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CH 14-2 - Complex Numbers

This document discusses complex numbers and phasors in electrical circuit analysis. It introduces complex numbers as a way to represent sinusoidal voltages and currents using rectangular (x + jy) and polar (Z∠θ) forms. Phasors are defined as rotating vectors used to represent sinusoidal voltages and currents, where the phasor magnitude is the rms value and the angle is the phase angle. Phasors allow algebraic addition of sinusoidal voltages and currents to find their sum, using complex number operations in the phasor domain, which is easier than point-by-point addition in the time domain. Phasor diagrams provide a snapshot of relative phasor positions and orientations.

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51 views

CH 14-2 - Complex Numbers

This document discusses complex numbers and phasors in electrical circuit analysis. It introduces complex numbers as a way to represent sinusoidal voltages and currents using rectangular (x + jy) and polar (Z∠θ) forms. Phasors are defined as rotating vectors used to represent sinusoidal voltages and currents, where the phasor magnitude is the rms value and the angle is the phase angle. Phasors allow algebraic addition of sinusoidal voltages and currents to find their sum, using complex number operations in the phasor domain, which is easier than point-by-point addition in the time domain. Phasor diagrams provide a snapshot of relative phasor positions and orientations.

Uploaded by

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© © All Rights Reserved
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The Basic Elements and Phasors

14.6 COMPLEX NUMBERS


 In dc circuit analysis we need to find the algebraic sum of voltages and currents
 For ac circuit analysis we need also to find the algebraic sum of voltages and
currents.
v1 =V m 1 sin ( ωt+θ 1 )

v 2=V m 2 sin ( ωt+θ 2 )

vT =v 1+ v 2=V m 1 sin ( ωt +θ1 ) +V m 2 sin ( ωt +θ2 )

 How to do these summation when the voltages are varying sinusoidally in time?
o It can be done point by point basis. This is very long and not practical
o It can be done by employing a system of complex numbers that will be
related to the sinusoidal waveform.
o Then we can find very easily and accurately the sum of two (or more) sine
waves.
A complex number represents a point in
a two-dimensional plane located with
reference to two distinct axes.
This point can also determine a radius
vector drawn from the origin to the point.
The symbol j (or sometimes i) is used to
denote the imaginary component
Two forms are used to represent a
complex number: rectangular and polar
14.7 RECTANGULAR FORM
The rectangular form is:
C=X + jY

Boldface ≡ vector (magnitude and


direction)
Italic ≡ magnitude only
EXAMPLE 14.13 Sketch the following complex
numbers in the complex plane:
14.8 POLAR FORM
The polar form is:
C=Z ∠ θ

Z ≡ magnitude only always positive


θ ≡ angle measured counter-clockwise
(CCW) from the positive real axis

Angle measured clockwise must have a


minus sign associated
−C=−Z ∠θ=Z ∠ ( θ ±180 ° )

¿ Z ∠(θ ± π )
EXAMPLE 14.14 Sketch the following
complex numbers in the complex plane:
14.9 CONVERSION BETWEEN FORMS
14.10 MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS WITH COMPLEX
NUMBERS
Complex Conjugate
The conjugate or complex conjugate of a complex number can be found by simply
changing the sign of the imaginary part in the rectangular form or by using the
negative of the angle of the polar form:
The conjugate of:
C=2+ j 3

is
¿ 2− j3
The conjugate of:
C=2 ∠ 30°

is
2 ∠−30 °
14.12 PHASORS
A better method uses the rotating radius vector (used to generate the sine wave)
This radius vector:
 has a constant magnitude
 one end is fixed at the origin

is the phasor when applied to electric circuit


v1 =V m 1 sin ( ωt ± θ1 ) ⟶V m1 ∠±θ 1

v 2=V m 2 sin ( ωt ± θ2 ) ⟶V m 2 ∠± θ2
v1 =V m 1 sin ( ωt ± θ1 ) ⟶V m1 ∠±θ 1

v 2=V m 2 sin ( ωt ± θ2 ) ⟶V m 2 ∠± θ2

We can find the sum ( v1+v2 ) using their phasors V m1 ∠ ±θ1 and V m2 ∠ ±θ 2

The phasors are added using the complex number algebra to obtain the phasor form
of the sum vT = v1+v2 very easily and then convert it back to sinusoidal form.

Position of the various phasors, is called phasor diagram.

It is actually a “snapshot” of the rotating vector at t = 0


Because the rms values are more used in ac circuits then in all future notations:
The phasor used will have magnitude equal to the effective (rms) value of
the sign wave it represents.

V =V ∠θ and I =I ∠ θ

Where V and I are the rms values and θ is the phase angle.

Time domain Phasor domain


v=V m sin ( ωt ± θ ) V eff ∠ ± θ=V m / √2 ∠ ±θ

i=I m sin ( ωt ± θ ) I eff ∠±θ=I m / √2 ∠ ±θ

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