10

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 4:
Light: Mirrors & Lenses
Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 4: Light: Mirrors & Lenses
First Edition, 2020

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 10
Science
Quarter 2 – Module 4:
Light: Mirrors & Lenses
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Science-Grade 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Light:

Mirrors and Lenses!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

2
For the learner:

Welcome to the Science 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Light: Mirrors
and Lenses!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

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 What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the topic on Optics particularly mirrors and lenses. The scope of this module permits
it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Mirrors: Plane & Spherical
• Lesson 2 – Lenses

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. discuss the property of reflection and property of refraction as it hits the
material;
2. explain how an image is formed using mirror and lens;
3. apply ray diagramming techniques in describing the characteristics and
positions of images formed by mirrors and lenses; and
4. predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and magnification) of
images formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses.

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 What I Know

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. A girl wants to see an enlarged image of her face. What can serve her
purpose well?
A. a plane mirror C. a convex mirror
B. a concave mirror D. a magnifying lens

2. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a plane

mirror?
A. virtual, inverted and enlarged
B. real, inverted and reduced
C. virtual, upright and the same size as the object
D. real, upright and the same size as the object

3. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a concave

mirror when the object is located somewhere between the focal point (F)
and the center of curvature (C) of the mirror?
A. virtual, upright and enlarged C. virtual, upright and reduced
B. real, inverted and reduced D. real, inverted and enlarged

4. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a concave

mirror when the object is at a distance further than the center of
curvature (C) of the mirror?
A. virtual, erect and enlarged C. virtual, upright and reduced
B. real, inverted and reduced D. real, inverted and enlarged

5. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a convex

mirror when the object distance from the mirror is less than the absolute
value of the focal length (f)?
A. virtual, upright and enlarged C. virtual, upright and reduced
B. real, inverted and reduced D. real, inverted and enlarged

6. A light ray in air enters and passes through a block of glass. What can be
stated about its speed after it emerges from the block?
A. speed is less than when in glass
B. speed is less than before it entered the glass
C. speed is the same as that in glass
D. speed is the same as that before it entered the glass

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7. What image does the convex lens form?
A. real image C. both real and virtual
B. virtual image D. neither real nor virtual

8. Which of the following best describes the characteristics of the image

formed by the concave lens?
A. bigger than the object C. real
B. inverted D. smaller than the object

9. What is the size of the image if the object is located between F’ and 2F’
in a convex lens?
A. enlarged C. reduced
B. no image D. the same

10. What type of image is formed if the location of the object is at F’ in a

concave lens?

A. no image C. virtual
B. real D. nothing of the choices

11. Where is the location of the object if the image is projected at the focus
in a convex lens?
A. at Center of curvature C. between F and C
B. at Focus D. at infinity

12. What kind of mirror is used by department stores to give a wider area
and a smaller image of the shoppers/buyers?
A. plane mirror C. concave mirror
B. convex mirror D. converging mirror

13. What type of lens produces smaller and upright images?

A. concave lens C. converging lens
B. convex lens D. can’t be determined

14. As indicated by the hands of the clock without numbers, the real-time
is 9:30. What is the time indicated in its image if the clock is placed in
front of a plane mirror?
A. 2:30 C. 9:30
B. 3:30 D. 10:30

15. What would be the number of images formed of an object in two mirrors
placed at right angles to each other?
A. two C. four
B. three D. six

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 Lesson
Mirrors: Plane & Spherical
1
Mirrors are smooth reflecting surfaces, usually made up of polished metal or
glass that has been coated with some metallic substances. Mirrors can be flat or
curved. A mirror with a flat surface is called a plane mirror while a mirror with a
curved surface is called a spherical mirror. Images are formed when light strikes on
these types of mirrors. Since mirrors differ in surface either flat or curved it will result
also in varying image formation. Thus, in this lesson ray diagramming technique
shall be used to predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and
magnification) of images formed by these mirrors.

What’s In

Before we proceed further, it is important to look back on your past lessons

that are in some way related to this topic on the mirrors specifically plane and types
of spherical mirrors. These lessons could be taken from your lower science classes
that find a connection to this present topic.

So, are you ready? Let’s begin!

Notes to the Teacher

The picture analysis printed on this page of the module will not
be accomplished by the learner. Hence, a separate copy may be
provided to him/her.

8
Activity 1: Picture Analysis with a Twist
Direction: Complete the missing letter inside the box by analyzing the given picture
above on it. Use the complete word to fill in the blank in the statements below.

_r__w t _ _ nsl _ c _ _ t ele_tr_mag _ _ _ic _n__g_ _ pe _ _

il _ umi _ _te o _ aq _ _ st _ _ igh _ tr _ _ sp _ rent _ um _ n _ te

Statements:
1. Light transfers ________.
2. Light has a constant ________ of about 3.0 x 108 m/s.
3. ________ is a type of source that produces its own light.

4. ________ is a type of source that cannot produce its own light.

5. ________ material blocks and absorbs light.
6. ________ material permits the passage of light and gives a clear image.

7. ________ material allow only some amount of light.

8. Light travels in a ________ path.
9. Light ray is represented by an ________.
10. Light is a form of an/ a _____________ wave.

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 What’s New

Activity 2: Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall…

Objective:

• Compare the distance, height, and the lateral view of the object to the
image formed by the plane mirror.

Materials:

• a piece of stick approximately 1 meter

Procedure:
1. Find a family member approximately the same as your height. You will act as an
object and your partner will act as an image.

2. Put the stick on the floor. It will serve as the reference line (position of the
imaginary mirror) from both object and image.

REFERENCE
LINE

OBJECT IMAGE
Figure 1. Plane mirror activity.

3. With your partner, stand each other face to face from the reference line or the stick
on the floor and move two steps backward.
4. In your position, the object will do the following actions:

Note: Whatever the object’s action, the image should also do the same action.
Ø Raise your right hand Ø Move one step forward
Ø Raise your left hand Ø Move one step backward

Guide Questions:
1. What have you observed when the object raises his/her right or left hand?
How about when the object moves forward or backward?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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 2. How will you compare the distance of the object to the distance of the image?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. How will you compare the height of the object to the height of the image?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Activity 3: Mirror that Bulge In or Bulge Out

Objective:

• Compare the size and orientation of the object to the image formed by the
curved mirrors.

Materials:

• Shiny Metallic Spoon

• Cap of a Ballpen

Procedure:
1. Use the inner side of the spoon that will serve as a bulge in the mirror.
2. Face the cap of the ballpen (object) in front of it.
3. Move the object towards the spoon. Observe what happens to the image.
4. This time, move the object away from the spoon and notice also what happens to
the image.
5. Do the same procedure in 2 to 4 but this time use the outer part of the spoon to
serve as a bulge of the mirror.

Bulge In Mirror Bulge Out Mirror

Figure 2. Types of curved mirrors.

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Guide Questions:
1. In bulge in mirror, how will you describe the size of the image compared to the
size of the object as you move the object towards the spoon? How about when
you move the object away from the spoon?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. How does the size of the image compared to the size of the object differ from
the bulge in mirror to the bulge out mirror when you move the object towards
and away from it?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. How will you describe the orientation (upright or upside down) of the image
when you move the object towards and away from the bulge in mirror? How
about in bulge out mirror?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4
 What is It

Light is an electromagnetic radiation that has the characteristics of waves and

particles. In this module, we will focus on the wavelike nature of light particularly
the properties of reflection and refraction. The last two activities focus on the property
of reflection. To learn more about the reflection of light, let’s discuss the concepts
applied in the two activities.

Reflection of Light
Reflection of light is the bouncing of light from a reflecting surface. A mirror
is a type of opaque material wherein it blocks the light. This material does not allow
the light to pass through that’s why light is reflected. Some of the energy that is
carried by the light is being absorbed by the material but some is reflected. An
example is when light coming from the sun reaches the earth and hits the ground
surface, the ground feels warm due to an increase of energy that is being absorbed
by it. The light ray is represented by an arrow. Figure 3 below shows how light
behaves when it hits an opaque material like a mirror.

Light ray that Light ray that

strikes the mirror bounce off from the
is called incident mirror is called
ray. reflected ray.

𝜃! = It refers to the angle

Imaginary line of incidence. Angle from
perpendicular to the N to the incident ray.
the plane is called
𝜃" = It refers to the angle
Normal line (N). θ! θ"
of reflection. Angle from
the N to the reflected ray.

Figure 3. Reflection of a light ray on a plane mirror.

Figure 3 shows the two Laws of Reflection. The first law states that the angle
of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection and the second law states that the
incident ray, the reflected ray, and the imaginary line lies on the same plane. Thus,
the light that strikes the mirror with an angle of incidence of 45˚ is equivalent to the
light that bounced off from the mirror.

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 There two kinds of reflection, namely specular (regular) and diffuse (irregular)
reflection. The previous figure is an example of specular reflection since the surface
of the mirror is very smooth. The diffuse reflection is observed when light hits a rough
surface, resulting in the bouncing back of light waves in different directions. Look at
the figure below to compare the kinds of reflection.

4.a. Specular Reflection 4.b. Diffuse Reflection

Figure 4. Comparison of Specular Reflection and Diffuse Reflection

A. Plane Mirror
Plane mirrors are the mirrors that we see everywhere e.g. whole-body mirror
and cosmetic mirror. Let us relate this plane mirror to the activity that you had
performed in activity 2. You serve as an object facing to your partner which is the
image and for demonstration purposes, the stick is being placed in between you and
your partner. This stick will serve as the location of the whole-body mirror. When
you move one step towards the mirror with the stick as reference line, the image
(your partner) moves towards the mirror same as well when you move one step
backward, the image also moves one step backward. So, the distance of the image
from the mirror is the same as the distance of the object from the mirror.
On the other hand, when you raise your right hand, your partner raises
his/her left hand or vice versa. It shows that the image follows the left-right reversal.
So, the image formed by a plane mirror is laterally inverted. Notice also the size of
the image compared to the object. The size of the image is also similar to the size of
the object. The position of the image is the same as the object which is upright or
erect. Lastly, your partner which is an image is seen to be an imaginary in the real
scenario. It appears to be formed behind the mirror. But, if you remove the actual
whole-body mirror in front of you, you will notice that there is no figure as like you.
Thus, the image formed by a plane mirror is virtual. To better understand in
predicting the image formation in a plane mirror let us use the ray diagramming
method.
Here are as follows.
Step 1: Draw the image of the object on the other side of the mirror

Initially, Use the principle

there is an that the object
object in distance is equal to
front of the image distance.
the mirror In this example
distance A is equal
to distance B.

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Step 2: Draw light rays from the image to the eye.

The image is virtual. Broken lines from the image to

mirror indicate virtual rays.

Virtual image: Light rays do not actually meet at the

Normal line image position. Because of that, a virtual image cannot
Normal line
be projected on a screen.
Continuous lines from the mirror to eye indicate the
reflected rays.

Step 3: Join the light rays from the mirror to the object.

Lines joining the object to the positions of the reflected

rays on the mirror represent the incident rays. As you
can see, it applies the Law of Reflection.
Normal line
Normal line
The image formation in a plane mirror: (a) the type of
image is virtual, (b)the orientation of the image is erect
or upright, (c) the distance and size of the image is
equal to the distance and size of the object, and (d) the
image is laterally inverted.

B. Spherical Mirrors
A spherical mirror is a form of a slice of a spherical surface. These mirrors are
called spherical because if you take a sphere and cut it then polish the inside of one
you will get a concave mirror or bulge in, and if you polish the outside of the other
you will get a convex mirror or bulge out (see Figure 5).

Reflective Reflective
Center of
Surface of Surface of
Curvature
a Concave a Convex
Mirror or Mirror or
Bulge In Bulge Out

Figure 5. Sphere cut into segment

A concave mirror is a mirror that is curved inward like the hollow inside of a
sphere. When parallel light rays (at infinity) hits the surface of a concave mirror it
will reflect and converges forming a point of intersection in front of the mirror. The
point of intersection is called the focus. Focus is the point wherein image is being
formed. Since the focus is located in front of the concave mirror, the focus is real. On
the other hand, when parallel light rays (at infinity) hits the surface of a convex mirror
7
it will reflect and diverges the reflected rays. If you extend the reflected light rays
using broken lines at the back of the convex mirror, you will notice an intersecting
of reflected rays forming a focus located at the back of the mirror. This focus is called
a virtual focus. To compare the formation of focus between the concave mirror and
the convex mirror (see Figure 6).

Real Virtual
Focus Focus

A. Concave Mirror B. Convex Mirror

Figure 6. Formation of Focus of the Concave and Convex Mirror

Based on activity 3, when you move the object towards the inner surface of
the spoon or concave mirror the image size becomes enlarged and the image
orientation can be inverted or erect/upright. The type of image depends on the
location of the object in front of the concave mirror. Sometimes it is real or can be
projected on the screen and sometimes virtual. On the other hand, when you move
the object towards the convex mirror, the image size compared to the object appears
to be reduced, the orientation is always upright and the type of image is virtual since
the image cannot be projected on the screen.

Can we predict the image formation in terms of Location, Orientation, Size,

and Type (LOST) depending on the location of the object in front of a concave or a
convex mirror? The answer is yes, by using the ray diagram method. There are four
steps in making a ray diagram in curved mirrors. But before we proceed, let us
familiarize first the features of a concave and a convex mirror.

R - Radius of Curvature R - Radius of Curvature

C - Center of Curvature C - Center of Curvature
f - Focal Length f - Focal Length
F - Focus R R F - Focus
V - Vertex V - Vertex
f f
Principal Principal
C F V F C Axis Axis C F V F C

Virtual Side Real Side Virtual Side Real Side

A. Concave Mirror B. Convex Mirror

Figure 7. Features of a Concave and a Convex Mirror

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 a. Radius of Curvature (R) – the distance from the center of curvature to the
vertex of the mirror; it corresponds to the radius of the circle
b. Center of Curvature (C) – center of the circle of which the mirror represents
a small arc
c. Focal Length (f ) – the distance from the focus to the vertex of the mirror
d. Focus (F) – the point where parallel light rays intersect; it is one-half the
radius
e. Vertex (V) – the point where the mirror crosses the principal axis

These are the four principal rays that can be use in ray diagram.

Table 1. The four Principal Rays on Concave and Convex Mirror

Concave Mirror (Converging Mirror) Convex Mirror (Diverging Mirror)

O O

1. A ray parallel to the principal axis 1. A ray parallel to the principal axis
will reflect so that it passes through will reflect as if passing through the
the real focus. virtual focus. (Note: Extend the
reflected ray)

O O

2. A ray through the real focus will 2. A ray through the virtual focus will
reflect parallel to the principal axis. reflect parallel to the principal
axis.(Note: Extend the reflected ray)

O O

3. A ray that passes through the center 3. A ray that passes through the
of curvature will reflect back center of curvature will reflect back
through the center of curvature. through the center of curvature.
(Real Side) (Virtual Side)

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 O O

4. A ray light directed to the vertex 4. A ray light directed to the vertex
reflects at equal angle from the reflects at equal angle from the
principal axis. principal axis. (Note: Extend the
reflected ray)

If you are going to combine those four principal rays, you will notice that the
four reflected rays intersect with each other. This point of intersection is the position
of image formation. Since the example started the ray from the tip of the object, the
intersection of the reflected rays is also the tip of the object. Thus, you can determine
completely the location, the orientation, the size, and the type of the image (see Figure
8).

O O

I
L – Between L – Between
I
F and C F and V
O – Inverted O – Erect
S – Reduced S – Reduced
T - Real T - Virtual

Figure 8. Image Formation of a Concave and a Convex Mirror using Ray Diagram

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 What’s More

Activity 4: Who Can See Who?

Objective:

• Identify which student(s) can see in the mirror using the principle of
Reflection and ray diagram technique.

Materials:

• Activity Sheet • Color pen

• Protractor and Ruler

Procedure:

1. There are positions of five students (Robert, Ryan, Walter, PJ, and Yuri)
and a plane mirror. Using the protractor, ruler, and color pens apply the
ray diagram and the principle of reflection to answer the guide questions
below the diagram.

Robert
Yuri
PJ

Ryan Walter

Figure 9. Positions of Five Students in a Plane Mirror

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Guide Questions:
1. Who can Robert see? ______________________________________________________
2. Who can Walter see? ______________________________________________________
3. Who can PJ see? __________________________________________________________
4. Who can Ryan see? _______________________________________________________
5. Who can Yuri see? __________________________________________________

Activity 5: Are you L-O-S-T after Reflection?

Objective:

• Complete the ray diagram to determine the location, orientation,

size, and type of image formed by a curved mirror based on the
location of the object.

Materials:

• Protractor and Ruler

• Color pen

Procedure:
1. Use the four principal rays by using four different colors of pen with the help of a
ruler and protractor to locate the image formed in a curved mirror. After
completing the ray diagram, use a table in Table 2 to summarize the
characteristics and location of the images formed.

18
 Table 2. Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed in Curved Mirrors
Location of Object Image
Location Orientation Size Type
(upright or (same, (real or
inverted) reduced virtual)
or
enlarged)
CONCAVE
A. At the Center of
Curvature
B. Between the Center of
Curvature and the Focal
point
C. At the Focal point

D. Between the Focal point

and the Vertex
CONVEX
E. Between the Center of
Curvature and the Focal
point
F. Between the Focal point
and the Vertex

19
 Lesson
Lenses
2
The lens is a piece of glass or other transparent material which has a curved
structure. Also, it can be a converging lens or a diverging lens. In this lesson, we will
learn how the image is formed in lenses and predict image formation through the use
of a ray diagramming technique.

What’s In

Before we proceed further, it is important to look back on your past lessons

that are in some way related to this topic on the refraction and the application of
refraction through the lens. These lessons could be taken from your lower science
classes that find a connection to this present topic.

So, are you ready? Let’s begin!

Notes to the Teacher

The picture analysis printed on this page of the module will not
be accomplished by the learner. Hence, a separate copy may be
provided to him/her.

20
Activity 6: Tell Me Who I Am
Direction: Tell whether the picture is caused by reflection or refraction. Write your
answer on the blank provided.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8.

21
 What’s New

Activity 7: Right Opposite Left

Objective:

• Investigate how the image is formed by refraction.

Materials:

• Short coupon bond

• Marker
• Glass of water

Procedure:
1. Get a sheet of paper, and draw two arrows on it. One arrow
near the top and one arrow near the bottom. Make the arrows
point in the same direction.
2. Fill a glass with water.

3. Slowly lower the piece of paper behind the glass of water. Figure 10.
4. Look through the glass of water and watch what happens. Sheet of paper
with arrow in
the near top
and near
Guide Questions:
bottom.
1. How many medium/s is/are there in the experiment?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. What happens to the near bottom arrow when you lower the piece of paper
behind the glass of water?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. How will you explain the change of direction of the near bottom arrow behind
the glass of water?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

22
Activity 8: Zoom In-Out

Objective:

• Compare the size and orientation of the object to the image formed
by the lenses.

Material:

• Pictures of the lenses

Procedure:
1. Analyze the given pictures and answer the questions below.

Edge

Middle

Edge

Lens A Lens B

(Front View and Cross-sectional View) (Front View and Cross-sectional View)

Figure 11. Comparison of lens A and B in structural form and the image
formation if the object is placed between focal point and lens.

Guide Questions:
1. Compare the cross-sectional view of the lens A from lens B.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. How do you compare the image formation of the two lenses?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. What will happen to the light rays as it pass through the lens A and lens B?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

23
 What is It

You learn in the previous lesson that light can be reflected especially when the
material is opaque. When light, luminated source or illuminated source, strikes an
opaque object like a mirror will bounce off reaches and formed an image on the retina
of your eye. Also, the characteristics and location of the image vary depending on the
type of mirror whether it is a plane, concave, and convex mirror. In this lesson, we
will focus on the other property of light which is refraction and its application to the
lens. To learn more about the refraction of light, let’s discuss the concepts applied in
activity 7.

Refraction of Light
The refraction of light is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to
another. A medium is a substance that can transfer energy from one location to
another and it can be a solid, a liquid, or a gas. There are three mediums involved in
the activity 7, these are glass (a solid), water (a liquid), and air (a gas) before the light
reaches your eyes. During the experiment, the light traveled from the image through
the air, then through the glass cup into the water, and finally out of the glass cup
and into the air once more before it reached our eyes. This means that the light bends
once when it traveled through the glass cup into the water, and then it bends again
when it traveled out of the glass cup and into the air. As a result, the light paths
cross and the image appears to be flipped horizontally (see Figure 12).

Figure 12. Top View on How Light Bends from Air to Glass to Water and
Traveled Out of the Water, to Glass, and into the Air.

The bending of light occurs due to the differences in the index of refraction of
a medium. As it refracts, the velocity of the light is altered, its wavelength increases
or decreases, but its frequency remains constant. Moreover, light is refracted in the
boundary at an angle.

Types of Lens
A lens is a shaped transparent material that refracts light to create an image.
There are two main types of lenses, the converging lens, and the diverging lens. A
converging lens is a lens that is thicker in the middle than the edges. This is also

24
known as a convex lens. A diverging lens or a concave lens is a lens that is thinner
at the middle than the edges. When parallel light rays will pass through the
converging lens or convex lens, it will bend or refract at the center of the lens and
converge at the other side forming a real focus. On the other hand, when parallel
light rays will pass through the diverging lens or concave lens, it will refract at the
center of the lens and the refracted rays are diverge. Notice that there is no
intersecting of the refracted rays on the opposite side of the light source, but if you
extend the refracted rays to the location of the light source you will notice that it will
form focus and this focus is virtual (see Figure 13).

A. Converging Lens B. Diverging Lens

Figure 13. Formation of focus of the converging and the diverging lens.

In activity 8, lens A is a type of Converging lens or Convex lens while lens B

is a type of Diverging lens or Concave lens. As you have noticed, the Converging lens
forms an inverted orientation and gives a bigger or enlarged image. On the other type
of lens, a diverging lens gives an upright and smaller or reduced image formation.
What do you think will happen if you move the object away and towards both types
of lenses? Is there a change in the image characteristics and location? Can you
predict the image characteristics and location just like in mirrors? How? The answer
is yes, you can predict the image formation by using the ray diagram just like in
mirrors. So, are you ready to use the rays to predict the image formation? Let’s begin
by knowing the anatomical structure of the lens.

Light Source Vertical Axis

Area f
Center of the Lens

Principal Axis
2F F F 2F

Virtual Side Real Side

A. Converging Lens

Light Source Vertical Axis

Area f Center of the Lens

Principal Axis
2F F F 2F

Virtual Side Real Side

B. Diverging Lens

Figure 14. Anatomy of the Converging and the Diverging Lens

25
 There are the three rays that can be use in ray diagram for lenses.

Table 3. The Three Rays on Converging and Diverging Lens

Concave Mirror (Converging Mirror) Convex Mirror (Diverging Mirror)

O O

1. A ray parallel to the principal axis 1. A ray parallel to the principal axis
will refract passing through the real will refract as if passing through the
focus. virtual focus. (Note: Extend the
refracted ray)

O O

2. A ray through the virtual focus will 2. A ray through the real focus will
refract parallel to the principal axis. refract parallel to the principal axis.
(Note: Extend the refracted ray)

O O

3. A ray that passes through the center 3. A ray that passes through the
of the lens continue to travel in the center of the lens continue to travel
same direction. in the same direction.

L – Between F
O and O
L – Between
Center of I
F and 2F
the Lens
O – Inverted
O – Erect
S – Reduced
I S – Reduced
T - Real
T - Virtual

4. Combine all the rays. 4. Combine all the rays.

26
 What’s More

Activity 9: Are you L-O-S-T after Refraction?

Objective:

• Complete the ray diagram to determine the location, orientation,

size, and type of image formed by lenses based on the location of the
object.

Materials:

• Activity Sheet
• Protractor and Ruler
• Color pen

Procedure:
1. Use the three rays by using three different colors of pen with the help of ruler and
protractor to locate the image formed by lenses. After completing the ray diagram,
use a table in Table 4 to summarize the characteristics and location of the images
formed.

27
 Table 4. Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed by Lenses
Location of Object Image
Location Orientation Size Type
(upright or (same, (real or
inverted) reduced virtual)
or
enlarged)
CONVERGING LENS
A. At 2F’
B. Between 2F’ AND F’

C. At the Focal point, F’

D. Between the Focal point

and the Center of the
Lens
DIVERGING LENS
E. Between the 2F’ and the
Focal point, F’
F. Between the Focal point
and the Center of the
Lens

28
 What I Have Learned

1. Reflection of light is the bouncing of the light from a reflecting surface like
mirror.
2. Reflection can be classified into specular or regular reflection and diffuse or
irregular reflection.
3. Refraction of light is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to
another. The greater the refractive index the greater it bends towards
the normal line.
4. There are two laws of reflection these are; 1) the angle of incidence is equal
to the angle of reflection, 2) the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal
line lies on the same plane.
5. Images produced through reflection and refraction may be real or virtual. A
real image is formed where reflected rays actually meet at a point while virtual
image appears where the light rays seem to meet at a point but do not actually
do so. A real image can be projected on a screen but a virtual image cannot.
6. Plane mirrors produce images that are erect, virtual, equal in size as the
object, and laterally inverted.
7. A spherical mirror is one in the form of a slice of a spherical surface. It can
be classified as concave or convex mirror.
8. To be able to describe the location, orientation, size, and type of image formed
either a concave or convex mirror or lens, a technique known as ray
diagramming is used.
9. Concave mirrors produce a varied image characteristics and location
depending on the location of the object. Example, when the object is located
between F and C, the image is located beyond C, the orientation is inverted,
the size is enlarged, and the type is real.
10. Convex mirrors produce only an erect orientation, reduced in size, and virtual
image.
11. Converging lens or convex lens produce a varied image characteristics and
location. Sometimes the image is real or virtual in terms of type, sometimes
it is reduced, enlarged and the same as the object size, sometimes it is erect
or inverted depending on the location of the object in front of the convex lens.
12. Diverging lens or concave lens produce only an erect orientation, reduced in
size, and virtual image.

29
 What I Can Do

Activity 10: Bounce Me on the Transparent

Objective:

• Value the qualitative characteristics of images formed by plane and

curved mirrors, and lenses through its application in a real-world
scenario.

Materials:

• Activity Sheet
• Paper and Pen

Instruction:

Identify the pictures below if it is plane mirror, concave mirror, convex mirror,
converging lens, and diverging lens and describe its usage according to its
characteristics.
Example: 1. 2.

Plane Mirror ______________ ______________

Use to appear in
the proper
orientation and
order because of
the right-left
reversal
characteristic of
the mirror.

30
3. 4. 5.

______________ ______________ ______________

31
 Assessment

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a plane

mirror?
A. virtual, inverted and enlarged
B. real, inverted and reduced
C. virtual, upright and the same size as the object
D. real, upright and the same size as the object

2. What would be the number of images formed of an object in two mirrors

placed at right angles to each other?
A. two C. four
B. three D. six

3. A girl wants to see an enlarged image of her face. What can serve her
purpose well?
A. a plane mirror C. a convex mirror
B. a concave mirror D. a magnifying lens

4. As indicated by the hands of the clock without numbers, the real-time is

9:30. What is the time indicated in its image if the clock is placed in
front of a plane mirror?
A. 2:30 C. 9:30
B. 3:30 D. 10:30

5. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a concave

mirror when the object is located somewhere between the focal point (F)
and the center of curvature (C) of the mirror?
A. virtual, upright and enlarged C. virtual, upright and reduced
B. real, inverted and reduced D. real, inverted and enlarged

6. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a concave

mirror when the object is at a distance further than the center of
curvature (C) of the mirror?
A. virtual, erect and enlarged C. virtual, upright and reduced
B. real, inverted and reduced D. real, inverted and enlarged

32
7. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a convex
mirror when the object distance from the mirror is less than the absolute
value of the focal length (f)?
A. virtual, upright and enlarged C. virtual, upright and reduced
B. real, inverted and reduced D. real, inverted and enlarged

8. What kind of mirror is used by department stores to give a wider area

and a smaller image of the shoppers/buyers?
A. plane mirror C. concave mirror
B. convex mirror D. converging mirror

9. A light ray in air enters and passes through a block of glass. What can be
stated about its speed after it emerges from the block?
A. speed is less than when in glass
B. speed is less than before it entered a glass
C. speed is the same as that in glass
D. speed is the same as that before it entered a glass

10. What type of lens produces smaller and upright images?

A. concave lens C. converging lens
B. convex lens D. can’t be determined

11. Which of the following best describes the characteristics of the image
formed by the concave lens?
A. bigger than the object C. real
B. inverted D. smaller than the object

12. What type of image is formed if the location of the object is at F’ in a

concave lens?
A. no image C. virtual
B. real D. nothing of the choices

13. What image does the convex lens form?

A. real image C. both real and virtual
B. virtual image D. neither real nor virtual

14. What is the size of the image if the object is located between F’ and 2F’
in a convex lens?
A. enlarged C. reduced
B. no image D. the same

15. Where is the location of the object if the image is projected at the focus
in a convex lens?
A. at Center of curvature C. between F and C
B. at Focus D. at infinity

33
 Additional Activities

Part A: Symmetry
Instruction: Complete the following figures to decode the message using a plane
mirror.

Part B: Name that Image ODE

Instructions: Blue arrows represent the image and red arrows represent the object.
Identify and encircle the image based on the location of the given object. Describe
the image using the LOST.

L-
O-
S-
T-

L-
O-
S-
T-

34
 35
What’ s New
Acti vi ty 2
1. When the object raises his/her right hand the image raises his/her left
hand. When the object raises his/her left hand the image raises his/her
right hand. When the object moves forward and backward, the image also
moves forward and backward.
2. The distance of the image is the same as the distance of the object.
3. The height of the image is the same as the height of the object.
Acti vi ty 3
1. The image size becomes enlarged as I move the object towards the bulge
in part of the spoon. As I move the object away from the bulge in part of
the spoon the image size becomes reduced.
2. The image size will vary depending on the location of the object when using
bulge in mirror while in bulge out mirror, the image size is always reduced.
3. If I move the object towards bulge in mirror the orientation of the image
will change from upside down to upright. In bulge out mirror, the image
is always upright when I move the object towards and away from it.
What I Know What's In
1. A 1. energy
2. C 2. speed
3. D 3. luminate
4. B 4. illuminate
5. C 5. opaque
6. A
7. D
6. transparent
8. D 7. translucent
9. A 8. straight
10.A 9. arrow
11.D 10. electromagnetic
12.B
13.A
14.A
15.B
Answer Key
 36
What’ s More
Acti vi ty 4
What I Know What's More Assessment
16.A 4. C
17.C 5. B
18.D 6. A
19.B 7. A
20.C 8. D
21.A 9. B
22.D 10.C
23.D 11.B
24.A 12.A
25.A 13.A
Answer
26.Dto Guide Questions: 14.D
27.B 15.A
1. Yuri
28.A 16.D
2. Ryan, PJ, and himself
29.A 17.A
3. Ryan, Walter, and himself
30.B 18.D
4. Walter, PJ, and himself
5. Robert
 37
Acti vi ty 5
 38
Table 2.
Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed in Curved Mirrors
Image
Size
Location of Object Orientation (same, Type
Location (upright or reduced (real or
inverted) or virtual)
enlarged)
CONCAVE At the
A. At the Center of Center of Inverted Same Real
Curvature Curvature
B. Between the Center of Beyond
Curvature and the Center of Inverted Enlarged Real
Focal point Curvature
C. At the Focal point No Image No Image No Image No Image
D. Between the Focal Between
point and the Vertex virtual focus Upright Enlarged Virtual
and vertex
CONVEX
Between
E. Between the Center of
virtual focus Upright Reduced Virtual
Curvature and the
and vertex
Focal point
F. Between the Focal Between
point and the Vertex virtual focus Upright Reduced Virtual
and vertex
Acti vi ty 6
1. Reflection 5. Refraction
2. Refraction 6. Refraction
3. Reflection 7. Refraction
4. Reflection 8. Reflection
Acti vi ty 7
1. There are 3 mediums in the experiment.
2. The arrow will flip to the left.
3. The change of direction of the near bottom arrow behind the glass
of water is the result of the refraction of light.
Acti vi ty 8
1. The middle part of the lens A is thicker than the edges while the
middle part of the lens B is thinner than the edges.
2. Lens A will produce an enlarged and inverted image while lens B
will produce a reduced and upright image.
3. The light rays that pass through lens A will converge while light
rays that pass through lens B will diverge.
 39
Acti vi ty 9
 40
Assessment
1. C 11. D
2. B 12. A
3. A 13. D
4. A 14. A
5. D 15. D
6. B
7. C
8. B
9. A
10.A
Table 4.
Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed by Lenses
Image
Size
Location of Object Orientation (same, Type
Location (upright or reduced (real or
inverted) or virtual)
enlarged)
CONVERGING LENS
At 2F Inverted Same Real
A. At 2F’
B. Between 2F’ AND F’ Beyond 2F Inverted Enlarged Real
C. At the Focal point, F’ No Image No Image No Image No Image
D. Between the Focal point
Between 2F’
and the Center of the Upright Enlarged Virtual
and F’
Lens
DIVERGING LENS Between 2F’
E. Between the 2F’ and and center Upright Reduced Virtual
the Focal point, F’ of the lens
F. Between the Focal point Between 2F’
and the Center of the and center Upright Reduced Virtual
Lens of the lens
Acti vi ty 10
1. Concave Mirror – used by the dentist to observe gums and teeth inside the
patient’s mouth that helps them to see an enlarged, and upright image.
2. Concave Mirror – help to magnify your face, especially in trying to achieve
accuracy and precision when shaving or applying makeup.
3. Convex Mirror – it allows someone to watch what is going on in a wide
area and allow shopkeepers to spot thieves.
4. Convex Mirror – it helps the driver a wider-view that reduces blind spots
at the rear of the vehicle.
5. Lens (Concave or Convex) – use to correct eye defects like nearsightedness
and farsightedness.
 41
Addit ional Act ivit ies
Par t A. Symmetry
Par t B. Name that Image
References

Alicia L. Padua, Ricardo M. Crisostomo. 2003. "How are Images Reflected and
Refracted by Mirrors and Lenses?" In Practical and Explorational Physics:
Modular Approach, by Ricardo M. Crisostomo Alicia L. Padua, 334-343.
Quezon city: Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
n.d. Cool Science Experiments Headquarters. Accessed May 25, 2020.
https://coolscienceexperimentshq.com/light-refraction/.
Herman D. Acosta, Liza A. Alvarez, Dave g. Angeles, Ruby D. Arre, Ma. Pilar P.
Carmona, Aurelia S. Garcia, Arlen Gatpo, Judith F. Marcaida, Ma. Regaele A.
Olarte, Marivic S. Rosales, Nilo G. Salazar. 2015. "Light: Mirrors and Lenses."
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Arre, Ma. Pilar P. Carmona, Aurelia S. Garcia, Arlen Gatpo, Judith F.
Marcaida, Ma. Regaele A. Olarte, Marivic S. Rosales, Nilo G. Salazar Herman
D. Acosta, 168-219. Pasig City: Department of Education.
LearnoHub. 2017. How to use Spoon as Convex and Concave Mirror ( Science
Experiment ). April 12.

Meliza P. Valdoz, Marites D. Aquino, Jonna A. Biong, Mylene O. Andaya. 2016. "Light
Waves." In Science Links: Worktext for Scientific and Technological Literacy, by
Marites D. Aquino, Jonna A. Biong, Mylene O. Andaya Meliza P. Valdoz, 123-
159. Quezon City: Rex Book Store Inc.
1996-2020. "The Physics Classroom." www.physicsclassroom.com. Accessed May 25,
2020. https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Reflection-
and-Mirrors/Who-Can-See-Who.
1996-2020. "The Physics Classroom." www.physicsclassroom.com. Accessed May 26,
2020. https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Reflection-
and-Mirrors/Name-That-Image.

42
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

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DepEd Davao City, Elpidio Quirino Ave., Davao City

Telefax: 224-3274

Email Address: [email protected]