UNIT 7.

Moving
the Body
(Page 252-259)
 Key Words
01. Antagonistic muscles
Antagonistic muscles are those muscles which
produce movements in an antagonistic pair of
muscles by opposing the movement of the
agonistic muscle . when one contacts the other
relaxes and vice versa.

Example- biceps and triceps

(Page 252)
 Key Words
02. Ball-and-socket joints
A joint in which the rounded surface of a bone
moves within a depression on another bone,
allowing greater freedom of movement than
any other kind of joint.

(Page 252)
 Key Words
03. Biceps
A muscle on the front part of the upper
arm.

(Page 252)
 Key Words
04. Contraction
The tightening, shortening or
lengthening of muscles when you do
some activity.

(Page 252)
 Key Words
05. Exoskeleton
Is the external skeleton that support and
protects an animal’s body, in contrast to
the internal skeleton.

(Page 252)
 Key Words
06. Hinge Joints
A type of joint that functions much like
the hinge on a door, allowing bones to
move in one direction back and forth
with limited motion along other planes.

(Page 252)
 Key Words
07. Joints
A structure that separates two or more
adjacent elements of the skeletal
system.

(Page 252)
 Key Words
08. Muscles
Are soft tissues. Many stretchy fibers
make up your muscles.

(Page 252)
 Key Words
09. Skeleton
The internal bones serve as a
framework for the body.

(Page 252)
 Key Words
10. Tendons
Is a cord of strong, flexible tissue,
similar to a rope. It connects your
muscles to your bones.

(Page 252)
 Key Words
11. Triceps
A large, thick muscle on the dorsal part
of the upper arm.

(Page 252)
 The Skeleton
Animals’ bodies are supported by a
skeleton. Insects and other
arthropods have a skeleton on the
outside of their body.

(Page 253)
 The Skeleton
This is called an exoskeleton.

(Page 253)
 The Skeleton
Your skeleton is inside your body. It
is made of bones. You do not need to
remember the names of all of these
bones, but you may know some of
them already.
(Page 253)
 The Skeleton
Bones are hard and strong. They
contain a lot of calcium. If you do not
have enough calcium in your diet,
your bones may not grow properly.
Bones contain living cells, so you
also need protein in your diet to build
strong bones.
(Page 253)
Joints
Bones cannot bend.
Movement in the skeleton
can only take place where
two bones meet one another.
These places are called
joints.
(Page 253)
Joints
Some joints work like the
hinges on a door. They let
the bones move back and
forth in one direction, in the
same way that a door opens
and closes. These are called
hinge joints.
(Page 253)
Joints
Some joints let the bones
move in a complete circle. At
these joints, one of the bones
has an end shaped like a
ball. The other bone has a
cup, or socket, that the ball
fits into. These are called
ball-and-socket joints. (Page 253)
 01. Question
Explain what a joint is.

(Page 254)
 02. Question
These pictures show a man hitting a
golf shot.
a. Which hinge joints is he moving?
b. Which ball-and-socket joints is he
moving?

(Page 254)
 Joints in the Arm
You have several different joints in
your arms. These include the shoulder
joint, the elbow joint, the wrist joint and
all the joints in the fingers.

(Page 254)
 Joints in the Arm
The photo is an X-ray of someone’s
arm. Can you pick out the humerus,
radius and ulna? You should also be
able to find the hinge joint at the elbow,
and the ball-and-socket joint at the
shoulder.

(Page 254)
 Muscles
Bones and joints cannot move
themselves. You use muscles to
move bones at joints.

(Page 255)
 Muscles
Muscles are made of specialized
cells. These cells are able to make
themselves shorter. This is called
contraction.

(Page 255)
 Muscles
Muscles use energy to contract. Like all cells,
they get this energy from nutrients, especially
glucose. The energy is released from glucose
by respiration. The more you ask your muscles
to contract, the more energy they use, and
therefore the more glucose they use.

(Page 255)
 Muscles
Muscles can produce a strong pulling force
when they contract. Many of your muscles are
attached to bones, by tough cords called
tendons. When the muscle contracts, it pulls
on the tendon, which pulls on the bone. This
makes the bone move at a joint.

(Page 255)
 Muscles
This diagram shows the muscles
that move the arm bones at the
elbow joint.

(Page 255)
 Muscles
First, loot at the biggest muscle in the diagram.
This is the biceps. (Biceps is an unusual word,
because it ends in an s even though it is
regular. One biceps, two biceps.) ‘Bi-’ means
two. This muscle is called the biceps because
it has two tendons that attach it to the scapula.

(Page 255)
 Muscles
The longer, thinner muscle in the
diagram is the triceps.

(Page 255)
 03. Question
The biceps is attached to
the scapula at one end.
Which bone is the other
end attached to?

(Page 255)
 04. Question
Which bones is the triceps
attached to?

(Page 255)
 05. Question
Tri-means three. Suggest
why the triceps has this
name.

(Page 255)
 06. Question
Tendons do not stretch.
Suggest why not.

(Page 255)
Bending the Elbow Joint
Think about what happens when you
bend your arm at the elbow.

When you decide to bend your arm,

(Page 256)
Bending the Elbow Joint
The cells in the biceps muscle respond
to this electrical impulse by
contracting. This makes the whole
muscle get shorter.

(Page 256)
Bending the Elbow Joint
The biceps muscle is firmly fixed to the
scapula at one end and the radius at
the other end. So, when it gets shorter,
these bones are pulled closer together.
The elbow bends, as shown in the
diagram.

(Page 256)
 Straightening the
Elbow Joint
Now think about how you straighten your arm at the elbow joint.

It’s important to remember that muscle can only pull. They cannot
push. Muscles can generate a force by getting shorter, or contracting.
But they cannot generate a force by getting longer.

(Page 256)
 Straightening the
Elbow Joint
So, the biceps cannot push the arm straight again.
You need another muscle to pull the arm straight.

The muscle that does this is the triceps muscle. This

(Page 256)
Antagonistic Muscles
You can see that the biceps muscle and
the triceps muscle work as a team.

- To bend the arm, the biceps contracts

(Page 257)
Antagonistic Muscles
Two muscles that work together like
this are called antagonistic muscles.
When one of them contracts, it moves
the bones at a joint in one direction.
When the other muscle contracts, it
moves the bones in the other direction.

(Page 257)