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Notes 4

Density is defined as mass per unit volume and is commonly measured in grams per cubic centimeter, pounds per cubic foot, or kilograms per cubic meter. Specific gravity is the ratio of a substance's density to that of water and is a dimensionless measurement. Specific gravity can be expressed as the density of a substance divided by the density of water. Density of a solution depends on both concentration and temperature. Common scales for measuring specific gravity include the Baumé scale, API gravity scale, and Twaddell scale.

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Notes 4

Density is defined as mass per unit volume and is commonly measured in grams per cubic centimeter, pounds per cubic foot, or kilograms per cubic meter. Specific gravity is the ratio of a substance's density to that of water and is a dimensionless measurement. Specific gravity can be expressed as the density of a substance divided by the density of water. Density of a solution depends on both concentration and temperature. Common scales for measuring specific gravity include the Baumé scale, API gravity scale, and Twaddell scale.

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Density and Specific Gravity

Density is defined as mass per unit volume. The common units are gm/cc, lb/cft, and
kg/m3. The density of water at 40C is 1.0gm/cc = 62.43lb/cft.

The Specific Gravity - SG - is a dimensionless unit defined as the ratio of density of the
material to the density of water at a specified temperature.
Specific Gravity can be expressed as
SG = ρ / ρH2O
where SG = specific gravity
ρ = density of fluid or substance (kg/m3)
ρH2O = density of water (kg/m3)
Density of a solution is a function of both concentration and temperature.

Specific gravity is expressed in terms of degrees in various scales:

The Baumé scale is a hydrometer scale developed by French pharmacist Antoine Baumé
in 1768 to measure density of various liquids. Notated variously as degrees Baumé; B°,
Be°, Bé°, Baume

• For liquids lighter than water


B° = (140/SG) – 130

• For liquids heaver than water


B° = 145 – (145/SG)

The American Petroleum Institute gravity, or API gravity, is a measure of how heavy or
light, a petroleum liquid is compared to water. If its API gravity is greater than 10, it is
lighter and floats on water; if less than 10, it is heavier and sinks. API gravity is thus a
measure of the relative density of a petroleum liquid and the density of water.

Degree API = (141.5/SG) – 131.5

Twaddell Scale this is an arbitrary hydrometer scale usually used for liquids heavier than
water. It was mostly used in England in the 19th to 20th century in the leather industry to
check tanning solutions, for sulfuric acid and milk.
• Liquids heavier than water:
Degree Twaddell = 200 (SG - 1)

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