CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT

PROJECT PARTICIPANTS

Gülben ÇALIŞ, Associate Professor

Ege University, Faculty of Engineering,

Department of Civil Engineering
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Primary Participants in any

Construction Project

Owner

Project

Design Management Construction

(Construction Manager /
(Design Professionals) (Constructors)
General Contractor)

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The Owner’s Team

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THE OWNER
► isthe individual or organization who is the
instigator/initiator and ultimate buyer and
possessor of the project.
► The owner’s typical role is assuring the
quality and success of a constructed process
► Decision making criteria for the owner:
 On time and on budget
 Reasonable life cycle costs
 Operating and maintenance efficiency
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The Owner’s Roles & Responsibilities

► Identify the need for a project
► Develop complete, attainable, and practical project
goals
► Define objectives with regard to cost,
performance, appearance and function
► Select the members of the project team
► Communicate his/her requirements about how the
project is to be executed
► Secure and manage funds and pay team members

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The Owner’s Roles & Responsibilities

(cont.)
► Owner may delegate to specific
responsibilities to other team members
depending on the scope, nature of
organization, and delivery system.
► Owner’s role can vary from being highly
involved and interactive member to
providing broad “hands-off” project-wide
supervision

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Public Works
► All construction work is done using public’s
(taxpayers) money
► Includes government at all levels (national
or local) and public agencies
► Obligation to spend money public’s money
properly
► Usually bureaucratic rules and procedures
 E.g. projects must be awarded to the lowest responsible
and responsive bidder
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Public Owners
► Cities, towns, counties, school boards, special districts and
governmental agencies
► Subject to a greater degree of public scrutiny and oversight
► Public projects often conform to pre-established funding
limits, and the project objectives are oriented toward
performance and compliance
► Objectives may be influenced by political change
► The success of project depends on:
 Benefits to the wider public
 Utility to the community
 Potential increases in accessibility
 Protection of environment

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Private Work
► Privatepersons and corporations are
spending their own money
► Not encumbered by bureaucracy and rules
► They make their own rules

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Private Owners
► Expedite projects more quickly
► More influenced by economic factors
► Project aspects such as demand, marketability,
aesthetics may have greater influence
► The success of a private project is measured with
an emphasis on the value to customers and
investors
► Carrying out projects in highly regulated industries
(electric power production, gas utilities, etc.) may
face rigorous constraints

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THE OWNER’S TEAM

► The number and complexity of decisions often
require that the owner assemble a group of
advisers (in-house staff and/or independent
consultants) to provide the level of expertise and
effort needed to successfully complete the project.
► They report to the owner but consult regularly
with design professional and constructor.
► Owner may delegate authority to a representative
to act on his behalf.

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Roles and Responsibilities

► Basic function of the team is to initiate and generally guide
the project through the planning, design, and construction
processes so that project meets stated goals and
objectives.
► Owner’s team seek the best design possible to maximize
the operating efficiency of the facility, yet they also seek to
minimize costs.
► The team benefits by developing the project scope in as
much detail as possible before contracting with a design
professional or contractor.

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Core activities of the owner’s

team
► Identify and articulate the basic need for the project
► Assist in establishing project objectives
► Secure funding
► Acquire property and applicable permits
► Address zoning considerations
► Select the design professional and constructor
► Establish material, equipment and operational standards
► Make design and construction decisions
► Integrate the project with existing facilities
► Monitor and manage the performance of design professional and
constructor
► Facilitate payment of design professional and constructor

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Project Manager
►A generic title for the person or firm representing
the owner that holds overall responsibility for the
coordination and management of project activities
► PM may be:
 The owner (smaller projects)
 The design professional, acting under the direction of a
public agency
 A member of constructor’s staff (design-build)
 An independent construction manager under contract to
the owner

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Financial Planning Consultants

► At early stages of planning for a project, services
of financial planning consultants such as certified
public accounting (CPA) firms may be needed
► They evaluate the economic and financial
feasibility of the constructed facility, particularly
laws which may affect the investment decision
► Investment banks can also be consulted to
analyze long-term effects

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Financers
► Lender/ Bank er/ Financier/ Financial
I nstitution/ M ortgage Com pany/ I nsurance
Com pany: An array of individuals and organizations that
specialize in supplying money for the construction of
projects.
► Interim financing (construction loan), payments are made
at specific points throughout the progress of the
construction, and then converted to and paid off as a
mortgage.
► A straightforward mortgage that makes one payment when
the project is complete.
► Financing is generally a major cost in the construction
process due to added interest costs.

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The Design Team

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The Design Professional

► Design P rofessional: a collective title that refers
to persons or A/E firms who have all necessary
credentials (e.g. registration) to engage in their
profession (architects and engineers).
► The design professional may be an employee of
the owner or an independent individual or firm
and may be engaged in services such as:
 initial site investigations,
 preliminary design and design completion,
 preparation of plans and specifications,
 design related services during construction and start-up.
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Architect
► A design professional whose primary role is creating a
detailed design for the project to meet the specific needs
and desires of the client.
► Work on the project during each phase
 Initial programming
 Site feasibility / selection
 Development of the design concept
 Overall control and administration of the documentation and
construction of the project.
► Act as the client’s agent
 Collect information regarding the owner’s needs and desires
 Conversion of that information into data and drawings that are
usable by the contractors, who build the project.
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(Professional) Engineer
► practices in one or more aspects of engineering related to
construction and building design.
► Civil, geotechnical, structural, electrical, mechanical,
acoustical, etc.
► Highly mathematical work, wherein calculation and analysis
lead to conclusion and selection of members, designs,
equipment, and systems appropriate ton the required task.
► Examples:
 Foundation design to withstand seismic conditions
 Process and production equipment design and installations

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Engineers involved in project

design
► Structural Engineer: calculate strength and deflections,
foundation sizes, beam thickness and strength of floor
slabs: They ensure that a building can withstand the forces
of wind, gravity, and seismic activity.
► Civil Engineer: determine the location of a project on a
site by studying the subsurface soil conditions and the
topography of the land. They design roads, bridges,
tunnels, parking lots, storm water drainage, and sewage
treatment plants

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Engineers involved in project

design (cont.)
► Mechanical Engineer: design heating, cooling, water
supply, and sanitary systems. They work with architects to
make sure that enough room is provided for ducts and
fans. They share information about equipment weight with
structural engineers and power requirements with electrical
engineers.
► Electrical Engineer: calculate the overall electric load
required; size equipment accordingly; and supply drawings
that show power lines, motors, transformers, switchgear,
and telecommunications. They determine the amount of
lighting required for the owner’s intended use and design
lighting layouts to meet an architect’s criteria.
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Project Representative / Contract

Administrator
► A/E firm’s on-site (field) representative.
► Link between contractor and A/E firm.
► Convey information both ways, resolve minor problems
► Embodies the design professional on the site to facilitate
work and do problem solving
► Observe the work in progress for compliance with contract
documents
► Assist the professional in certifying the monthly payments
to the contractor
► No authority to supervise, direct, change, or stop the work

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Drafter/CAD Operator/Designer
► People who produce construction
documents in support of architect’s work
using CAD software packages

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Specification Writer
► As part of complete contract set, a specification writer
prepares a written document called the specifications
► Done in conjunction with drawings
► Lays out level of performance requirements and quality
expected on the project
► an experienced engineer/architect fully dedicated to
production of project manuals and specifications.
► This person also maintains the firm’s technical library and
is the primary investigator and evaluator of new products,
information from manufacturers, and salespersons.

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Interior Designers
► On large projects architects sometimes use the services of
interior designers
► These professionals (2-4 year program graduates) work on a
project’s nonstructural interior spaces
► Architect lays out how exterior elevations work, where core
systems in the building will be located, and what primary
materials wiil be used
► Interior designer works out interior finishes; paint, window
treatment, flooring, ceilings, furniture, and signs.
► Interior designers require expertise in space planning, acoustics,
lighting and telecommunications and must know latest products
on the market.
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Landscape Architects
► Architects consult with landscape architects when a project
involves significant outdoor space or indoor planting areas.
► They are usually outside consultants with their own
practices.
► Their work includes identification of plant species and
location of trees.
► They set grades; establish walkways, walls, and fences;
and specify paving types.
► They also get involved with site design, pedestrian and
vehicular circulation, park design, and conservation
measures.
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Surveyors
► They measure distances and elevations of land
surfaces.
► They locate natural features such as hills, valleys,
vegetation, rock outcroppings, and water bodies.
► They also measure built features such as curbs,
paved areas, utilities, structures, and property
boundaries.
► This information is used as the basis for any site
development.

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Decision Making Criteria for the

Design Team
► Well defined scope
► Acceptance of design concept
► Funding for fieldwork, design, documentation
and profit
► Adequate time in each work phase
► Prompt decisions by owner
► Materials which fit the budget while both
enhancing and properly serving the project over
time
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Consultants
► Persons or firms who specialize in a narrow aspect
of a project.
► Many projects require additional specialized
consultants, as only largest firms have full range
of design disciplines in-house.
► Consultants are either hired by the owner directly
or by the designers as an added expense.
► Their work is usually for a limited amount of time,
a portion of the project, or to specifically deal with
resolving problems.

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List of Typical Consultants

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The Contracting
(Constructor’s) Team
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The Constructor / General Contractor

► Contractors: persons or organizations that
actually perform the construction work.
► General contractor (GC): oversees the
entire project work, may perform portions
of it, and hires and supervises the work of
specialty subcontractors
► Constructor = contractor

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The Constructor / General Contractor

► GC’s role on the project team is to plan, manage,
and properly execute the construction activities
necessary to build the project according to the
plans, specifications, and other contract
documents prepared by the design team.
► Constructor assembles a team of material and
equipment suppliers, specialty contractors,
material fabricators, construction trades workers,
and others to complete construction.

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GC’s Responsibilities
► Establish means and methods of construction
► Fulfill obligations of contract and approved change orders
► Build project elements according to the plans and
specifications
► Order materials and equipment
► Develop and implement a comprehensive safety plan
► Be responsible for the performance of subcontractors and
suppliers
► Comply with applicable codes, regulations, and laws

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Decision Making Criteria for the

Contracting Team
► Good documents
► Timely decisions
► Profitability
► Adequate time to execute

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Construction Project Manager

► GC’s office staffer who coordinates all aspects of
the work assigned or under contract
► Schedule crews, adds/assigns staff, orders
materials, negotiates with suppliers and
subcontractors, etc.
► Position requires many years of experience and a
solid knowledge of project administration\ good
verbal and written communication skills,
knowledge of labor union issues, and technical
construction knowledge
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Superintendent
► GC’s primary on-site person who has overall
responsibility for the construction.
► Oversee all work by all trades and coordinate
efforts of subcontractors
► Trained to envision the project as a whole and the
process that produces the project.
► Contractor’s “eyes” on site
► Works very closely with project manager

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Field engineer
► Entry level position for a young construction
engineer
► Handles various documents that flow
through a field office
► Follows up on owner requests and
communicate with tenants

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Estimator
► Gathers and maintains actual costs of work
items, materials, and subcontractor bids and
prices.
► May track costs as they appear on each
project
► Know unit prices
 Must have a large number and wide range of
resources and source of materials, information,
and cost data

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Schedulers
► They need to have a thorough
understanding of the construction process
as well as the ability to define distinct
construction activities and understand the
relationships among activities.
► Successful schedulers monitor job progress,
coordinate subcontractors, analyze changes
and the impact of delays, and solve
problems.
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Purchasing Agents
► Buy subcontractors once a job is won.
► Negotiates the best price while ensuring
that all contract requirements are met.
► He/she must understand building materials,
prices, and the construction process; have
broad business sense and persuasive.

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Foreman
► in direct charge of a work crew or of a
subcontractor’s entire workforce on the site.
► An experienced worker in a single trade
► Resolve problems with the work involved
and assist workers in correct execution of
tasks
► Coordination with other trades

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Specialty Contractors
(Subcontractors)
► Individuals or organizations with expertise in one
of the specific and narrow ranges of work required
on the project
► Include mechanical, electrical, foundation,
excavation, and demolition contractors and others
► Hired by GC under contract
► Owner usually holds the GC responsible for
negotiating and fulfilling the contractual
agreements with the subcontractors.

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Supplier (Material and Equipment)

► A company that is in business to provide various building
and construction materials, systems, devices,
equipment, etc. for use on the project work or for
incorporation into the actual construction.
 May be “rental agency” that provides pieces of equipment on a short-
term basis
► Major material suppliers include specialty contractors in
structural steel fabrication and erection, sheet metal,
ready mixed concrete delivery, reinforcing steel bar
detailers, roofing, glazing etc.
 manufacturers of generators, boilers and piping and other equipment
for industrial construction.
► Many suppliers handle on-site installation to insure that
requirements and contractual specifications are met.
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Other members of the contracting

team
► Worker: general term to describe those who have
particular skills, education, training, and
knowledge about specific types of construction
work.
► Tradespersons: Workers trained and skilled in a
narrow-scope trade, usually involving a single or
fairly limited range of materials or systems.
 Jurisdiction of the trade is usually established through a
collective bargaining contract.

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Other members of the contracting

team
► Journeyman: a worker who has served a term of
prescribed apprenticeship and has acquired requisite
training, knowledge, skill, and a level of experience in
the trade
► Apprentice: a young person learning in a trade in the
shop, or working with an experienced craftsman
► Technician: Another name for worker (e.g. a
mechanic calibrating an equipment
► Installer: a trained worker that locates, assembles,
anchors, and adjusts materials, equipment, or
apparatus for full and proper functioning.
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Construction Trades
► Boilermakers ► Elevator installers and repairers
► Brickmasons, blockmasons, ► Glaziers
stonemasons ► Hazardous materials removal
► Carpenters workers
► Carpet, floor and tile installers and ► Installation workers
finishers ► Painters and paperhangers
► Cement masons, concrete finishers, ► Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters
segmental pavers, and terrazo and steamfitters
workers ► Plasterers and stucco masons
► Construction equipment operators ► Roofers
► Drywall installers, ceiling tile ► Sheetmetal workers
installers, and tapers
► Structural and reinforcing iron and
► Electricians metal workers

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Construction Equipment
Operators
► They use machinery to move construction
materials, earth, and others heavy materials at
construction sites.
► Skills needed to run heavy equipment are learned
over many years of experience
► GPS technology became more integrated in its
processes
► They also take care of their equipment for
maintenance and repair

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Ironworkers
► They put together the steel skeleton of a
building or a bridge over a foundation
► They also install metal decking and steel
reinforcing bars in concrete slabs
► The job may involve climbing as well as
welding

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Cement Masons
► They pour concrete, lay concrete slabs,
reinforcing walls, steps, and paving; and
apply leveling and finishing techniques.
► They must have a good understanding of
the properties of concrete and how
temperature and humidity can affect the
final product.

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Sheetmetal Workers
► They fabricate and install ducts for heating,
ventilating, and air conditioning.
► They must be able to follow instructions
from shop drawings.
► Much of their fabrication work is done at the
shop rather than site

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Plasterers
► They fileproof steel beams and finish
ceilings and walls using plastering material
on the interior and stucco material on the
exterior

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Plumbers and Pipefitters

► Installall types of piping systems, including
water, gas, steam, processed chilled water,
and sprinkler lines.
► This work involves welding, work on high-
pressure systems, and use of a variety of
tools.

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Electricians
► They assemble and wire the systems
needed to provide electricity for heating,
lighting, power, and air conditioning.
► They also install the conduit for running
wires and hookup equipment.

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Bricklayers
► They build walls, chimneys, and pavement
using unit masonry such as bricks or
concrete blocks.
► This process requires careful, accurate work
to function and look right.

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Glaziers
► They install all types of glass, whether on
storefronts, in windows, or as display cases.
► The work involves sizing, cutting, fitting and
sealing the glass.

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Roofers
► They weatherproof roofs using a variety of
materials, including tar and gravel, rubber,
PVC, asphalt shingles, clay tile, and slate.
► Most of this work is performed high off the
ground.

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Carpenters
► They make up the form work for concrete pours,
install metal and wood studs for walls, apply
gypsum sheathing for walls and ceilings, install
hung ceilings, hang doors, apply trim, install
hardware, make up wood cabinetry and shelving,
and install landscape office furniture.
► This work requires precision and the ability to
work with a variety of hand and power tools.

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Other Project
Participants

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REGULATORY AGENTS
► Chief Building Official: primary person for
enforcement of a building code; from local
governmental jurisdiction.
 Building inspectors: perform in-progress construction
inspections on-site
► P lans Ex am iner: reviews contract documents
submitted for a project building permit
► I nspectors for compliance with regulatory
agencies (e.g. environmental, safety & health,
zoning, water and sewer)
► Construction scientist : researcher/educator for
consulting
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OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES

► Design/Construct firms
► Operation & Maintenance Managers
► Facilities Management
► Construction Scientists for Consultation

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Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Managers
► Although many owners keep a permanent staff for
the operation and maintenance of constructed
facilities, others may prefer to contract such tasks
to professional managers.
► For example, if maintenance of public roadways is
contracted to a private firm, managers can provide
a spectrum of operation and maintenance services
for a specified time period in accordance to the
terms of contractual agreements

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Facilities Management
► Facilities management is the discipline of planning,
designing, constructing and managing space -- in every
type of structure from office buildings to process plants.
► It involves developing corporate facilities policy, long-range
forecasts, real estate, space inventories, projects (through
design, construction and renovation), building operation
and maintenance plans and furniture and equipment
inventories.
► Some A/E firms and CM firms with computer-based
expertise, together with interior design firms offer such
front-end and follow-up services in addition to the more
traditional services in design and construction

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