3. The wire may not have unif 4, The serew gauge may have faul VIVA-VOCE (See at the end of Experiment 3) wl ESainnae OBJECTIVE me To verify the laws of combination (series an metre bridge (slide wire bridge). APPARATUS SS N \— Nut red Fig. 809, Series combination of resistancescASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE mM a seen sme . ; (ii) In parallel i iS 6 90 100] fit ae Fig. 3.10. Parallel combination of resistances. a = (iii) Resistances in series - 4 tp ir YYW) Fig. 3.11. Resistances in series. nces in parallel Fionn in ns I ce e from zero end upto balance point. (ii) When two resistances r, and r, are connected in series, then their combined resis- R,=7, +1, nr, and r, are connected in parallel, then their combined resistance n RamCOMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHY i, 66 1. Mark the two resistance coils a8 7% Nd": iment 2. y 2. To find r, and r, proceed same way 8 in ae in Fig. 3.09 in the Tiht gap op in geri Sets of phe” 3. Connect the two coils r, and in series a8 ST male at Jeast three Sts of obs. bridge and find the resistance of this combin: tions. ; atiownsin Fig: 3.10. Find the Tesist,, 4. Connect the coils in parallel in the right ae oe Abeceritons. of the combination. Take at least three sets 5. Record your observations as follows: istance (X) Y Table for length (1) and unknown resistan' a istance Mean Resistance | Serial | Resistance | Length Length a oo ae coil | No.of | fromthe | ABs! | BC= 100-1 (2). ce Obs. | resistance | (em) (cm) (hm) box Rohm) @ @ @) @ 6 @ @ r, only, as 2. ei 3. ronly | 1, 2. 3. rjandr,in | 1 series 2. aa 3. rand r, 1 = in parallel | 2, 3. é | J 2 Sagi : 1. Caleulation for r, only, r, only, r, and i Same as in Experiment 2. in series and ¥ and r, in parallel 2. Caleulation for verification of laws (i) In series Experimental value of R Theoretical value of R, Difference (if any)COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICs_y, 90 si Gii) For verification E ' + K We Ke Sow x ’ Rheostat ] {G@) “a = Fig. 5.07. Verification. THEORY (Formulae Used) (i) The resistance of the given galvanometer as found by half deflection method R.S g- 2S ee fl where Fis the resistance connected in series with the galvanometer and S is the shunt resistance (2) 5 E Gi) The figure of merit, k= Gy @p where E is the e.mf. of the cell and @ is the deflection produced with resistance R. (iii) The maximum current that can pass through the galvanometer, I,=nk where n is the total number of divisions on the galvanometer scale on either side of zero. ye) The shunt resistance required for conversion, . I, .G = (A) where J is the range of conversion. PROCEDURE (Stepwise) \G) Resistance of galvanometer by half deflection method a: Daa the circuit diagram as shown in Fig, 12 and make the connections accort ingly. 2, See that plugs of the resistance boxes are tight. 3. Take out the high resistance (say 2000 Q) from the resistance box R and insert the key K, only. 4. Adjust the value of 2 so that deflection is maximum, even in number and within the scale. 5. Note the deflection. Let it be 6.[acrivary 2 | OBJECTIVE To assembl. fuseanda Potwer vanced cireuit, comprining three bulln, throw (anlofp muitchen & APPARATUS AND MATERIAL Apparatus. No a, or ; . Pparatus required in assembling a circuit. , sti ___ Material. Three bulbs (20 W, 50 W and 100 W), three (on/ofT) switches flexible connecting wire with red and black plastic covering, a fuse wire, a two-pin plug re Supplementary. Main clectric board with a two-pin socket and main swit DIAGRAM (Fig. 11.03) } é 5 : & P Ney Mains 2, ©)e. pt Fig. 11.03. 3 bulb circuit. THEORY Multimeter. It is a single measuring device acting as an Ammeter, a Voltmeter and an Ohmmeter. For this reason, it is also called AVO meter. It can measure alternating as well as direct current and alternating as well as direct tultage in addition to resistance. For this purpose its panel is divided into five different sections. ‘are many ranges in each section so that it can measure from micro (10-®) to mega (108) units. Rotation of a knob changes the section and the range in one section.02 : COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICS! — Rotation of knob for change in ammeter range, brings sh if eal values in circuit in parallel with the coil, 8s shunt resistances of dif — Rotation of knob for change in voltmeter range, brings serigg saci f dil values in circuit in series with the coil, 18S Scrivs resistances of diffe — Rotation of knob for change in ohmmeter range, brings diffirr, é in cit in series with the multimeter cell. HMlcrent resistances in cirg PROCEDURE 1, Measurement of Resistance __ Tum the micrometer knob to ohmmeter range of middle value. ‘Tauch the two le with each other and adjust the pointer to zero reading on resistance svale (maximum, tion), This zero lies on the extreme right of the multimeter scale. Now touch the two leads with the two ends of the resistor whose resistance 18. messured, The position of the pointer on ohmmeter scale gives value of the resistanc crease value of the range to get bigger deflection and accurate result. i 2, Measurement of Voltage (AC/DC) Turn the multimeter knob to voltage range. Touch the two lead with the tw berween which the voltage (potential difference) is to be measured. The position of the poi on the scale gives value of the voltage (change the range to get maximum deflection). 3. Measurement of Current (AC) ci Turn the multimeter knob to A.C. current range. Proceed as for voltage measurem 4. Checking Continuity of a Cireuit tes Turn the multimeter knob to ohmmeter range of least value. Touch the two lee with each other and adjust the pointer to zero reading on resistance scale (maximum dt tion’. This zero Hies on the extreme right of the multimeter scale. gece Now touch the two leads with the two points, one with each point, between which nuiry is to be tested. If the multimeter pointer gives zero value of the resistance, the two under test have continuity. In case of a loose contact, the pointer will not come to zero and re 3 istance value. If there is some break (discontinuity) in between the points, the point sill nor move at all. It will stay at extreme left of the multimeter scale which corresponds sistance (no current from the multimeter cell). infinite n TESTING Make the switches on one by one. Then put them off one by one. OBSERVATIONS The bulb glows when the switch is made on. It stops glowing when the switch is p ACTIVITY 3 OBJECTIVE . 4 To assemble the components ofa given electrical circuit (‘Say Ohm’s law cire203 stsceo liter ones oasis sume eal ae Apperatakt Avoltmeter and an. Rininetar of appropri VY. j ite range, a battery, a rheostat, one ae Key: oe a ; yt Material, An unknown, resistance or Tesistance coil, v a piece of san cl© diagnan A ” ofa given open circuit compr meter and voltmeter. Mark the components that a. "eet the cirenit and also the ctCOMPREHENSIVE PRACTICA. PHYSICS. “AH elect nahBCNC AS NRE IR lA Voltmeter, It should be connected in parallel. Rheostat, It should be connected in series (in plage of resistance coil). Resistance coil. It should be connected in parallel (in place of rhi key. It should be eonneeted in series. One way Correct cireuit diagram (Comy Itis given in Fig, 3.02,