DEFINING

GLOBALIZATION
 1.1 INTRODUCTION IN DEFINING
GLOBALIZATION
 Globalization is the process by which the world, previously isolated
through physical and technological distance, becomes increasingly
interconnected. It is manifested by the increase in interaction between
peoples around the world that involves the sharing of ideas, cultures,
goods, services and investment.
 Thomas Friedman describes the current trend as the third great wave
of globalization in human history.
 Globalization has brought fear of loss of jobs and loss of income, which
are often described as the ―race to the bottom,‖ as industrialized
countries are thought to have to reduce wages to be competitive with
those in the developing world. Globalization has also spawned fears
about loss of culture
Others fear replacement of their cultures by that of
Western nations (e.g., some Islamic states). Countries
also fear the loss of national sovereignty as they
become part of supranational entitles, like the European
Union or the International Monetary Fund. And yet,
history shows that globalization has corresponded to
higher national incomes and increased opportunities.
 A Historical View

• Globalization is not new. Since the start of civilization, people have traded
goods with their neighbors. As cultures advanced, they were able to travel
farther afield to trade their own goods for desirable products found elsewhere.

• The Silk Road, an ancient network of trade routes used between Europe, North
Africa, East Africa, Central Asia, South Asia, and the Far East, is an example of
early globalization

• For more than 1,500 years, Europeans traded glass and manufactured goods
for Chinese silk and spices, contributing to a global economy in which both
Europe and Asia became accustomed to goods from far away.
• The Triangular Trade network in which ships carried manufactured
goods from Europe to Africa, enslaved Africans to the Americas,
and raw materials back to Europe is another example of
globalization. The resulting spread of slavery demonstrates that
globalization can hurt people just as easily as it can connect
people.
• The rate of globalization has increased in recent years, a result of
rapid advancements in communication and transportation.
• Advances in communication enable businesses to identify
opportunities for investment.
• Improvedfiscal policies within countries and international trade
agreements between them also facilitate globalization.
• Political and economic stability facilitate globalization as well. The
relative instability of many African nations is cited by experts as one of
the reasons why Africa has not benefited from globalization as much as
countries in Asia and Latin America.

• Literature about globalization is produced by sociologists, political

theorists, economists, historians, anthropologists, and journalists.

• . There is substantial debate, not only about its definition, but also about
its significance, and how it shapes our world. Most agree that
globalization rests upon, or simply is, the growth in international
exchange of goods, services, and capital, and the increasing levels of
integration that characterize economic activity.
 Trade Winds
• Rapid increases in the flow of goods and services between vastly
different nations and cultures have changed what people eat, how they
dress, and even how they communicate with one another.
• Presumably you bought an item because you preferred them to other
shirts and e-book readers you might have bought, perhaps because they
had certain characteristics—style, color, perceived quality, or price—that
you favored.
• Nationsall over the world have dramatically lowered the barriers they
impose on the products of other countries.
 THE HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION IS
DRIVEN BY TECHNOLOGY,
TRANSPORTATION, AND INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
• Since ancient times, humans have sought distant places to settle, produce,
and exchange goods enabled by improvements in technology and
transportation.
• Following centuries of European colonization and trade activity, that first
“wave” of globalization was propelled by steamships, railroads, the
telegraph, and other breakthroughs, and also by increasing economic
cooperation among countries.
• After World War II in the mid-1940s, the United States led efforts to revive
international trade and investment under negotiated ground rules, starting a
second wave of globalization, which remains ongoing, though buffeted by
periodic downturns and mounting political scrutiny.
Theodor Horydczak

• Global integration, driven by technology, transportation, and

international cooperation, has resulted in our present-day
interconnected world. Increased flow of goods, knowledge
and people across borders brought prosperity to many
countries, lifting many people out of poverty.
• Current labor market landscape reflects our deep economic
interconnections. While many manufacturing workers lost
their jobs to cheaper labor overseas there are a number of
industries dependent on migrant workers.
• Critics of globalization point at the loss of
manufacturing jobs as a downside of globalization.
Many economists, however, have concluded that
overall benefits of globalization outweigh the costs to
individual workers or groups and suggest putting in
place domestic policies that help workers adapt to
the changing job market rather than limiting free
trade.
• Even though the term ‗globalization‘ came into more
common use in the 1980s, it is not a 20th century
phenomenon. This guide offers sources for exploring the
history of globalization that can be traced back for centuries.
• While our interconnections encompass nearly every aspect
of life this guide focuses on the economic aspects of
globalization, mainly trade, financial markets, migration and
labor markets, and technological progress.
History of Globalization
• While globalization is often referred to as a contemporary or modern
phenomenon, globalization can be studied from a historical perspective,
by using the historical record spanning many centuries or millennia. A
historical analysis of globalization, its origins, growth and implications, can
provide a more comprehensive look, and better understanding of the
concept and discussion surrounding globalization.
• Given the increasing amount of literature on globalization and its
numerous interpretations, many scholars agree that presently it is even
more important to understand the historical context of globalization. Much
of the literature provided discusses how the global economy of the 21st
century is built upon the foundation and expansion of world commerce
and trade established many centuries ago.
• This section presents literature that examines the historical aspects of
globalization by looking at its origins, the history of international
economics and trade, and the history of international finance,
exchange and global markets. It is the intent of this section to provide
a compilation of material that presents a historical and comprehensive
analysis of the discussion of globalization.
 EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

 MORE GOODS AT LOWER PRICES

• Globalization encourages each country to specialize in what it

produces best using the least amount of resources, known as
comparative advantage. This concept makes production more efficient,
promotes economic growth, and lowers prices of goods and services,
making them more affordable especially for lower-income households.
• SCALED UP BUSINESSES

• Larger markets enable companies to reach more customers and get a

higher return on the fixed costs of doing business, like building
factories or conducting research. Technology firms have taken special
advantage of their innovations this way.

• BETTER QUALITY AND VARIETY

• Competition
from abroad drives US firms to improve their products.
Consumers have better products and more choices as a result.
• INNOVATION

• Expanded trade spurs the spread of technology, innovation, and the

communication of ideas. The best ideas from market leaders spread
more easily.

• JOB CHURN

• Globalization supports new job opportunities but also contributes to job

displacement. It does not significantly change the total number of
positions in the economy, as job numbers are primarily driven by
business cycles and Federal Reserve and fiscal policies.
• Peterson Institute study finds 156,250 US manufacturing jobs were
lost on net each year between 2001 and 2016 from expanded trade in
manufactured goods, which represents less than 1 percent of the
workers laid off in a typical year.1 Low-wage workers in certain regions
are most affected. Many of them also face lower earnings or have
dropped out of the workforce.
• Bigger factors than trade that drive job displacements are labor-
saving technologies, like automated machines and artificial
intelligence. Better-paying positions have opened up in manufactured
exports—especially in high-tech areas, such as computers, chemicals,
and transportation equipment—and other high-skill work, notably in
business services, such as finance and real estate (see Jobs section).
Benefits of Globalization

• Globalization provides businesses with a competitive

advantage by allowing them to source raw materials where
they are inexpensive. Globalization also gives organizations
the opportunity to take advantage of lower labor costs in
developing countries, while leveraging the technical
expertise and experience of more developed economies.
• With globalization, different parts of a product may be made in different
regions of the world. Globalization has long been used by the
automotive industry, for instance, where different parts of a car may be
manufactured in different countries. Businesses in several different
countries may be involved in producing even seemingly simple
products such as cotton T-shirts.

• Globalization affects services too. The result is more jobs in countries

where jobs are needed, which can have a positive effect on the
national economy and result in a higher standard of living.
• As an example is Vietnam, where globalization has contributed to an
increase in the prices for rice, lifting many poor rice farmers out of
poverty. As the standard of living increased, more children of poor
families left work and attended school.
• Consumers benefit too.
• The average cost of goods is a key aspect that contributes to
increases in the standard of living.
• Consumers also have access to a wider variety of goods.
• In some cases, this may contribute to improved health by enabling a
more varied and healthier diet; in others, it is blamed for increases in
unhealthy food consumption and diabetes.
1.2 Task in

Defining

Globalization
 What is Globalization?
• Is a global free market, cross border, policy, and cultural, stability.
• Is the increasing interaction of people, states, or countries through the
growth of the international flow of money, ideas, and culture, thus
globalization is primarily focused on economic process of integration that
has social and cultural aspects.
• Itis the interconnected of people and business across the world that
eventually lead to global, cultural, political, and economic integration.
• It is the ability to move and communicate easily with others all over
the world in order to conduct business internationally.
• It is the free movement of goods, services, and people across the
world in a seamless and integrated manner.
• It is the liberalization of countries of their impact protocols and
welcome foreign investment into sectors that are the mainstays of
its economy.
• It refers to countries acting like magnets attracting global capital by
opening up their economies to multinational corporations.
 Globalization as defined by other Authors
• ―Globalization as process by which the people of the world are
incorporated in a single world society‖- Martin Albrow and Elizabeth
King
• ―Globalization as the intensification of worldwide social relations which
link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by
events occurring may miles away and vice versa‖- Anthony Giddens
(The Consequence of Modernity)
• ―Globalization as the compression of the world and the intensification of
the consciousness of the world as a whole‖ – Professor Roland
Robertson (Sociology),1992, University of Averdeen
 Characteristics of Globalization

• There is social mobility of movement of people regardless of

reason
• There is an intensification of interactions
• It‘s an active process
• Borderless interaction
• Spread of ideas, knowledge, technology, culture, religion, etc.
 Indicators of Globalization

• Interdependence of countries in different social aspects

• Advancement of science, technology, etc.
• Environmental issue across borders
• Economic globalization, cultural globalization and
political globalization
 Reasons for Globalization
• Rapid shrinking of time and distance across the globe. One can easily cross the bridge
going to the other side of the market place due to advancement tools of technology than
before.
• Domestic markets are no longer rich as a consequence of many interlocking factors.
• Companies and institutions go global to find political and economic stability which is
relatively good in other countries than the country of origin.
• To get Technological managerial know-how of other countries due to their advancement in
science, technology, education, health and other fields of discipline.
• To reduce high transportation costs if one goes globally using the advance tools of
communication and information.
• To be close to raw materials and to markets for their finished products which are not
available in the country of origin.
• The creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) had made it possible in stimulating
increased cross border trade. There are other world bodies like the UN and several
arbitration bodies where countries agree.
 Merits of Globalization

• 1.An open economy spur fast innovation with fresh

ideas from abroad
• 2. Exports jobs often pay more than other jobs
• 3. Productivity grows more quickly when
countries
produce goods and services in which they are of
comparative advantageous
 Demerits of Globalization

• 1. Exploitation of Underdeveloped Countries

• 2. Widening of Rich-poor Gap
• 3. Harmful Effects on small industries and small business1.
Exploitation of Underdeveloped Countries
• 2. Widening of Rich-poor Gap
• 3. Harmful Effects on small industries and small business
1.3 METAPHORS OF
DEFINING
GLOBALIZATION
• Globalizationmeans the speedup of movements and
exchanges (of human beings, goods, and services,
capital, technologies or cultural practices) all over the
planet. One of the effects of globalization is that it
promotes and increases interactions between different
regions and populations around the globe.
 • A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes an object or
action in a way that isn't literally true, but helps explain an idea
or make a comparison.

THREE METAPHORS OF DEFINING GLOBALIZATION:

1.1 Solid
1.2 Liquid
1.3 Flows
Solid
• - Hard objects with hard surface
• -a state of matter with fixed shape and volume
• -Particles are closed-packed, so they can vibrate, but not flow

Liquid
- A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the
shape of its container but retains a constant volume
independent of pressure.
- a substance that flows freely but is of constant volume, having
a consistency like that of water or oil.
Flows
• - the action or fact of moving along in a steady, continuous
stream.
• -a steady, continuous stream of something.
• - to move in a steady and continuous way often used
figuratively.
 SOLIDS

 Prior to the current epoch of globalization (and as we will see, to most

observers there was a previous global epoch, if not many previous
epochs, of globalization), it could be argued that one of the things that
characterized people, things, information, places, and much else was
their greater solidity.

As a result, people either did not go anywhere or they did not venture
very far from where they were born and raised; their social relationships
were restricted to those who were nearby. Much the same could be said
of most objects (tools, food, and so on) which tended to be used where
they were produced.
 The solidity of most material manifestations of information – stone tablets,
newspapers, magazines, books, and so on – also made them at least
somewhat difficult to move very far. Furthermore, since people didn‘t move very
far, neither did information. Places were not only quite solid and immoveable,
but they tended to confront solid natural (mountains, rivers, oceans) and
humanly constructed (walls, gates) barriers that made it difficult for people and
things to exit or to enter.
It was the nation-state that was most likely to create these ―solid‖ barriers (for
example, walls [e.g. the Great Wall of China; the wall between Israel and the
West Bank], border gates and guards), and the state itself grew increasingly
solid as it resisted change.
The best example of this solidity was the erection (beginning in 1961), and
maintenance, of the Berlin Wall in order to keep East Berliners in and Western
influences out.
 Once the Wall was erected, relations between West and East Berlin were
virtually frozen in place – they solidified – and there was comparatively little
movement of anything between them. The Wall, to say nothing of East
Germany and the Soviet Union, are long gone and with them many of the most
extreme forms of solidity brought into existence by the Cold War. Nonetheless,
solid structures remain – e.g., the nation-state and its border and customs
controls – and there are ever-present calls for the creation of new, and new
types, of solid structures.
Thus, solidity is far from dead in the contemporary world. It is very often the
case that demands for new forms of solidity are the result of increased fluidity.
However, a strong case can, and will, be made that it is fluidity that is more
characteristic of today‘s world, especially in terms of globalization. Of course,
people were never so solid that they were totally immobile or stuck completely
in a given place (a few people were able to escape East Berlin in spite of the
Wall and many will be able to enter the US illegally even when the fence on the
Mexican border is completed), and this was especially true of the elite members
of any society.
 LIQUIDS
 At an increasing rate over the last few centuries, and especially in the last
several decades, that which once seemed so solid has tended to ―melt‖ and
become increasingly liquid. Instead of thinking of people, objects, information,
and places as being like solid blocks of ice, they need to be seen as tending, in
recent years, to melt and as becoming increasingly liquid.
 It is, needless to say, far more difficult to move blocks of ice than the water
that is produced when those blocks melt. Of course, to extend the metaphor,
there continue to exist blocks of ice, even glaciers (although, even these are
now literally melting), in the contemporary world that have not melted, at least
completely. Solid material realities (people, cargo, newspapers) continue to
exist, but because of a wide range of technological developments (in
transportation, communication, the Internet, and so on) they can move across
the globe far more readily. Everywhere we turn, more things, including
ourselves, are becoming increasingly liquefied.
 Liquid phenomena do not easily, or for long, hold their shape. Thus, the
myriad liquid phenomena associated with globalization are hard-pressed
to maintain any particular form and, even if they acquire a form, it is likely
to change quite. Liquid phenomena fix neither space nor time.
liquid is, by definition, opposed to any kind of fixity, be it spatial or
temporal. This means that the spatial and temporal aspects of
globalization are in continuous flux. That which is liquid is forever ready
to change whatever shape (space) it might take on momentarily. Time
(however short) in a liquid world is more important than space.
 FLOWS

 Closely related to the idea of liquidity, and integral to it, is another key
concept in thinking about globalization, the idea of flows (Appadurai
1996); after all liquids flow easily, far more easily than solids. In fact, it is
the concept of flows that is widely used in the literature on globalization
and it is the concept that will inform a good deal of the body of this book.
Because so much of the world has ―melted‖ or is in the process of
―melting‖ and has become liquefied, globalization is increasingly
characterized by great flows of increasingly liquid phenomena of all
types, including people, objects, information, decisions, places, and so
on.
 For example, foods of all sorts increasingly flow around the world,
including sushi globalized from its roots in Japan (Bestor 2005: 13–20),
Chilean produce now ubiquitous in the US market (and elsewhere)
(Goldfrank 2005: 42–53), Indian food in San Francisco (and throughout
much of the world) (Mankekar 2005: 197–214), and so on.

 In many cases, the flows have become raging floods that are
increasingly less likely to be impeded by, among others, place-based
barriers of any kind, including the oceans, mountains, and especially the
borders of nation-states.
1.4 Theories of
Globalization
8 Theories of Globalization

• All theories of globalization have been put

hereunder in eight categories: liberalism,
political realism, Marxism, constructivism,
postmodernism, feminism , Transformationalism
and eclecticism. Each one of them carries
several variations.
1.Theory of Liberalism:
 Liberalism sees the process of globalization as market-led extension
of modernization. At the most elementary level, it is a result of ‗natural‘
human desires for economic welfare and political liberty.

 They fructify in the form of:

- (a) Technological advances, particularly in the areas of transport,

communications and information processing, and,

- (b) Suitable legal and institutional arrangement to enable markets and

liberal democracy to spread on a trans world scale.
 2. Theory of Political Realism:

 Advocates of this theory are interested in questions of state power, the

pursuit of national interest, and conflict between states. According to
them states are inherently acquisitive and self-serving, and heading for
inevitable competition of power.

 Globalization is considered as antithetical to territorial states. States,

they say, are not equal in globalization, some being dominant and others
subordinate in the process. But they fail to understand that everything in
globalization does not come down to the acquisition, distribution and
exercise of power.
 Globalization has also cultural, ecological, economic and
psychological dimensions that are not reducible to power
politics. It is also about the production and consumption of
resources, about the discovery and affirmation of identity,
about the construction and communication of meaning, and
about humanity shaping and being shaped by nature. Most of
these are apolitical.
 3. Theory of Marxism:
 Marxism is principally concerned with modes of production, social
exploitation through unjust distribution, and social emancipation through
the transcendence of capitalism. Marx himself anticipated the growth of
globality that ‗capital by its nature drives beyond every spatial barrier to
conquer the whole earth for its market‘.

 Marxists reject both liberalist and political realist explanations of

globalization.

 Liberal talk of freedom and democracy make up a legitimating ideology

for exploitative global capitalist class relations.
 4. Theory of Constructivism

• Globalization has also arisen because of the way that people have
mentally constructed the social world with particular symbols, language,
images and interpretation. It is the result of particular forms and
dynamics of consciousness. Patterns of production and governance are
second-order structures that derive from deeper cultural and socio-
psychological forces.
• Conversation and symbolic exchanges lead people to construct ideas of
the world, the rules for social interaction, and ways of being and
belonging in that world. Social geography is a mental experience as well
as a physical fact.
 5. Theory of Postmodernism

• Some other ideational perspectives of globalization highlight the

significance of structural power in the construction of identities, norms
and knowledge. Michel Foucault does strive to understand society in
terms of knowledge power: power structures shape knowledge.

• Postmodernism, like Marxism, helps to go beyond the relatively

superficial accounts of liberalist and political realist theories and
expose social conditions that have favored globalization. Obviously,
postmodernism suffers from its own methodological idealism.
 6. THEORY OF FEMINISM

• It puts emphasis on social construction of masculinity and femininity.

All other theories have identified the dynamics behind the rise of
trans-planetary and supra-territorial connectivity in technology, state,
capital, identity and the like.

• Biological sex is held to mold the overall social order and shape
significantly the course of history, presently globality. Women have
tended to be marginalized, silenced and violated in global
communication.
 7. Theory of Transformationalism
• This theory has been expounded by David Held and his colleagues.
Accordingly, the term ‗globalization‘ reflects increased
interconnectedness in political, economic and cultural matters across the
world creating a ―shared social space‖.

• While there are many definitions of globalization, such a definition seeks

to bring together the many and seemingly contradictory theories of
globalization into a ―rigorous analytical framework‖ and ―proffer a
coherent historical narrative‖. Held and McGrew‘s analytical framework is
constructed by developing a three part typology of theories of
globalization consisting of ―hyper-globalist,‖ ―sceptic,‖ and
―transformationalist‖ categories.
•
• McGrew present a rather complicated typology of
globalization based on globalization‘s spread, depth, speed,
and impact, as well as its impacts on infrastructure,
institutions, hierarchical structures and the unevenness of
development.
• They define ―political globalization‖ as the ―shifting reach of
political power, authority and forms of rule‖ based on new
organizational interests which are ―transnational‖ and ―multi-
layered.‖
• Their definition, ―globalization can be conceived as a
process (or set of processes) which embodies a
transformation in the spatial organization of social
relations‖ allows every change to be an impact of
globalization.
8. Theory of Eclecticism:
• Each one of the above six ideal-type of social theories of
globalization highlights certain forces that contribute to its
growth.

• Accordingly, capitalists attempt to amass ever-greater

resources in excess of their survival needs: accumulation of
surplus. The capitalist economy is thoroughly monetized.
Money facilitates accumulation. It offers abundant
opportunities to transfer surplus, especially from the weak to
the powerful.
 Dynamics of
Local and Global
Culture
Dynamics of Local and Global Culture

Dynamics of Local and Global Culture

Global flows of culture tend to
move more easily around the globe
than ever before, especially
through non-material digital forms.
 Three perspectives on global cultural flows:

1.Cultural Differentialism
• Emphasizes the fact that culture are essentially different and are only
Superficially
• affected by global flows. The interaction of cultures is deemed to
contain the potential for ―catastrophic collision.‖

• Samuel Huntington‘s theory on the clash of the civilization

proposed in 1996 best exemplifies this approach.
 2. Cultural Hybridization
- The cultural hybridization approach emphasizes
the integration of local and global cultures
(Cvetkovich and Kellner, 1997).

- Globalization is considered to be a creative

process which gives rise to hybrid entities that are
not reducible to either the global or the local.
 3. . Cultural Convergence
- The cultural convergence approach stresses
homogeneity introduced by globalization.

- Cultures are deemed to be radically altered by

strong flows, while cultural imperialism happens
when one culture imposes itself on and tends to
destroy at least parts of another culture
 Globalization of Religion

- Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the

current revival and the resurgence of religion.

- Globalization provided religions a fertile milieu to spread and thrive.

- Globalization allowed religion of faith to gain considerable significance

and importance as a non-territorial touchstone of identity. Being source of
identity and pride, religion has always been promoted by its practitioners so
that it could reach the level of globality and be embraced by as many
people as possible
 Globalization versus Regionalization
• Regions – A group of countries in the same geographically specified
area. (Mansfield and Milner, 1999)

• Regionalization – societal integration and the often undirected

process of social and economic interaction.

• Regionalism - It is the formal process of intergovernmental

collaboration between two or more states. (Ravenhill , 2008)
 IN TERMS OF ECONOMIC TRADE

• REGIONALIZATION GLOBALIZATION

Promotes the integration of economies

• It is the process of dividing an
area into small segments called across the state borders all around the
regions. world.
• (EX: Division of nation into states
or provinces)
Allows many corporations to trade on
an international level so it allows a free
• Regionalization can also be used
by marketing system.

• local markets as a management

tool as it monopolizes companies
within a certain region.
 IN TERMS OF CULTURAL AND
SOCIETAL RELATIONS

• REGIONALIZATION GLOBALIZATION
Accelerates multi-culturalism by free and
• Does not support multi-culturalism. inexpensive movement of people.
• International communities are more willing to
• Regionalized communities do not
get involved in the affairs of other
come to the aid of a country stricken by a
natural disaster.
areas.

• Regionalized countries rarely have

that advancement.
Globalized countries share great advancements
in technology to others.
 WHY WAS THERE A RIFT BETWEEN
GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION?
1. According to a 2007, The Financial Times revealed that majority of
Europeans consider that globalization brings negative effects to their
societies.
2. The threats of an ―ungoverned globalization‖ can be countered with a
managed globalization which refers to all attempts to make globalization
more palatable to citizens. (Jacoby and Meunier, 2010)
3. According to this, regionalization and the development of interregionalism
would become a global nature.
4. Regionalization in some parts of the world encourages regionalization
elsewhere – whether by limitation, like the success of the European Single
Market.
5. ―The new regionalism is not a barrier to political globalization, but on the
contrary, entirely compatible with it – if not an indirect encouragement.‖ -
(Held et al., 2005)
REGIONALIZATION AND REGIONALISM
• According to Hurrell (2007) Regionalism is seen as
critical part of the political economy of globalization and
the strategies that states (and other actors) have
adopted in the face of globalization… The emergence of
regionalism needs to be understood within the
• global restructuring of power and production. The many
worlds are closely intertwined with the character and fate
of the one. The core driving force is global even if the
manifestation is regional.
 Factors for Regionalization & Regionalism

1. The motivations for the recent regionalization in Asia is a global thing.

It is a complex
mixture of factors such as concern of security to ensure peace and
stability as confidence building can be enhanced through economic
cooperation within a region.
2. According to Huntington (1996) , culture and identity guide
regionalization as they are part of a civilization. He defined 9 major
civilizations: Western, Latin American, African, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu,
Orthodox, Buddhist, and Japanese.
3. Economic motivations are the main motivations behind
contemporary regionalization. (De Martino and Grabel, 2003).
 Religion is perhaps the most difficult subject to study
from an objective point of view. Some people are
deeply committed to their own religious beliefs and are
not interested in examining alternative view that they
believe are ―weird‖ threatening, or utterly ridiculous.
Others do not believe in supernatural beings and are
skeptical of sociology‘s concern with matters that
appear to be beyond the realms of science.
 System of socially shared symbols,
beliefs, and rituals that is directed toward a
sacred, supernatural realm and addresses
the ultimate meaning of existence
VARIETIES OF RELIGION
 Animatism is a system of beliefs in which
supernatural forces rather than beings
(gods and spirits) are the dominant power
in the universe.
 Animism is the belief that spirit
beings inhabit the same world as
humans, but on another plane of
existence.
 The idea of religious visionaries can capture the public imagination and
inspire change, even social revolution. But in the long run, the relative
influence of any religion depends on religious communities that are
organized to promote religious ideals and objectives. Sociologist classify
religious organizations into four ideal types- ecclesia, denomination, sect,
and cult.
 The ecclesia is a large
formally organized religious
body that includes most
members of society and is
supported by and closely allied
with secular and state powers.
 The denomination is one of a number of
established, socially accepted religious
organizations that maintain tolerant relations
with other denominations in the context of
religious pluralism.
A sect is a small, less formally
organized group that usually has
separated from a denomination and is a
negative tension with larger societies.
 A new religious movement (cult) is a loosely
organized and transient religious organization
that includes religious beliefs and practices
that are considered novel and at odds with a
society‘s religious tradition.
Church of Flying Spaghetti Monster Church of Scientology
1. Religion can promote social solidarity through
common symbols, belief, norms, and collective rituals.

 2. It may provide also provide individuals and groups

with emotional comfort and support, morale and
motivation, and a sense of individual and group identity.

 3. All societies through religion require collectively and

rituals for their cohesion and survival.
• Karl Marx and other 19th century
German social theorist believed that
the world would be a better place
without religion. To their thinking,
religion was the weapon by which
wealthy and powerful groups
maintained their privileged position
and oppressed those beneath them in
the social hierarchy.
• KarlMarx ―Religion is the sigh of the
oppressed creature, the sentiment of
a heartless world, and the soul of
soulless conditions. It is the opium of
the people.‖
 Max Webber

• Max weber‘s comprehensive

study of religions worldwide
revealed that while some were
fact highly conservative, others-
in particular, Protestants and
Puritanism in Western Europe
and America- inspired major
social and economic movements.
• (1990, p. 201)
• argued that during the past century, only
one social science thesis had near
universal acceptance: the secularization
thesis, which maintains that the global
spread of modernization and of more
rational and pragmatic approaches to life
inevitably leads to the decline of small-
scale societies that are based on
traditional and religious worldviews.
The most important trend in contemporary
world development are on the one hand,
the process of globalization and on the
other the increasing activity of Regional
integration.
What is Globalization?
 Globalization is a ―process of interaction and integration among people,
companies, and governments worldwide‖. It describes the growing

interdependence of the world‘s economies, cultures, and populations,

brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology,

and flows of investment, people, and information.

 What is an example of Globalization?

 Globalization is the growth on a worldwide scale. This can be seen in

religions such as Christianity and Islam. Other examples of globalization

include spreading human rights, women‘s rights and equality values,

music genres, and political ideologies.

  What is the function of Regionalization?
 What is Regionalization?
 Regionalization ―breaks larger territories into
 Regionalization is the process of useful units that geographers need to

dividing an area into smaller conduct their specific research‖. Also,

segments called regions. It points regionalization‘s ―goal is to create a given

to the ―decomposition of the world number of districts, each comprising a

into smaller economic units and contiguous block of territory and within a set

margin of error for its total population or

regional integration groupings".
electorate".
 Difference between Globalization and Regionalization

• The difference between globalization and regionalization is that

globalization refers to “international integration arising from the
interchange of world view, products and ideas, and other aspects
such as technology”, and regionalization is the division of an
area into smaller segments called regions.

• Globalization promotes the integration of economies worldwide,

but regionalization tends to oppose integration and bring
divisions.
There is a free market and opportunity to trade
internationally with globalization, while regionalization
promotes monopolization.
• Globalization tends to propel multiculturalism, but
regionalization creates boundaries in distinctive cultures.
• Due to globalization, a community can help others
worldwide, but a regionalized system might choose not to
get involved in foreign matters.
• •Globalizationled to advanced technology because of
sharing ideas whilst a regionalized system tend to lag.
 Similarities between Globalization and Regionalization

• Similarities between globalization and regionalization

include that these terms are social drivers that can either
unite or divide people. Also, both entities can be used in
politics, society and economies. Globalization and
regionalization have led to the removal of certain traditions
and cultures in society. This happened when people became
a global village, and others distanced themselves from the
rest of the world.
1.8 Origins and History
of
Globalization
The previous discussion answered the question. What is
Globalization? Now we will focus on the next question.

Where did it start?

 This is not easy to answer as well as because there are different

views about this.
 The book generally adhere to the perspective that the major points
of the beginning of Globalization started after the Second World War.

 So now, we will focus on the 5 perspective regarding the origins of

globalization.
 The five(5) perspectives where globalization started:

5.Broader,
1.Hardwired 2.Cycles 3.Epoch 4.Events more recent
changes
 Hardwired

• -According to Nayan Chanda(2007) it is because of our basic human

need to make our lives better that made globalization possible.
• - Therefore, one can trace the beginning of globalization from our
ancestors in Africa who walked out from the said continent in the late ice
age.
• - This long journeys finally led them to all known continents today, roughly
after 50,000 years.
• - Commerce religion politics, and warfare are the ―urges‖ of people toward
a better life
• - These are respectively connected to four(4) aspects of globalization and
they can be traced all throughout history: trade, missionary work,
adventures and conquest.
 Cycles

• For some globalization is a long-term cyclical process and thus finding

it‘s origin will be a daunting task. What is important is the cycle that
globalization has gone through(Scholte 2005) Subscribing to this view
will suggest adherence to the idea that other global ages have
appeared.

• There is also the notion to suspect that this point of globalization will
soon disappear and reappear.
 Epoch

• Epoch- Ritzer(2005) cited Therborns (2000) six great epochs of globalization.

• These are also called waves and each has its own origin. Todays globalization is not
unique if this is the case. The difference of this view from the second view(cycles) is
that it does not treat epochs as returning. The following are the sequential occurrence of
the epochs.
 Epoch
• 1.Globalization of religion (4th-7th centuries)
• 2. European colonial conquest (late 15th century)
• 3.Intra – European wars ( late 18th -early 19th centuries)
• 4. Heyday of European imperialism (mid-18th century to 1918)
• 5. Post- World War II period.
 Events

• Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth view in explaining the
origin of globalization. If this case, then several points can be treated as the
start of Globalization. Gibbon(1998) for example,argued that Roman conquest
centuries before Christ are it‘s origin. In an issue of the magazine the Economist
(2006 January 12) it considered the rampage of the armies of Genghis Khan
into Fastern Europe in the thirteen century. Rosenthal (2007) gave premium to
voyages of discovery Christopher Columbus discovery of America in 1942 and
Vasco Da Gama in Cape of Good Hope in 1498 and Ferdinand Magellan‘s
completed circum navigation of the globe in 1522.
• Events - the recent years could also be regarded as the
beginnings of globalization with the reference to specific
technological advances in transportation and
communication. Some examples, include the first trans
Atlantic telephone cable(1962) the founding of the modern
interest in 1988,and the terrorist attacks on the twin towers
in New York(2001). Certainly, with this view, more and
more specific events will characterize not just the origins of
globalization but more of it‘s history.
 Broader more
recent changes

• This perspective views that the origin of globalization

has taken place during the recent changes that
happened in the 2nd half of the 20th century.
Scholars have identified three significant changes
that shape the course of humanity towards
globalization.
 1.9 Global
demography
 What is global Demography:

• In the social sciences, demography refers to numerous

techniques that can be utilized to statistically assess the
population of a given area. Demographers can work for
research institutions, governments, and other bodies. They
may study the geographic distribution and movement of
human populations or compile statistics such as birthrates,
etc.to another settle an instant of this.
• global demography is the study of the worldwide population
rather than the population of a specific country, region, or city.

• It provides data about the past, present, and future of human

society as a whole.

• providing insight into how the demographics of different places

compare not just to one another, but to the global..
 Who is Demography

• Demography examines the size, structure, and movements of

populations over space and time. It uses methods from history,
economics, anthropology, sociology, and other fields.

• Demography is useful for governments and private businesses as a

means of analyzing and predicting social, cultural, and economic
trends related to population.
 What is causes Demography

• Each human being has a legitimate claim on a sufficient and fair

amount of Earth‘s resources. But with a population approaching 8
billion, even if everyone adopted a relatively low material standard of
living like the one currently found in Papua New Guinea, it would still
push Earth to its ecological breaking point. Unfortunately, the ―average
person‖ on Earth consumes at a rate over 50% above a sustainable
level. Incredibly, the average person in the United States uses almost
five times more than the sustainable yield of the planet.
 Types of Demography
• 1.Age - demographics focus on the activity of individuals based on their
varying age groups. The most common way to separate age groups is
into three categories:
• under 15 years old,
• 15-65,
• and 65 years or older.
• This is typical because society views individuals under 15 as children,
whereas most individuals above 15 are exposed to the same marketing
as adults, and some 15-year-olds start to gain autonomy over their
spending. If one were to develop target age markets for something like
alcohol, the age demographic will look slightly different.
• 2. Gender - This demographic is starting to become less and
less used because of the varying interests between both
genders. A good demographic will give insight to the
preferences based on differences in lived experience, and
more and more the differences in gender are less Intertwined.
However, on the whole, women will be targeted for
advertisements for maternal items, and an economist may
benefit greatly from looking at the demographics of age in
comparison to salary.
3. Income - An income demographic would be used, as
specified above by economists, but it will also give insight for
marketers into what the typical income is for individuals who buy
their product. Knowing a companies target audience can tell a
marketer whether their product Is a luxurious item and should be
marketed as so, or if it is more common and mainstream.
4.Education - One insight that economists have made is that
income positively reflects education, meaning that the more
educated someone is, the higher income they earn on average.
Insights like this can provide motivation for the usefulness of
higher education and attaining a degree. If marketers know this,
they may market their more luxurious items to someone who
has completed higher education. Upon understanding
demographics and how they are studied, one can start to see
how they are Inextricably used in conjunction with one another.
5. Family Life Cycle - One of the broader demographics, the
family life cycle looks at a family‘s habits of consuming over
time.

6. Religion - Religious preferences say a lot about how people

spend their money. Individuals who do not eat pork for religious
reasons would not click on a related advertisements.
1.10 GLOBAL
MIGRATION
GLOBAL MIGRATION
 What is Global Migration?

•The movement of a person or people

from one country, locality, place of
residence, etc., to settle in another; an
instance of this.
 Who is a migrant?
• The UN Migration Agency (IOM)
defines a migrant as any person
who is moving or has moved
across an international border or
within a State away from his/her
habitual place of residence,
regardless of (1) the person‘s
legal status; (2) whether the
movement is voluntary or
involuntary; (3) what the causes
for the movement are; or (4) what
the length of the stay is.
 What causes Migration?
• in search of work or economic opportunities,
• to join family, or
• to study,
• to escape conflict,
• persecution,
• terrorism,
• human rights violations
• effects of climate change,
• natural disasters, or
• other environmental factors.
 Types of Migration

1. Internal migration

• This refers to a change

of residence within
national boundaries,
such as between
states, provinces,
cities, or municipalities.
2. International migration

• This refers to change of residence

over national boundaries.

 Legal immigrants are those who

moved with the legal permission of
the receiver nation,
 illegal immigrants are those who
moved without legal permission, and
 Refugees are those crossed an
international boundary to escape
persecution
3. Forced migration

• exists when a person

is moved against
their will (slaves), or
when the move is
initiated because of
external factors
(natural disaster or
civil war).