MATHEMATICS

a –a
• The additive inverse of the rational number is and vice-versa.
b b

a
UNIT 1 • The reciprocal or multiplicative inverse of the rational number
b
c a c
is if × = 1.
RATIONAL NUMBERS d b d
• Distributivity of rational numbers – For all rational numbers a,
b and c
(A) Main Concepts and Results a (b + c) = ab + ac

p a (b – c) = ab – ac
• A number that can be expressed in the form , where p and q are • Rational numbers can be represented on a number line.
q
integers and q ¹ 0, is called a rational number. • Between any two given rational numbers there are infinitely many
rational numbers. The idea of mean helps us to find rational
p
• Lowest form of a rational number – A rational number is said numbers between two given rational numbers.
q
to be in the lowest form or simplest form if p and q have no common
factor other than 1 and q ¹ 0.
(B) Solved Examples

In examples 1 to 3, there are four options out of which one is correct.

Choose the correct answer.
Example 1 : Which of the following is not true?
2 5 5 2 2 5 5 2
(a) + = + (b) − = −
3 4 4 3 3 4 4 3
2 5 5 2 2 5 2 4
(c) × = × (d) ÷ = ×
3 4 4 3 3 4 3 5

Solution : The correct answer is (b).

Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of rational
numbers are done in the same way as we do for fractions. 0
Example 2 : Multiplicative inverse of is
• Rational numbers are closed under the operations of addition, 1
subtraction and multiplication. (a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) not defined
• The operations of addition and multiplication for rational numbers Solution : The correct answer is (d).
are
−3 1
(i) commutative, (ii) associative Example 3 : Three rational numbers lying between 4 and are
2
• The rational number 0 is the additive identity for rational numbers.
1 3 –1 1 3
• The rational number 1 is the multiplicative identity for rational (a) − , 0, (b) , ,
2 4 4 4 4
numbers.

2 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
 UNIT-1 MATHEMATICS

–1 1 –5 1 ⎛ −5 2 ⎞ 2 7
(c) ,0, (d) ,0, = ⎜ − ⎟× +
4 4 4 4 ⎝ 7 7⎠ 3 3
Solution : The correct answer is (c).
2 7 5
= − + =
In examples 4 and 5, fill in the blanks to make the statements true. 3 3 3
Example 4 : The product of a non-zero rational number and its Example 10 : Let O, P and Z represent the numbers 0, 3 and -5
reciprocal is ________. respectively on the number line. Points Q, R and S are
between O and P such that OQ = QR = RS = SP.
Solution : 1
What are the rational numbers represented by the points
1 6 y Q, R and S. Next choose a point T between Z and O so
Example 5 : If x = and y = then xy − = _______.
3 7 x that ZT = TO. Which rational number does T represent?
Z O P
−16
Solution : Solution : –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
7
As OQ = QR = RS = SP
In examples 6 and 7, state whether the given statements are true or and OQ + QR + RS + SP = OP
false. therefore Q, R and S divide OP into four equal parts.
Example 6 : Every rational number has a reciprocal. 0+3 3
So, R is the mid-point of OP, i.e. R= =
Solution : False 2 2
−4 −5 1 ⎛ 3⎞ 3
Example 7 : is larger than 4 . Q is the mid-point of OR, i.e. Q= ⎜0 + ⎟ =
5 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 4
Solution : True
1 ⎛3 ⎞ 9
and S is the mid-point of RP, i.e. S= ⎜ + 3⎟ =
4 14 2 2 ⎝2 ⎠ 4
Example 8 : Find × ÷ .
7 3 3
3 3 9
4 14 2 4 ⎛ 14 3 ⎞ therefore, Q = , R = and S=
Solution : × ÷ = ×⎜ × ⎟ 4 2 4
7 3 3 7 ⎝ 3 2⎠
Also Z T = TO
4 0 + (–5) –5
= ×7 = 4 So, T is the mid-point of OZ, i.e. T= =
7 2 2
2 −5 7 2 −2
Example 9 : Using appropriate properties, find 3 × 7
+ + ×
3 3 7
.

Think and Discuss

2 ⎛ −5 ⎞ 7 2 ⎛ −2 ⎞
Solution : ×⎜ ⎟ + + ×⎜ ⎟
3 ⎝ 7 ⎠ 3 3 ⎝ 7 ⎠ 1. Explain the first step in solving an addition equation with fractions
having like denominators.
−5 2 2 2 7 2. Explain the first step in solving an addition equation with fractions
= × − × +
7 3 7 3 3 having unlike denominators.

RATIONAL NUMBERS 3 4 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

 UNIT-1 MATHEMATICS

4 Hence verified.
Example 11 : A farmer has a field of area 49 ha. He wants to divide it
5 (ii) L.H.S = a × (b × c)
equally among his one son and two daughters. Find the
2 ⎡ 4 ⎛ −5 ⎞ ⎤
area of each one’s share. × ×⎜ ⎟
3 ⎢⎣ 5 ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎥⎦
=
(ha means hectare; 1 hectare = 10,000 m2)
4 249 2 ⎛ −20 ⎞ 2 ⎛ −2 ⎞
Solution : 49 ha = ha = ×⎜ ⎟ = ×⎜ ⎟
5 5 3 ⎝ 30 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
1 249 83 3 2 × ( −2) −4
Each share = × ha = ha = 16 ha =
3 5 5 5 =
3×3 9
2 4 R.H.S. = (a × b) × c
Example 12 : Let a, b, c be the three rational numbers where a = , b =
3 5
⎛ 2 4 ⎞ ⎛ −5 ⎞
5 = ⎜ × ⎟×⎜ ⎟
and c = − ⎝3 5⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
6
Verify: 2 × 4 −5
= ×
(i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) +c (Associative property of addition) 3×5 6
(ii) a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c (Associative property of
8 ⎛ −5 ⎞
multiplication) = ×⎜ ⎟
Solution : (i) L.H.S = a + (b +c) 15 ⎝ 6 ⎠

2 ⎡ 4 ⎛ −5 ⎞ ⎤ 8 × ( −5) − 40 − 4
+ +⎜ = = =
⎟ 15 × 6
3 ⎢⎣ 5 ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎥⎦
= 90 9

2 ⎡ 4 ⎛ −5 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ 2 4 ⎤ ⎛ −5 ⎞
2 ⎡ 24 − 25 ⎤ × ×⎜ ⎟ = × ×⎜ ⎟
3 ⎢⎣ 5 ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 5 ⎦⎥ ⎝ 6 ⎠
+ So,
3 ⎢⎣ 30 ⎥⎦
=
Example 13 : Solve the following questions and write your observations.
2 ⎛ −1 ⎞
= +⎜ ⎟ 5 −2 3
3 ⎝ 30 ⎠ (i) +0=? (ii) +0=? (iii) +0=?
3 5 7
20 − 1 19
= = 2 −6 9
30 30 (iv) ×1=? (v) ×1=? (vi) ×1=?
3 7 8
R.H.S. of (i) = (a + b) + c
5 5 −2 −2 3 3
⎛ 2 4 ⎞ ⎛ −5 ⎞ Solution : (i) +0= (ii) +0= (iii) +0=
3 3 5 5 7 7
= ⎜ + ⎟+⎜ ⎟
⎝3 5⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ 10 + 12 ⎞ ⎛ −5 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟ Rational Numbers
⎝ 15 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
22 5 44 − 25 19 Integers
= − = =
15 6 30 30
Whole Numbers
2 ⎡ 4 ⎛ −5 ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 2 4 ⎞ ⎛ −5 ⎞
So, + ⎢ + ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ + ⎟+⎜ ⎟
3 ⎣ 5 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎝ 3 5 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠

RATIONAL NUMBERS 5 6 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

 UNIT-1 MATHEMATICS

2 2 −6 −6 9 9 Plan a strategy
(iv) ×1= (v) ×1 = (vi) ×1=
3 3 7 7 8 8 • Let the unknown rational number be x. Form an
Observation equation with the conditions given. Then solve the
From (i) to (iii), we observe that: (i) When we add 0 to a rational number we equation.
get the same rational number. Solve
From (iv) to (vi), we observe that: (ii) When we multiply a rational number
by 1 we get the same rational number. Let the other rational number be x
(iii) Therefore, 0 is the additive identity of rational numbers and 1 is the –10 × x = –7
‘multiplicative identity’ of rational numbers.
–7 7
−5 7 x= ,x=
Example 14 : Write any 5 rational numbers between and . –10 10
6 8
Check
−5 −5 × 4 −20
Solution : = = 7
6 6×4 24 –10 ×
10
= –7. Hence, the result is correct.
7 7 × 3 21
and = = Think and Discuss
8 8 × 3 24
−19 −18 −17 20 Some other easier ways to find the answer.
Thus, rational numbers , , ,..... lie
24 24 24 24
Is the product greater than both the rational numb or less than both the
−5 7 rational numbers?
between and .
6 8
Example 15 : Identify the rational number which is different Note taking Skills
2 −4 1 1
from the other three : , , , . Explain your reasoning. Focus on Graphic Organisers
3 5 2 3
You can use an information frame to organize information about a
−4
Solution : mathematical concept or property, such as the commutative property of
5 is the rational number which is different from the addition.
other three, as it lies on the left side of zero while others
lie on the right side of zero on the number line. WORDS
The order in which you add two
Example 16 : Problem Solving Strategies numbers does not change the sum
Problem : The product of two rational numbers is –7. If one of the
number is –10, find the other. EXAMPLE COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY ALGEBRA
3+5=5+3 OF ADDITION a+b=b+a
Solution : Understand and explore
• What information is given in the question?
One of the two rational numbers VOCABULARY HELP
Product of two rational numbers The word commute means travel
to move
• What are you finding?
The other rational number Make an information frame for the distributive property.

RATIONAL NUMBERS 7 8 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

 UNIT-1 MATHEMATICS

(C) Exercise 2 ⎛ −6 3 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 3 −6 ⎞
(b) ×⎜ × ⎟ = ×⎜ × ⎟
3 ⎝ 7 5⎠ 3 ⎝5 7 ⎠
In questions 1 to 25, there are four options out of which one is correct.
Choose the correct answer. 2 ⎛ −6 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 2 ⎞ −6
(c) ×⎜ × ⎟ = ⎜ × ⎟×
p 3 ⎝ 7 5⎠ ⎝5 3⎠ 7
1. A number which can be expressed as where p and q are integers
q
and q ≠ 0 is ⎛ 2 −6 ⎞ 3 ⎛ −6 2 ⎞ 3
(d) ⎜ × ⎟× = ⎜ × ⎟×
(a) natural number. (b) whole number. ⎝3 7 ⎠ 5 ⎝ 7 3⎠ 5
(c) integer. (d) rational number. 7. Zero (0) is
p (a) the identity for addition of rational numbers.
2. A number of the form is said to be a rational number if
q (b) the identity for subtraction of rational numbers.
(a) p and q are integers. (c) the identity for multiplication of rational numbers.
(b) p and q are integers and q ≠ 0 (d) the identity for division of rational numbers.
(c) p and q are integers and p ≠ 0 8. One (1) is
(d) p and q are integers and p ≠ 0 also q ≠ 0. (a) the identity for addition of rational numbers.
3 ( −5) −19 (b) the identity for subtraction of rational numbers.
3. The numerical expression + = shows that
8 7 56
(c) the identity for multiplication of rational numbers.
(a) rational numbers are closed under addition.
(d) the identity for division of rational numbers.
(b) rational numbers are not closed under addition.
−7
(c) rational numbers are closed under multiplication. 9. The additive inverse of is
19
(d) addition of rational numbers is not commutative.
−7 7 19 −19
4. Which of the following is not true? (a) (b) (c) (d)
19 19 7 7
(a) rational numbers are closed under addition. 10. Multiplicative inverse of a negative rational number is
(b) rational numbers are closed under subtraction. (a) a positive rational number.
(c) rational numbers are closed under multiplication. (b) a negative rational number.
(d) rational numbers are closed under division. (c) 0
3 1 1 ⎛ −3 ⎞ (d) 1
5. − + = +⎜ ⎟ is an example to show that
8 7 7 ⎝ 8 ⎠ 11. If x + 0 = 0 + x = x, which is rational number, then 0 is called
(a) addition of rational numbers is commutative. (a) identity for addition of rational numbers.
(b) rational numbers are closed under addition. (b) additive inverse of x.
(c) addition of rational number is associative. (c) multiplicative inverse of x.
(d) rational numbers are distributive under addition. (d) reciprocal of x.
6. Which of the following expressions shows that rational numbers are
8
associative under multiplication. 12. To get the product 1, we should multiply by
21
2 ⎛ −6 3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 −6 ⎞ 3 8 −8 21 −21
(a) ×⎜ × ⎟ = ⎜ × ⎟× (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 ⎝ 7 5⎠ ⎝3 7 ⎠ 5 21 21 8 8

RATIONAL NUMBERS 9 10 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

 UNIT-1 MATHEMATICS

13. – (–x) is same as

1 ⎧2 ⎛ − 4 ⎞ ⎫ 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ − 4
1 −1 (c) − ×⎨ +⎜ ⎟ ⎬ = + ⎜− ⎟×
4 ⎩3 ⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎭ 3 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 7
(a) – x (b) x (c) (d)
x x
1 ⎧ 2 ⎛ − 4 ⎞ ⎫ ⎧ 2 ⎛ − 4 ⎞⎫ 1
1 (d) − ×⎨ +⎜ ⎟⎬ = ⎨ +⎜ ⎟⎬ −
14. The multiplicative inverse of −1 is 4 ⎩ 3 ⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎭ ⎩ 3 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎭ 4
7
8 −8 7 7 23. Between two given rational numbers, we can find
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 8 −8 (a) one and only one rational number.
15. If x be any rational number then x + 0 is equal to
(b) only two rational numbers.
(a) x (b) 0 (c) – x (d) Not defined
(c) only ten rational numbers.
16. The reciprocal of 1 is
(d) infinitely many rational numbers.
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) Not defined
17. The reciprocal of –1 is
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) Not defined Plan a strategy
18. The reciprocal of 0 is • Some problems contain a lot of information. Read the entire
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) Not defined problem carefully to be sure you understand all the facts.
You may need to read it over several times, perhaps aloud so
p that you can hear yourself and understand it well.
19. The reciprocal of any rational number , where p and q are integers
q • Then decide which information is most important (prioritise).
and q ≠ 0, is Is there any information that is absolutely necessary to solve
the problem? This information is most important.
p q
(a) (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) • Finally, put the information in order (sequence). Use
q p comparison words like before, after, longer, shorter, and so on
20. If y be the reciprocal of rational number x, then the reciprocal of y to help you. Write down the sequence before you try to solve
the problem.
will be
x y Read the problem given below, and then answer the questions
(a) x (b) y (c) (d) that follow
y x
−3 ⎛ −7 ⎞ • Five friends are standing in line for the opening of a show.
21. The reciprocal of × ⎜ ⎟ is They are in line according to their arrival. Shreya arrived 3
8 ⎝ 13 ⎠
minutes after Sachin. Roy took his place in line at 9:01 P.M.
104 −104 21 −21 He was 1 minute behind Reena and 7 minutes ahead of Shreya.
(a) (b) (c) (d) The first person arrived at 9:00 P.M. Babu showed up 6
21 21 104 104
minutes after the first person. List the time of each person’s
22. Which of the following is an example of distributive property of arrival.
multiplication over addition for rational numbers.
(a) Whose arrival information helped you determine each
1 ⎧ 2 ⎛ − 4 ⎞ ⎫ ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎛ − 4 ⎞⎤ person’s arrival time?
(a) − ×⎨ +⎜ ⎟⎬ = − × + − ×⎜ ⎟
4 ⎩ 3 ⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎭ ⎢⎣ 4 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎥⎦ (b) Can you determine the order without the time?
(c) List the friends’ order of arrival from the earliest to the
1 ⎧2 ⎛ − 4 ⎞ ⎫ ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎛ − 4 ⎞ last.
(b) − ×⎨ +⎜ ⎟⎬ = × −⎜ ⎟
4 ⎩ 3 ⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎭ ⎢⎣ 4 3 ⎥⎦ ⎝ 7 ⎠

RATIONAL NUMBERS 11 12 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

 UNIT-1 MATHEMATICS

x +y
24. is a rational number.
2
(a) Between x and y Writing Strategy:

(b) Less than x and y both. Write a Convincing Argument it

a b o u t10 For any
(c) Greater than x and y both. Your ability to write a convincing W r it e d 2 . s u a ll y
argument proves that you have 0 na
2
are 1 hat u r,
(d) Less than x but greater than y. understanding of the concept. An Comp m b e r s , w r n u m b e
u e s
25. Which of the following statements is always true? effective argument should include the t w o n t h e g r e a t number a
following four parts: g i v e s he greate
r
pon ent?
x −y t e ex
(a) is a rational number between x and y. (1) A goal using e or as th xception.
2 the b
as
ast one e
at le
(2) A response to the goal Give
x +y
(b) is a rational number between x and y. (3) Evidence to support the response
2
(4) A summary statement
x ×y
(c) is a rational number between x and y. Step 1 : Identify the goal
2
For any two numbers, explain whether using the greater number as the
x ÷y
(d) is a rational number between x and y. base will generally result in a greater number or using it as the exponent.
2 Find one exception.

In questions 26 to 47, fill in the blanks to make the statements true. Step 2 : Provide a response to the goal
Using the greater number as the exponent usually gives the greater
5 number.
26. The equivalent of , whose numerator is 45 is ___________.
7 Step 3 : Provide evidence to support your response
ers
7 numb
27. The equivalent rational number of , whose denominator is 45 is n for the greater
9 ptio the
2 Exce 3. Using onent
0 and e exp
___________.
n u m ber 1 umber, 2 and r, 3, as th a greater
he r n e
numb t result in
15 35 For t the greate e n t w il l o
on will n r.
28. Between the numbers and , the greater number is __________. Using t h e e x p umbe
r.
20 40
10, a
s ater n numb
e
in a gre
29. The reciprocal of a positive rational number is ___________. result 32 = 9
100
10 =
2
30. The reciprocal of a negative rational number is ___________. 23 = 8
10 = 10
24
31. Zero has ___________ reciprocal. 2 9>8
1 024
100 <
3
32. The numbers ___________ and ___________ are their own reciprocal. 10 32 > 2
2 < 2
33. If y be the reciprocal of x, then the reciprocal of y2 in terms of x will 10
be ___________.
Step 4 : Summarise your argument
2 ⎛–4⎞
34. The reciprocal of ×⎜ ⎟ is ___________. Generally, for any two numbers, using the greater number as the exponent
5 ⎝ 9 ⎠
instead of as the base will result in a greater number.
–1 –1
35. (213 × 657) = 213 × ___________.
36. The negative of 1 is ___________.

RATIONAL NUMBERS 13 14 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

 UNIT-1 MATHEMATICS

a c e a ⎛c e ⎞ 5 1
37. For rational numbers , and we have × ⎜ + ⎟ = _________ + 52.
10
lies between and 1.
2
b d f b ⎝d f ⎠
________. −7
53. lies between –3 and – 4.
−5 2
38. is ________ than –3.
7
9
39. There are ________ rational numbers between any two rational 54. lies between 1 and 2.
numbers. 6
1 −1 a b
40. The rational numbers and are on the ________ sides of zero on 55. If a ≠ 0, the multiplicative inverse of is .
3 3 b a
the number line.
−3 5
41. The negative of a negative rational number is always a ________ rational 56. The multiplicative inverse of is .
5 3
number.
1
42. Rational numbers can be added or multiplied in any __________. 57. The additive inverse of is –2.
2
−5
43. The reciprocal of is ________. x c x c
7 58. If is the additive inverse of , then + = 0 .
y d y d
4
44. The multiplicative inverse of is _________.
3 59. For every rational number x, x + 1 = x.
p
45. The rational number 10.11 in the from is _________. x c x c
q 60. If is the additive inverse of , then − =0
y d y d
1 ⎡2 3 ⎤ ⎡1 2 ⎤
46. × + = ⎢ × ⎥ + _________.
5 ⎢⎣ 7 8 ⎥⎦
q
⎣5 7 ⎦ 61. The reciprocal of a non-zero rational number is the rational
p
47. The two rational numbers lying between –2 and –5 with denominator
q
as 1 are _________ and _________. number .
p

In each of the following, state whether the statements are true (T) or 62. If x + y = 0, then –y is known as the negative of x, where x and y are
false (F). rational numbers.
x 63. The negative of the negative of any rational number is the number
48. If is a rational number, then y is always a whole number.
y itself.
p 64. The negative of 0 does not exist.
49. If is a rational number, then p cannot be equal to zero.
q
65. The negative of 1 is 1 itself.
r
50. If is a rational number, then s cannot be equal to zero. 66. For all rational numbers x and y, x – y = y – x.
s
5 2 67. For all rational numbers x and y, x × y = y × x.
51. lies between and 1.
6 3

RATIONAL NUMBERS 15 16 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS