44D7-9371-BEB064C98683} if you want the Category view for the Control Panel, or
{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D} if you instead want the Icon view.

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Add Control Panel to the Desktop Context Menu

(Vista, 7, 8) You can also add a link to Control Panel in the desktop context menu by navigating
to [HKCR]\Directory\Background\shell where you’ll want to create a new subkey called
Control Panel. In this subkey create an extra subkey called "command" and when you see its
default value, change this to "rundll32.exe shell32.dll,Control_RunDLL".

Add Take Ownership to File Explorer Context Menu

(Vista, 7, 8) File and folder ownership in Windows can often be a problem, and taking
ownership of those files and folders so you can access or work on them can be fiddly.
You can add a quick link to taking ownership of files though by copying the following text
into a blank notepad file, and saving that file with a .reg extension.

[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\*\shell\runas]
@="Take Ownership"
"NoWorkingDirectory"=""
[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\*\shell\runas\command]
@="cmd.exe /c takeown /f \"%1\" && icacls \"%1\" /grant administrators:F"
"IsolatedCommand"="cmd.exe /c takeown /f \"%1\" && icacls \"%1\" /grant
administrators:F"
[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shell\runas]
@="Take Ownership"
"NoWorkingDirectory"=""
[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shell\runas\command]
@="cmd.exe /c takeown /f \"%1\" /r /d y && icacls \"%1\" /grant
administrators:F /t"
"IsolatedCommand"="cmd.exe /c takeown /f \"%1\" /r /d y && icacls \"%1\"
/grant administrators:F /t"

Disable all Taskbar Balloon Notifications

(Vista, 7, 8) Windows 10 might include a handy notification center, but for people using
Vista, Windows 7 or Windows 8, Taskbar popup alerts can still be annoying.
You can disable them by navigating to [HKCU] \Software\Microsoft\
Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Advanced and creating a new DWORD called
"EnableBalloonTips" with "0" as its data.

Change the Registered Owner Name for Your Windows

Installation
(Vista, 7, 8) Sometimes you might find you want to change the name of the registered
owner of a copy of Windows. You can do this at [HKLM] \SOFTWARE\Microsoft\
Windows NT\CurrentVersion by changing the text for the "RegisteredOwner" and
"RegisteredOrganization" values. You can check the current owner by typing winver.exe
at the command prompt or in the Start Menu search box.

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Disable the Mobility Center

(Vista, 7, 8) Battery life on laptops and tablets is crucial, and you might have carefully
crafted a battery saving plan that you don’t want your users to change. You can disable
access to the Windows Mobility Center at [HKCU] \Software\Microsoft\Windows\
CurrentVersion\Policies\MobilityCenter by creating a new DWORD value called
"NoMobilityCenter" with "1" as its data.

Force Disk Cleanup to Delete All Temporary Files

(Vista, 7, 8) Did you know that when you use the Disk Cleanup wizard in Windows it
only deletes temporary files that are more than seven days old? Well, you can change
this behavior at [HKLM]\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\ CurrentVersion\Explorer\
VolumeCaches\Temporary Files by changing the "LastAccess" value from the default 7
to another number, such as 1 or 0.

Add Encrypt/Decrypt Options to File Explorer

Context Menu
(Vista, 7, 8) If you use Microsoft’s Encrypted File System (EFS) to encrypt files on
your PC, you can add Encrypt and Decrypt options to the context menu when you
right-click a file in File Explorer. To do this, navigate to [HKCU] \Software\Microsoft\
Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Advanced and create a new DWORD value called
"EncryptionContextMenu" that has "1" as its data.

Force Verbose Message During Startup and Shutdown

(Vista, 7, 8) When Windows starts and shuts down you don’t get any information these
days about what it’s actually doing, such as shutting down services or the user profile.
You can force Windows to give you more verbose messages instead at [HKLM]\SOFTWARE\
Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System by creating a DWORD value
called "VerboseStatus" that has "1" as its data.

Enable/Disable Task Manager link from Taskbar

Context Menu
(Vista, 7, 8) Sometimes you might want to deny users access to the Task Manager. You
can disable the Task Manager link that appears in the context menu on a right-click of the
Taskbar. Navigate to [HKCU]\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\
System and change the DWORD called "DisableTaskMgr" to "1" to disable the link or "0"
to enable it.

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Display a Message During Windows Startup

(Vista, 7, 8) Probably of most use to companies and enterprises, you can force Windows
to display a text message at boot time, such as company information by navigating
to [HKLM]\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\System and
changing the text values of "legalnoticecaption" and "legalnoticetext".

Disable the Last Access File Timestamp

(Vista, 7) The last accessed file timestamp can be a pain, especially if you use a cloud
service such as Microsoft’s OneDrive to keep backup copies of files that you access
regularly, such as music. Every time a file is opened (or a music track played) it registers
as a file change, and this can force cloud backup software to reload the file all over again.
To disable the last accessed file change, navigate to [HKLM]\SYSTEM\
CurrentControlSet\Control\Filesystem and change the data of
NtfsDisableLastAccessUpdate from 0 to 1.

Disable Low Disk Space Warning

(Vista, 7, 8) Sometimes, especially on small Windows tablets with small amounts of
internal storage, you will get regular and annoying pop-up alerts warning you of “low disk
space.” You can disable these at [HKCU]\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion
by adding a DWORD value called "NoLowDiskSpaceChecks" and specifying "1" as its data.

Disable the Windows Security Center/Action Center

(Vista, 7, 8) I genuinely cannot think of when you might want to do this except for some
enterprise environments where you already have strict controls on security on your PCs
and laptops. However, the Windows Security Center can be disabled at [HKLM]\SYSTEM\
CurrentControlSet\Services\wscsvc by changing the data of the "Start" value from
"2" to "4".

Disable Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool

Anonymous Reporting
(Vista, 7, 8) When you download and run the Windows Malicious Software Removal
Tool, it silently reports back to Microsoft on what it’s done. If you don’t want it to do this,
navigate to [HKLM]\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\MRT and create a DWORD value
called "DontReportInfectionInformation" that has "1" as its data.

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Disable IPv6
(Vista, 7, 8) The world needs IPv6, with so many laptops, tablets, fridges, cars, and
microwaves now connected to the Internet. In some environments, however, such as
where legacy hardware or software encounters problems with IPv6 in Windows, you can
disable it at [HKLM]\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip6\Parameters\ by
creating a DWORD value called "DisabledComponents" that has "ffffff" as its value.

Force Windows Drives to Use AHCI

(Vista, 7, 8) Similarly you might find that for compatibility reasons you need your drives
to be using the Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI). To force this, navigate to
[HKLM]\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\services\msahci and create a DWORD called
"Start" with the value "0".

Disable “Do You Want to Run This File” Dialog

(Vista, 7, 8) When you download a file from the Internet you will be asked if you really
want to run the file when you open it. Well, given that you did open it, it’s probably quite
likely that you did, so you can disable this message by copying this text into a blank
Notepad file and saving it with a .reg file extension.

[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Download]
"CheckExeSignatures"="no"
"RunInvalidSignatures"=dword:00000001
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\
Attachments]
"SaveZoneInformation"=dword:00000001
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\
Associations]
"LowRiskFileTypes"=".zip;.rar;.nfo;.txt;.exe;.bat;.com;.cmd;.reg;.msi;.htm;.
html;.gif;.bmp;.jpg;.avi;.mpg;.mpeg;.mov;.mp3;.m3u;.wav;"

Force-Writing to “Write Protected” USB Flash Drives

(Vista, 7, 8) Sometimes you might find that you can’t write to a USB flash drive because
writing to these drives is forbidden in Group Policy. Instead you can tell Windows to always
ignore this protection by navigating to [HKLM]\SYSTEM\CurrrentControlSet\Control\
StorageDevicePolicies and changing the value of the key "WriteProtect" to "0".
You will also need to navigate to [HKLM]\SYSTEM\ControlSet00?\Control\
StorageDevicePolicies where 00? represents the different numbered subkeys. You will
need to change all of the values "WriteProtect" to "0". If this key doesn’t exist you can
create it.

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Activate “God Mode” in Windows

(Vista, 7, 8) God Mode isn’t actually a Registry tweak, but it’s so popular that we couldn’t
really leave it out. This creates a folder containing every individual Control Panel and
Administrative item that’s available in Windows. You can create it by putting a new folder
on the desktop called "God Mode .{ED7BA470-8E54-465E-825C-99712043E01C}". Once
the new folder has been created you can modify the folder name to anything you chose.

Performance Tweaks
(Vista, 7, 8) Some tweaks are designed to boost the performance of Windows and your
PC. Here is a selection of some of the best and some of our favorites.

Increase the Maximum Allowed HTTP File Transfers

(Vista, 7, 8) By default, Windows restricts the number of simultaneous HTTP file transfers
over the Internet to just two. Most web browsers change this limit for themselves, but if
you’re transferring files over HTTP from within a program such as File Explorer you’ll hit
the two-file transfer limit. You can change this by copying the following text into a blank
Notepad file and then saving that file with a .reg extension.

Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00

[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet
Settings]
"MaxConnectionsPer1_0Server"=dword:00000012
"MaxConnectionsPerServer"=dword:00000012

Maximize Your Internet Bandwidth

(Vista, 7, 8) Did you know that Windows reserves up to 20% of your Internet bandwidth
for itself? Well you can disable this and maximize the available Internet bandwidth at
[HKLM]\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Psched by creating a DWORD value
called "NonBestEffortLimit" that has "0" as its data.

Force Windows to Auto-End Tasks on Shutdown

(Vista, 7, 8) You can force Windows to shut down more quickly by adding this Registry
key. Note however that if you have unsaved files and documents still open, this can force
the program to quit before the file is saved. In [HKCU]\Control Panel\Desktop add a new
DWORD value called "AutoEndTasks" and set its data as "1".

108
 CHAPTER 6 ■ HACKS, TWEAKS, AND COMMON CHANGES

Reduce the WaitToKill Time for Closing Apps

(Vista, 7, 8) Again, when shutting down your PC it might take some time for apps to
close. You can reduce this time and shut down the PC faster by adding the DWORD value
"WaitToKillAppTimeout" to [HKCU]\Control Panel\Desktop and giving it a data of
"2000". This is the time is in milliseconds and, as with the last tweak, this could result in
unsaved files not being saved before the PC shuts down.

Reduce Time to Kill a Hung App or Process

(Vista, 7, 8) When an app is hung and unresponsive, Windows can wait some time to shut
it down. You can reduce this time by adding the DWORD value "HungAppTimeout" to
[HKCU]\Control Panel\Desktop and giving it the data "1000", which is in milliseconds.

Reduce the Time Taken to Stop a Windows Service

(Vista, 7, 8) Windows Services can be shut down more quickly too by adding the DWORD
value "WaitToKillServiceTimeout" to [HKLM]\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control
with the millisecond data "2000".

Fun Tweaks
Lastly, we thought we’d include a few tweaks that exist purely for fun. We have no idea
why you’d want to do these other than to play a practical joke on somebody, so if you do
please be responsible and set things back afterward.

Enable More Fonts in Command Prompt

(Vista, 7, 8) This first tweak is likely the most useful as it allows you to expand the number
of fonts you can use in a Command Prompt window. This can have many uses including
making text in the window easier to read. Navigate to [HKLM]\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\
WindowsNT\CurrentVersion\Console\TrueTypeFont and you will see a list of fonts.
Create a new string value named "00" and change its data to the name of the font you
wish to use, for example "Consolas". This will only work with fixed-width fonts, so not all
fonts are compatible.

Disable the Caps Lock Key

(Vista, 7, 8) If you hate your Caps Lock key and keep hitting it by accident, which we all
do now and again, you can disable it at [HKLM]\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\
Keyboard Layout by changing the data of "Scancode Map" to "000000000 00000000
02000000 00003A00 00000000".

109
CHAPTER 6 ■ HACKS, TWEAKS, AND COMMON CHANGES

Force Windows XP-Style Classic Login Dialog

(Vista, 7) Some people prefer the classic Windows XP–style logon screen in Windows, and
you can bring it back by adding the DWORD value "dontdisplaylastusername" with the
data "1" to [HKLM]\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System.

Control System Tray Icons Using the Registry

(Vista, 7, 8) You can hide any of the four system tray icons at [HKCU]\Software\
Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\ by creating keys called
"HideSCAVolume", "HideSCAPower", "HideSCANetwork", and "HideSCAHealth", giving
each "0" as the data for its Default value.

Force a Blue Screen of Death in Three Keystrokes

(Vista, 7, 8) Lastly, the pièce de résistance for Windows users, forcing a blue screen of
death in three keystrokes. This is actually more useful than it sounds, as forcing a BSOD
will create a memory dump file that can be used by System Administrators for testing
purposes.
Navigate to [HKLM]\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\kbdhid\Parameters and
create a DWORD value called "CrashOnCtrlScroll" that has a data of "1". After a reboot,
when you hold down Right Ctrl and press Scroll Lock twice, a BSOD will be triggered.

Summary
These are just a few of the thousands of Registry hacks and tweaks that are available for
Windows users and system administrators. If you have a favorite you’d like to see included
in the next edition of this book, then by all means contact us and let us know what it is.

110
Index

„„
„
„
A Vista and Windows 7, 63–64
Windows 8 and
Administrative tweaks Windows 8.1, 64–65
AHCI, 107 Anti-Malware, 78
Control Panel Applet Names, 102
App tweaks, 101
Enable/Disable Task
Automatic startup repair, 45
Manager link, 105

„„
„
„
Encrypt/Decrypt Options, 105
File Explorer B
Computer view, 103
ile and folder ownership, 104 BitLocker Drive Encryption, 84, 86–87

„„
„
„
ile timestamp, 106
IPv6, 107 C, D
low disk space, 106
Mobility Center, 105 CCleaner tool, 39
RegEdit, 103 Check Disk (ChkDsk and ChkNTFS), 37
Shut Down command, 102 Coniguration Manager (CM), 33
Shut Down/Restart Options, 101 Corruption
starts and shuts down, windows, 105 automatic startup repair, 45
taskbar balloon notiications, 104 causes, 33
temporary iles, 105 CCleaner tool, 39
USB lash drive, 107 ChkDsk, 37
Windows installation, 104 Coniguration Manager, 33
Windows Malicious Software coniguration option, 47
Removal Tool, 106 hardware/device driver failure, 35
Windows Security Center, 106 NTFS, 34
Advanced Host Controller Interface
roll back driver, 48
(AHCI), 107
software installation/application
Advanced troubleshooting, 51
Booting Windows, 69–70 failure, 34
former option, 63 System File Checker, 36
Windows installation media, RegEdit System Restore
portable OS, 66–67 activities, 41
Portable Windows OS advanced boot options, 43
USB Flash Drive, 68–69 GUI, 42
system recovery disk/USB recovery environment, 45
recovery drive, 65–66 system properties, 40

111
■฀INDEX

„„
„
„
E „„
„
„
P, Q
Encrypted ile system (EFS), 105 Password security
Encryption deinition, 88
BitLocker Drive Encryption, 84, 86–87 Local Security Policy Editor, 90
MBAM, 87 MBSA tool, 88–89
third-party drive encryption Microsoft’s security policy, 90
software, 84 Peek Operation Time, 94
TPM Administration tool, 85 Performance tweaks, 108
username/password Physical security
combination, 84 Driver Signature Enforcement, 75

„„
„
„
physical access restrictions, 77
Remote Management
F Users group, 74–75
FileMon (File Monitor), 26 Remote Registry Service, 73
Fun tweaks, 109 PowerShell, 22

„„
„
„
Process Monitor Format (PML), 25
Process Monitor (ProcMon)
G advanced iltering, 27
Group Policy Preferences (GPPs) column selection options, 27
action conditions, 61 ile system, 25
administrative credentials, 59 ilter toggle buttons, 26
registry key options, 60 properties, 30

„„
„
„
results, 28

„„
„
„
H, I, J, K, L
Hardware/device driver failure, 35 R
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT (HKCR), 4 RegEdit
HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG (HKCC), 5 edit menu, 15
HKEY_CURRENT_USER (HKCU), 4 ile menu, 13
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (HKLM), 4 operations, 12
HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA, 6 start screen, 11
HKEY_USERS (HKU), 5 RegEdit.exe

„„
„
„
HKEY_USERS Hive, 52
NTuser.dat in, 53
M Windows Snap feature, 53
Microsoft Baseline Security working principles, 52
Analyzer (MBSA), 88–89 REG.EXE and REGINI.EXE, 18
Microsoft BitLocker Administration and Registry Cleaners, 30
Monitoring 2.5 (MBAM), 87 Registry iles, 51, 62
Microsoft management GPPs (see Group Policy
console (MMC), 54 Preferences (GPPs))

„„
„
„
Regedit.exe (see Regedit.exe)
remote administration
N group policy editor, 54–55
New Technology File System (NTFS), 34 Start Screen, 56–57

„„
„
„
Windows Firewall, 56
remote registry service (see Remote
O registry service)
Original Equipment Windows PowerShell (see Windows
Manufacturers (OEMs), 35 PowerShell)

112
 ■฀INDEX

RegMon (Registry Monitor), 26 File Explorer

Remote registry service, 57–58 clipboard option, 100
Roll back driver, 48 CopyToFolder, 98

„„
„
„
defragment, 99
Drive Letter Before
S Volume Name, 96
ScanReg, 24 DWORD, 97
Software installation/application hide unwanted apps, 99
failure, 34 open command prompt option, 99
System File Checker (SFC), 36 Open with Notepad option, 99
System Restore Recycle Bin, Computer View, 98
activities, 41 remove programs, 100
advanced boot options, 43 troubleshoot compatibility, 100
GUI, 42 ile/folder, 95
recovery environment, 45 Never Combine Hide
system properties, 40 Labels option, 94

„„
„
„
Peek Operation Time, 94
pin folders, 95
T Show Classic, 95
Taskbar Program Preview Icons, 94 Taskbar Icons to Reopen
Taskbar humbnail Icons, 95 Last Active Window, 94
Tools and utilities Taskbar Program Preview Icons, 94
cleaners, 30 Taskbar humbnail Icons, 95
PowerShell, 22 Web service, 98
RegEdit User Protection. See User account
edit menu, 15 control (UAC)

„„
„
„
ile menu, 13
operations, 12
start screen, 11 W, X, Y, Z
REG.EXE and REGINI.EXE, 18 Windows Malicious Software
ScanReg, 24 Removal Tool, 106
Tools and utilities. See Process Monitor Windows management
(ProcMon) instrumentation (WMI), 54

„„
„
„
Windows PowerShell, 59
Windows Registry
U, V databases, 1
User account control (UAC), 80 keys and values
Admin Approval Mode, 82 HKCC, 5
breaches, malware, and HKCR, 4
Registry corruption, 80 HKCU, 4
elevation prompt types, 83 HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA, 6
purpose of, 81 HKLM, 4
setting up, 81 HKU, 5
standard user accounts, 82 main registry iles, 2
User interface tweaks meaning, 2
arrow icons, 96 .reg iles, 7
disable desktop shake, 95 value types, 6

113
 Windows
Troubleshooting
Series

Mike Halsey, MVP

Series Editor
 Windows Registry
Troubleshooting

Mike Halsey, MVP

Andrew Bettany, MVP
Windows Registry Troubleshooting
Copyright © 2015 by Mike Halsey and Andrew Bettany
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Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.
ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-0993-6
ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-0992-9
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with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only
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Managing Director: Welmoed Spahr
Lead Editor: Steve Weiss
Series Editor: Mike Halsey
Technical Reviewer: Sander Berkouwer
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go to www.apress.com/source-code/.
Contents

About the Authors........................................................................... xiii

About the Technical Reviewer ..........................................................xv
Introduction ....................................................................................xvii

■ Chapter 1: The Architecture of the Windows Registry.................... 1

What Is the Windows Registry? ............................................................... 2
Windows Registry Files ........................................................................... 2
Registry Keys and Values ........................................................................ 4
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT (HKCR).................................................................................. 4
HKEY_CURRENT_USER (HKCU) ................................................................................. 4
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (HKLM) ............................................................................... 4
HKEY_USERS (HKU) .................................................................................................. 5
HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG (HKCC) .............................................................................. 5
HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA .................................................................................... 6
Registry Value Types ................................................................................................. 6

.reg Files.................................................................................................. 7
Summary ................................................................................................. 9
■ Chapter 2: Registry Tools and Utilities ......................................... 11
RegEdit .................................................................................................. 11
File Menu ................................................................................................................ 13
Edit Menu................................................................................................................ 15
REG.EXE and REGINI.EXE ....................................................................... 18

vii
■฀CONTENTS

Modifying the Registry Using PowerShell ............................................. 22

ScanReg ................................................................................................ 24
Process Monitor .................................................................................... 25
Registry Cleaners .................................................................................. 30
Summary ............................................................................................... 32
■ Chapter 3: Troubleshooting a Corrupted Registry ......................... 33
Windows Registry Corruption ............................................................... 33
Software Installation or Application Failure ............................................................ 34
Hardware or Device Driver Failure.......................................................................... 35

Resolving Registry Corruption ............................................................... 36

System File Checker ............................................................................................... 36
ChkDsk ................................................................................................................... 37
CCleaner ................................................................................................................. 39
System Restore ...................................................................................................... 40
Automatic Startup Repair ....................................................................................... 45
Last Known Good Configuration ............................................................................. 47
Roll Back Driver ...................................................................................................... 48

Summary ............................................................................................... 50
■ Chapter 4: Working with Other Users’ Registry
Files/Advanced Troubleshooting .................................................. 51
Working on Other Users’ Registry Files ................................................. 51
RegEdit.exe ............................................................................................................. 52
Remote Administration ........................................................................................... 54
Connecting to a Remote Registry ........................................................................... 57
Windows PowerShell .............................................................................................. 59
Using Group Policy Preferences.............................................................................. 59

Comparing Registries ............................................................................ 62

viii
 ■฀CONTENTS

Advanced Troubleshooting .................................................................... 63

Running RegEdit from Windows Installation Media ................................................ 63
Repair the Registry Without Booting Windows ....................................................... 69

Summary ............................................................................................... 71
■ Chapter 5: Securing the Registry ................................................. 73
Physical Security—Locking the Door .................................................... 73
Disable the Remote Registry Service ..................................................................... 73
Restrict Remote Users ............................................................................................ 74
Driver Signature Enforcement ................................................................................ 75
Restrict Physical Access ......................................................................................... 77

Anti-Malware: Location, Location, Location .......................................... 78

User Protection—User Account Control ................................................ 80
Encryption—BitLocker .......................................................................... 84
Password Security................................................................................. 88
Summary ............................................................................................... 91
■ Chapter 6: Hacks, Tweaks, and Common Changes ....................... 93
User Interface Tweaks ........................................................................... 93
Add Never Combine / Hide Labels to the Taskbar................................................... 94
Change Taskbar Program Preview Icons ................................................................ 94
Change Taskbar Icons to Reopen Last Active Window............................................ 94
Change Peek Operation Time.................................................................................. 94
Speed Up Appearance of Taskbar Thumbnail Icons ................................................ 95
Show Classic “All Programs” in Start Menu ........................................................... 95
Pin Folders to the Start Menu ................................................................................. 95
Disable Desktop Shake ........................................................................................... 95
Remove “Shortcut” Text from Shortcuts ................................................................. 95
Get Rid of Shortcut Arrow Icons.............................................................................. 96
Show Drive Letter Before Volume Name in File Explorer ........................................ 96

ix
■฀CONTENTS

Hide Drives in File Explorer..................................................................................... 96

Show Recycle Bin in Computer View of File Explorer ............................................. 98
Remove the “Use the Web Service to Find the Correct Program” Dialog ............... 98
Add Copy to…/Move to… to the File Explorer Context Menu ................................ 98
Add Open with Notepad to File Explorer Context Menu .......................................... 99
Add Defragment to the File Explorer Context Menu ............................................... 99
Add Command Prompt to the File Explorer Context Menu...................................... 99
Disable the Send to… Menu in File Explorer.......................................................... 99
Hide Unwanted Apps from the File Explorer Context Menus .................................. 99
Remove Troubleshoot Compatibility from File Explorer Context Menu ................. 100
Remove Programs from Open with… Context Menu ........................................... 100
Add Copy to Clipboard Option to File Explorer Context Menu ............................... 100
Remove Items from IE Context Menu ................................................................... 100

App Tweaks ......................................................................................... 101

Remove AMD Catalyst Control Center from Desktop Context Menu ..................... 101
Remove NVIDIA Control Panel from Desktop Context Menu ................................. 101

Administrative Tweaks ........................................................................ 101

Prevent Windows Update from Restarting the PC Automatically .......................... 101
Stop Windows Update from Hijacking Your Shut Down/Restart Options .............. 101
Disable the Shut Down Command ........................................................................ 102
Hide Unwanted Items from the Control Panel....................................................... 102
Add RegEdit to the Control Panel.......................................................................... 103
Add Control Panel to Computer Display in File Explorer ....................................... 103
Add Control Panel to the Desktop Context Menu .................................................. 104
Add Take Ownership to File Explorer Context Menu ............................................. 104
Disable all Taskbar Balloon Notifications .............................................................. 104
Change the Registered Owner Name for Your Windows Installation .................... 104
Disable the Mobility Center .................................................................................. 105
Force Disk Cleanup to Delete All Temporary Files ................................................ 105

x
 ■฀CONTENTS

Add Encrypt/Decrypt Options to File Explorer Context Menu ............................... 105

Force Verbose Message During Startup and Shutdown ....................................... 105
Enable/Disable Task Manager link from Taskbar Context Menu ........................... 105
Display a Message During Windows Startup ........................................................ 106
Disable the Last Access File Timestamp .............................................................. 106
Disable Low Disk Space Warning ......................................................................... 106
Disable the Windows Security Center/Action Center ............................................ 106
Disable Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool Anonymous Reporting ......... 106
Disable IPv6 .......................................................................................................... 107
Force Windows Drives to Use AHCI ....................................................................... 107
Disable “Do You Want to Run This File” Dialog ..................................................... 107
Force-Writing to “Write Protected” USB Flash Drives .......................................... 107
Activate “God Mode” in Windows ......................................................................... 108

Performance Tweaks ........................................................................... 108

Increase the Maximum Allowed HTTP File Transfers ............................................ 108
Maximize Your Internet Bandwidth ....................................................................... 108
Force Windows to Auto-End Tasks on Shutdown.................................................. 108
Reduce the WaitToKill Time for Closing Apps........................................................ 109
Reduce Time to Kill a Hung App or Process .......................................................... 109
Reduce the Time Taken to Stop a Windows Service ............................................. 109

Fun Tweaks ......................................................................................... 109

Enable More Fonts in Command Prompt .............................................................. 109
Disable the Caps Lock Key ................................................................................... 109
Force Windows XP-Style Classic Login Dialog...................................................... 110
Control System Tray Icons Using the Registry ...................................................... 110
Force a Blue Screen of Death in Three Keystrokes .............................................. 110

Summary ............................................................................................. 110

Index .............................................................................................. 111

xi
About the Authors

Mike Halsey is a Microsoft Most Valuable

Professional (MVP) awardee and the author of many
troubleshooting books including Troubleshooting
Windows 7: Inside Out, Troubleshoot and
Optimize Windows 8: Inside Out, and Windows 10
Troubleshooting from Apress. He is also the author of
other Windows Troubleshooting books in this series.
Based in Sheield, UK, where he lives with his
rescue Border Collie, Jed, he gives many talks on Windows subjects from productivity
to security, and makes help, how-to, and troubleshooting videos under the banner PC
Support.tv. You can follow him on Facebook and Twitter as @PCSupportTV.

Andrew Bettany, a Microsoft Most Valuable Professional

(MVP) awardee since 2012 (Windows Expert-IT Pro) and
Microsoft Certiied Trainer, is technical editor of several
titles and co-author for Microsoft Press of Exam Ref
70-687: Coniguring Windows 8 (2013), and of Microsoft
Oicial Curriculum courses 20687D, 20688D, and
20689D (2014); and is co-author of multiple books in the
Apress Windows Troubleshooting series.
A regular speaker at IT professionals’ events and
at TechEd conferences in North America and Europe,
Andrew also devotes time to co-managing the UK-wide
community “Windows User Group”. He loves to write,
travel and enjoy the countryside and lives on a small-holding close to York in North
Yorkshire (UK) with his partner Annette and his son Tommy.

xiii
About the Technical
Reviewer

Sander Berkouwer (MCITP, MCSE, MCT) is a Dutch IT

Professional with over ifteen years of experience with
projects in large IT environments. He is a contributing
blogger at the DirTeam.com / ActiveDir.org Weblogs
(blogs.dirteam.com) and the founder and owner of
ServerCore.Net. Since 2009, Microsoft has awarded
Sander with the Most Valuable Professional (MVP)
award and since 2011 he works part-time as an IT
Professionals Evangelist for Microsoft Netherlands.

xv