Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A.

Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Instructor’s Profile
Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio
Licensed Civil Engineer
Faculty Member
Technological Institute of the Philippines- Quezon City Campus
Cubao, Quezon City

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, 2015

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
Intramuros, Manila

Master of Science in Civil Engineering

major in Structural Engineering (ongoing)
University of the Philippines- Diliman Campus
Diliman, Quezon City
e-mail: [email protected]
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering

DISCLAIMER:
This presentation may contain errors that will be corrected in class. It is the responsibility of the student to
take note of these corrections. This may be considered as a supplementary material only and should not be
used as a substitute to the class discussions and reading materials. Not everything that the student needs to
know is included in these notes. No part of this presentation (photos, problems, etc) is owned by the instructor,
credit goes to the respective owners. “Fair Use” of copyrighted materials was observed.

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machine-readable form, in whole or in part, without prior consent of the Instructor.
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering

References:
Tonias, D. E., Zhao, J. J. (2017). Bridge Engineering (4th
Ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill Education.
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering

References:
Tonias, D. E., Zhao, J. J. (2017). Bridge Engineering (4th
Ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill Education.
Barker, R. M., Puckett, J. A. (2013). Design of Highway
Bridges (3rd Ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering

References:
Tonias, D. E., Zhao, J. J. (2017). Bridge Engineering (4th
Ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill Education.
Barker, R. M., Puckett, J. A. (2013). Design of Highway
Bridges (3rd Ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications (AASHTO 2012). Washington, DC:
AASHTO.
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering

References:
Tonias, D. E., Zhao, J. J. (2017). Bridge Engineering (4th
Ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill Education.
Barker, R. M., Puckett, J. A. (2013). Design of Highway
Bridges (3rd Ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications (AASHTO 2012). Washington, DC:
AASHTO.
Department of Public Works and Highways Bureau of
Design. Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards (DGCS
Vol. 5 Bridge Design 2015). Philippines: DPWH.
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering

References:
Tonias, D. E., Zhao, J. J. (2017). Bridge Engineering (4th
Ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill Education.
Barker, R. M., Puckett, J. A. (2013). Design of Highway
Bridges (3rd Ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications (AASHTO 2012). Washington, DC:
AASHTO.
Department of Public Works and Highways Bureau of
Design. Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards (DGCS
Vol. 5 Bridge Design 2015). Philippines: DPWH.

www.google.com (for some images and video clips)

 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Intended Learning Outcome for this Discussion:
At the end of the discussion, the students will be able to:

1. Explain the definition of Bridge Engineering

2. Explain the importance of the study of Bridge Engineering

3. State the origins of the modern highway bridge

4. Define the different terms used in bridge engineering especially the different parts of a bridge

5. Define the different structure types used in bridge construction

 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Introduction to Bridge Engineering
What is a Bridge?
A crossing structure erected over a communication route (road, railway, canal)
or a natural obstacle (watercourse, valley, etc.) and allowing people, vehicles,
animals, etc., to go easily from a point to another.
What is Bridge Engineering?
Bridge engineering is an engineering discipline branching from civil engineering
that involves the planning, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and
rehabilitation of bridges to ensure safe and effective transportation of vehicles,
people and goods (Yaghoubi, 2018).
Why do we need to Engineer a Bridge?
→If the width of a bridge is insufficient to carry the number of lanes required to handle the traffic volume, the
bridge will be a constriction to the traffic flow
→If the strength of a bridge is deficient and unable to carry heavy trucks, load limits will be posted, and truck
traffic will be rerouted. The bridge controls both the volume and weight of the traffic carried
→Bridges are expensive. The typical cost per mile of a bridge is many times that of the approach roadways.
This is a major investment and must be carefully planned for best use of the limited funds available for a
Yaghoubi, H. (2018). Bridge Engineering. London, UK: IntechOpen Ltd.
transportation system. https://www.intechopen.com/books/bridge-engineering
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Introduction to Bridge Engineering
What is a Bridge?
A crossing structure erected over a communication route (road, railway, canal)
or a natural obstacle (watercourse, valley, etc.) and allowing people, vehicles,
animals, etc., to go easily from a point to another.
What is Bridge Engineering?
Bridge engineering is an engineering discipline branching from civil engineering
that involves the planning, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and
rehabilitation of bridges to ensure safe and effective transportation of vehicles,
people and goods (Yaghoubi, 2018).
Why do we need to Engineer a Bridge?
→When a bridge is removed from service and not replaced, the transportation system may be restricted in its
function. Traffic may be detoured over routes not designed to handle the increase in volume. Users of the system
experience increased travel times and fuel expenses. Normalcy does not return until the bridge is repaired or
replaced.

Yaghoubi, H. (2018). Bridge Engineering. London, UK: IntechOpen Ltd.

https://www.intechopen.com/books/bridge-engineering
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Introduction to Bridge Engineering
What is a Bridge?
A crossing structure erected over a communication route (road, railway, canal)
or a natural obstacle (watercourse, valley, etc.) and allowing people, vehicles,
animals, etc., to go easily from a point to another.
What is Bridge Engineering?
Bridge engineering is an engineering discipline branching from civil engineering
that involves the planning, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and
rehabilitation of bridges to ensure safe and effective transportation of vehicles,
people and goods (Yaghoubi, 2018).
Why do we need to Engineer a Bridge?
→Because a bridge is a key element in a transportation system (since it likely controls the capacity, it has the
highest cost per mile, and its failure will cause system fail), balance must be achieved between handling future
traffic volume and loads and the cost of a heavier and wider bridge structure. Strength is always a foremost
consideration but so should measures to prevent deterioration. The designer of new bridges has control over
these parameters and must make wise decisions so that capacity and cost are in balance, and safety is not
compromised.
Yaghoubi, H. (2018). Bridge Engineering. London, UK: IntechOpen Ltd.
https://www.intechopen.com/books/bridge-engineering
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Intended Learning Outcome for this Discussion:
At the end of the discussion, the students will be able to:

1. Explain the definition of Bridge Engineering

2. Explain the importance of the study of Bridge Engineering

3. State the origins of the modern highway bridge

4. Define the different terms used in bridge engineering especially the different parts of a bridge

5. Define the different structure types used in bridge construction

 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Origins of the Modern Highway Bridge
→Usually, a discourse on the history of bridges begins with a log across a small stream or vines suspended
above a deep chasm. This preamble is followed by the development of the stone arch by the Roman engineers
of the second and first centuries BC and the building of beautiful bridges across Europe during the Renaissance
period of the fourteenth through seventeenth centuries. Next is the Industrial Revolution, which began in the
last half of the eighteenth century and saw the emergence of cast iron, wrought iron, and finally steel for
bridges.
Bridges through the Years
Stone Arch Bridges
→The Roman bridge builders first come to mind when discussing stone
arch bridges. They utilized the semicircular arch and built elegant and
handsome aqueducts and bridges, many of which are still standing
today. The stone arch has been around a long time and how its form was
first discovered is unknown. But credit is due to the Roman engineers
because they are the ones who saw the potential in the stone arch,
developed construction techniques, built foundations in moving rivers,
and left us a heritage of engineering works that we marvel at today.

Source: https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks__destinations/historical_sites/stone_arch_bridge/
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Origins of the Modern Highway Bridge
→Usually, a discourse on the history of bridges begins with a log across a small stream or vines suspended
above a deep chasm. This preamble is followed by the development of the stone arch by the Roman engineers
of the second and first centuries BC and the building of beautiful bridges across Europe during the Renaissance
period of the fourteenth through seventeenth centuries. Next is the Industrial Revolution, which began in the
last half of the eighteenth century and saw the emergence of cast iron, wrought iron, and finally steel for
bridges.
Bridges through the Years
Wooden Bridges
→Early bridge builders began their careers as millwrights
or carpenter-mechanics. They had no clear conception of
truss action, and their bridges were highly indeterminate
combinations of arches and trusses (Kirby and Laurson,
1932). They learned from building large mills how to
increase clear spans by using the king-post system or
trussed beam. They also appreciated the arch form and its
ability to carry loads in compression to the abutments. This
compressive action was important because wood joints can
transfer compression more efficiently than tension. Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/92886811048075316/
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Origins of the Modern Highway Bridge
→Usually, a discourse on the history of bridges begins with a log across a small stream or vines suspended
above a deep chasm. This preamble is followed by the development of the stone arch by the Roman engineers
of the second and first centuries BC and the building of beautiful bridges across Europe during the Renaissance
period of the fourteenth through seventeenth centuries. Next is the Industrial Revolution, which began in the
last half of the eighteenth century and saw the emergence of cast iron, wrought iron, and finally steel for
bridges.
Bridges through the Years
Metal Truss Bridges
→Wooden bridges were serving the public well when the loads being
carried were horse-drawn wagons and carriages. Then along came
the railroads with their heavy loads, and the wooden bridges could
not provide the necessary strength and stiffness for longer spans. As
a result, wrought-iron rods replaced wooden tension members, and a
hybrid truss composed of a combination of wood and metal
members was developed. As bridge builders’ understanding of which
members were carrying tension and which were carrying
compression increased, cast iron replaced wooden compression Source: https://www.walthers.com/143-single-track-railroad-arched-pratt-truss-bridge-kit

members, thus completing the transition to an all-metal truss form.

 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Origins of the Modern Highway Bridge
→Usually, a discourse on the history of bridges begins with a log across a small stream or vines suspended
above a deep chasm. This preamble is followed by the development of the stone arch by the Roman engineers
of the second and first centuries BC and the building of beautiful bridges across Europe during the Renaissance
period of the fourteenth through seventeenth centuries. Next is the Industrial Revolution, which began in the
last half of the eighteenth century and saw the emergence of cast iron, wrought iron, and finally steel for
bridges.
Bridges through the Years
Suspension Bridges
→In previous suspension bridges, the roadway
was flexible and followed the curve of the ropes
or chains. By stiffening the roadway and making
it level, James Finley [inventor of modern
suspension bridges (Kirby and Laurson, 1932)]
developed a suspension bridge that was suitable
not only for footpaths and trails but for roads
with carriages and heavy wagons.
Source: https://giphy.com/gifs/golden-gate-bridge-dtVChqtd2zHsd10A2C
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Origins of the Modern Highway Bridge
→Usually, a discourse on the history of bridges begins with a log across a small stream or vines suspended
above a deep chasm. This preamble is followed by the development of the stone arch by the Roman engineers
of the second and first centuries BC and the building of beautiful bridges across Europe during the Renaissance
period of the fourteenth through seventeenth centuries. Next is the Industrial Revolution, which began in the
last half of the eighteenth century and saw the emergence of cast iron, wrought iron, and finally steel for
bridges.
Bridges through the Years
Metal Arch Bridges
→Arch bridges are aesthetically pleasing and can be
economically competitive with other bridge types. Sometimes
the arch can be above the deck. Other times, when the
foundation materials can resist the thrusts, the arch is below
the deck. Restraint conditions at the supports of an arch can be
fixed or hinged. And if a designer chooses, a third hinge can be
placed at the crown to make the arch statically determinate or
nonredundant

Source: http://www.worldtravelattractions.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Sydney-Harbour-Bridge11.jpg
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Origins of the Modern Highway Bridge
→Usually, a discourse on the history of bridges begins with a log across a small stream or vines suspended
above a deep chasm. This preamble is followed by the development of the stone arch by the Roman engineers
of the second and first centuries BC and the building of beautiful bridges across Europe during the Renaissance
period of the fourteenth through seventeenth centuries. Next is the Industrial Revolution, which began in the
last half of the eighteenth century and saw the emergence of cast iron, wrought iron, and finally steel for
bridges.
Bridges through the Years
Reinforced Concrete Bridges
→In contrast to wood and metal, reinforced concrete
has a relatively short history. It was in 1824 that Joseph
Aspdin of England was recognized for producing
Portland cement by heating ground limestone and clay
in a kiln. This cement was used to line tunnels under
the Thames River because it was water resistant
(MacGregor and Wight, 2008). Some concrete arches
were built using the prestressing construction
Source: https://giphy.com/gifs/eKsQ8QekTjovzsiujQ
techniques first developed by the French engineer
Ernest Freyssinet in the 1920s (Jackson, 1988)
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Origins of the Modern Highway Bridge
→Usually, a discourse on the history of bridges begins with a log across a small stream or vines suspended
above a deep chasm. This preamble is followed by the development of the stone arch by the Roman engineers
of the second and first centuries BC and the building of beautiful bridges across Europe during the Renaissance
period of the fourteenth through seventeenth centuries. Next is the Industrial Revolution, which began in the
last half of the eighteenth century and saw the emergence of cast iron, wrought iron, and finally steel for
bridges.
Bridges through the Years
Girder Bridges
→Some of the early girder bridges, with their multiple
short spans and deep girders, were not very attractive.
However, with the advent of prestressed concrete and
the development of segmental construction, the spans
of girder bridges have become longer and the girders
more slender. The result is that the concrete girder
bridge is not only functional but can also be designed
to be aesthetically pleasing

Source: https://www.steelconstruction.info/Multi-girder_composite_bridges
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Origins of the Modern Highway Bridge
→Usually, a discourse on the history of bridges begins with a log across a small stream or vines suspended
above a deep chasm. This preamble is followed by the development of the stone arch by the Roman engineers
of the second and first centuries BC and the building of beautiful bridges across Europe during the Renaissance
period of the fourteenth through seventeenth centuries. Next is the Industrial Revolution, which began in the
last half of the eighteenth century and saw the emergence of cast iron, wrought iron, and finally steel for
bridges.
Bridges through the Years
→Today's highway bridge is an offspring of the rapid development of the modern transportation network. The
evolution from the design of new structures in almost assembly-line fashion, to the detailed design of a bridge
rehabilitation, did not occur overnight. Indeed, the creation of modern standards and specifications in place
today, is an outgrowth of the efforts of an entire generation of civil engineers who grew up professionally during
the formative years of what was, and still is, the largest public works project in the history.
For more information about the History of Bridge Engineering, kindly visit:
Engineering History: Bridges The History of Bridges The history of bridge construction
https://youtu.be/PhvSpmKe9wA https://youtu.be/eHqubqJ7c-U https://youtu.be/UoTkgqfJw5o
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Intended Learning Outcome for this Discussion:
At the end of the discussion, the students will be able to:

1. Explain the definition of Bridge Engineering

2. Explain the importance of the study of Bridge Engineering

3. State the origins of the modern highway bridge

4. Define the different terms used in bridge engineering especially the different parts of a bridge

5. Define the different structure types used in bridge construction

 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Bridge Engineering Terms

Highway Bridge Site→ is a complicated place and a point where a suite of civil engineering disciplines converge
Concerns of a Bridge Designer
Highway Design for the overpass and underpass alignment and geometry.
Structural Design for the superstructure and substructure elements.
Geotechnical Engineering for the pier and abutment foundations.
Hydrology and Hydraulics for proper bridge span length and drainage of bridge site.
Surveying and Mapping for the layout and grading of a proposed site.

Crossing (underpass)→ could be human made (highways, rail lines, canals) or natural (water courses)
Span→ a segment of bridge from support to support
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Bridge Engineering Terms
Parts of a Bridge
Deck Girder

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverwater_Bridge#/media/File:Silverwater_Bridge_1.JPG

Footing Bearing
Pier
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Bridge Engineering Terms
Parts of a Bridge
Superstructure
→comprises all the components of a bridge above the supports
Basic Superstructure Components
Wearing Surface (course) is that portion of the deck cross section that
resists traffic wear. In some instances, this is a separate layer made of
bituminous material, whereas in some other cases, it is an integral Source: (Tonias, 2017)

part of concrete deck.

Deck is the physical extension of the roadway across the obstruction
to be bridged. It can be a reinforced concrete slab. In an orthotropic
deck bridge, the deck is a stiffened steel plate. The main function of
the deck is to distribute loads transversely along the bridge cross
section. The deck either rests on or is integrated with a frame or other
structural system designed to distribute loads longitudinally along
the length of the bridge.
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Bridge Engineering Terms
Parts of a Bridge Haunch
Superstructure
→comprises all the components of a bridge above the supports
Basic Superstructure Components
Primary Members distribute loads longitudinally and are usually
designed principally to resist flexure and shear. Beam-type primary
members such as shown are also called stringers or girders. A small
Source: (Tonias, 2017)
fillet or haunch can be placed between the deck slab and the top
flange of the girder to adjust the geometry between the stringer and
the finished deck.
Secondary Members are bracing between primary members designed
to resist cross-sectional deformation of the superstructure frame and
help distribute part of the vertical load between stringers. They are
also used for the stability of the structure during construction.
Secondary members, composed of horizontal crossed frames (lateral
bracing) at the top or bottom flange of a stringer, are used to resist
lateral deformation. In curved girder bridges, the diaphragms are
considered primary members because they are load-carrying
members that help resist torsion caused by vertical loads. Source: https://structurae.net/en/structures/bridges/t-section-girder-bridges
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Bridge Engineering Terms
Parts of a Bridge
Substructure
→consists of all elements required to support the superstructure
Basic Substructure Components
Abutments are earth-retaining structures that support the Source: https://www.nwfdailynews.com/news/20170609/us-331-bridge-now-complete

superstructure at the beginning and end of a bridge. Like a retaining Hammerhead

wall, the abutments resist the longitudinal forces of the earth
underneath the overpass roadway.
Piers are structures that support the superstructure at
intermediate points between the end supports (abutments). The
physical conditions of the bridge site play an important role in
deciding which type of pier to use. For example, to provide a large
clearance makes a hammerhead attractive, while solid wall are well
suited for shallow water crossings.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverwater_Bridge#/media/File:Silverwater_Bridge_1.JPG

Solid Wall or Gravity

 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Bridge Engineering Terms
Parts of a Bridge
Substructure Bearing
→consists of all elements required to support the superstructure
Basic Substructure Components
Abutments are earth-retaining structures that support the
superstructure at the beginning and end of a bridge. Like a retaining
wall, the abutments resist the longitudinal forces of the earth
underneath the overpass roadway.
Piers are structures that support the superstructure at
intermediate points between the end supports (abutments). The
physical conditions of the bridge site play an important role in
deciding which type of pier to use. For example, to provide a large
clearance makes a hammerhead attractive, while solid wall are well Source: https://structurae.net/en/structures/bridges/t-section-girder-bridges

suited for shallow water crossings. Column Bent

Bearings are mechanical systems that transmit the vertical and horizontal
loads of the superstructure to the substructure and accommodate
movements between the superstructure and the substructure. Bearings
allowing both rotation and longitudinal translation are called expansion
bearings, and those that allow rotation only are called fixed bearings.
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Bridge Engineering Terms
Parts of a Bridge
Substructure Wingwall
→consists of all elements required to support the superstructure
Basic Substructure Components
Pedestal is a short column on an abutment or pier under a bearing
that directly supports a superstructure primary member. The term
bridge seat is also used to refer to the top surface of the pedestal.
Stem is a primary component of the abutment above the footing,
supporting pedestals. Its main function is to transfer loads from
superstructure to the foundation.
Backwall is the component of the abutment acting as a retaining
structure on top of the stem. It also supports an approach slab, if
there is one. Source: https://inorblock.com/reinforced-earth/bridge-abutments/

Wingwall is a side wall to the abutment backwall and stem designed

to assist in confining earth behind the abutment. Wingwalls may be
designed parallel to the bridge and approaches, or they may have a
skew angle
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Bridge Engineering Terms
Parts of a Bridge
Substructure
→consists of all elements required to support the superstructure
Basic Substructure Components
Footings transfer loads from the substructure to the subsoil or
piles. A footing supported by soil or bedrock without piles is
called a spread footing. A footing supported by piles is known as
a pile cap. Foundations supported by piles are also called deep
foundations.
Piles are used when the soil under a footing cannot provide
adequate support for the substructure (in terms of bearing
capacity, overall stability, or settlement) which extend down
from the footing to a stronger soil layer or to bedrock. There are
a variety of types of piles ranging from concrete, which is cast in
place (also called drilled shafts or caissons) or precast, to steel
H-section piles.
Sheeting is the vertical planks that are driven into the ground to
act as temporary retaining walls permitting excavation in
cofferdams or shallow excavation. Sheeting
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Bridge Engineering Terms
Parts of a Bridge
Appurtenances and Site-Related Features
→appurtenance is any part of the bridge or bridge site that is
not a major structural component yet serves some purpose
in the overall functionality of the structure (e.g., guardrail).
Major Appurtenances and Site-Related Features
→The slope that tapers from the abutment to the underpass
(embankment) is covered with a material called slope Source: https://www.concrib.com.au/applications/slope-stabilisation/

protection, which should both be aesthetically pleasing and

provide for proper drainage and erosion control. For waterway
crossings, large stones (also called riprap) are usually used for
slope protection and foundation scour protection.
→In order to provide for proper drainage of a major
substructure element, such as an abutment, it is often
necessary to install an underdrain, which is a drainage system
made of perforated pipe or other suitable conduit that
transports runoff away from the structure and into appropriate
drainage channels (either natural or human-made).
Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/818318194781642207/
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Bridge Engineering Terms
Parts of a Bridge
Appurtenances and Site-Related Features
→appurtenance is any part of the bridge or bridge site that is
not a major structural component yet serves some purpose
in the overall functionality of the structure (e.g., guardrail).
Major Appurtenances and Site-Related Features
→The section of overpass roadway that leads up to and away
from the bridge abutments is called the approach or approach
roadway. To compensate for potential differential settlement at
the approaches, a reinforced concrete slab or approach slab is
sometimes used for a given distance back from the abutment.
The approach slab helps to evenly distribute traffic loads on the
soil behind the abutment, to eliminate horizontal live load soil
surcharge against the abutment, and to minimize differential
Abutment Approach Approach
settlement between the abutment and the approach roadway.
Slab Roadway
An approach slab is typically supported by the abutment at one
end and supported by the soil along its length.
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Bridge Engineering Terms
Parts of a Bridge Bridge Barrier
Appurtenances and Site-Related Features
→appurtenance is any part of the bridge or bridge site that is
not a major structural component yet serves some purpose
in the overall functionality of the structure (e.g., guardrail).
Major Appurtenances and Site-Related Features
→Bridge barriers are provided to restrain vehicles from
crashing off the side of a bridge, and traffic barriers are
protective devices used to shield motorists from obstacles or
slope located along either side of roadway.

Source: https://www.goldengate.org/bridge/bridge-operations/moveable-median-barrier/project-timeline/

Traffic Barrier
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Bridge Engineering Terms
Parts of a Bridge
Miscellaneous Terms
→Vertical clearance is the minimum
distance between the structure and the
highway underneath.
→Dead loads are permanent loads placed
on a structure due to gravity of the
structural and nonstructural elements.
→Superimposed dead loads are dead
loads placed on the structure after the
concrete deck has hardened (e.g., bridge
railing, sidewalks, wearing surface, etc.).
→Live loads are temporary loads placed
on the structure, such as vehicles,
pedestrians, etc. Source: https://giphy.com/gifs/happiness-truck-2LODlaJkHJVS0

→Load rating is an analysis of a structure

to compute the maximum allowable
loads that can be carried across a bridge.
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Bridge Engineering Terms
Parts of a Bridge Wales
Miscellaneous Terms
→Sheeted pit is a temporary box structure with only four
sides (i.e., no top or bottom) that can be used as an earth
support system in excavation for substructure foundations.
The bracing elements used inside a sheeted pit to keep all
four sides rigid are called wales (which run along the inside
walls of the sheet piling) and struts (which run between the
walls). When this type of structure is used where the ground
level is below water, the sheeted pit is called a cofferdam.
→Staged construction is a construction that occurs in phases,
usually to permit the flow of traffic through a construction
site. An example would be a bridge replacement project
where one-half of the structure is removed and replaced Source: https://www.ntsafety.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Image632.png

while traffic continues over the remaining portion of the

structure. Strut
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Intended Learning Outcome for this Discussion:
At the end of the discussion, the students will be able to:

1. Explain the definition of Bridge Engineering

2. Explain the importance of the study of Bridge Engineering

3. State the origins of the modern highway bridge

4. Define the different terms used in bridge engineering especially the different parts of a bridge

5. Define the different structure types used in bridge construction

 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Structure Types
A wide variety of structures are in use for a variety of different physical applications (human made, natural, or
climatological conditions) that dictate the type of structure to be used at a given crossing. These could be in the
form of:
→Length to be bridged from the start to the end of the structure
→Depth of channel or ravine to be crossed
→Underpass clearance required

→Type and volume of vehicular traffic

→Extreme temperature conditions

→Precipitation or snowfall

→Curvature of overpass alignment

→Aesthetics of the surrounding environment

→Potential environmental impacts
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Structure Types
Slab-on-girder→ a bridge superstructure consisting of a
concrete slab resting on a set of girders, which are connected
by diaphragms to form a frame. The girder could be steel or
precast-prestressed concrete beams, or of other suitable
material. Traffic passes over the top of the slab, which can be
covered with a wearing surface, although sometimes the slab
itself is made thicker to create an integrated wearing surface
(i.e., using a portion of the slab rather than a separate layer
to resist the wear of traffic).
Advantages
→Design is simple. From an engineering perspective, slab-on-girder structures do not break much new ground
theoretically, but the complexity they offer from a total project perspective presents a challenge for any
designer.
→The slab-on-girder bridge lends itself well to a uniform design that can be standardized easily.
Standardization minimizes the need for creating a plethora of codes and specifications for designers to follow,
especially when many owners of bridges rely on private consultants to assist in the design of new and
rehabilitation of existing bridges. Uniformity also means that consistent, and therefore economical, methods
can be employed in repairing deteriorated structures. Imagine if a highway network had hundreds of unique
designs with customized components for each structure!
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Structure Types
Slab-on-girder→ a bridge superstructure consisting of a
concrete slab resting on a set of girders, which are connected
by diaphragms to form a frame. The girder could be steel or
precast-prestressed concrete beams, or of other suitable
material. Traffic passes over the top of the slab, which can be
covered with a wearing surface, although sometimes the slab
itself is made thicker to create an integrated wearing surface
(i.e., using a portion of the slab rather than a separate layer
to resist the wear of traffic).
Advantages
→Construction is relatively straightforward and makes use of readily available materials. Prefabricated
primary members such as steel wide flange stringers or prestressed concrete beams allow for quick erection
and a clean appearance and at the same time provide for an economy of materials that is a benefit to the
contractor as well as the owner.
Disadvantage
→Slab-on-girder structures, however, are primarily for short-to-medium span lengths (up to 300 ft [91 m] for
steel girders and 160 ft [49 m] for prestressed concrete girders).
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering One-way slab
Structure Types
One-Way Slab→ For a very short span (less than 30 ft [9 m]),
a one-way cast-in-place reinforced concrete slab supported
on both ends by small abutments is an economical structure.
For short-to-medium spans (30 to 120 ft [9 to 36 m]),
adjacent slab bridges, which are composed of precast-
prestressed concrete slabs, are the most common type of Abutment
one-way slab bridges. The precast slabs may be of solid Source: https://www.civillead.com/difference-between-one-way-and-two-way-slab/

rectangular sections or box beams, with longitudinal shear

keys along their sides, so they will deflect together and share
the live loads.
Steel and Concrete Box Girder→ When bending and torsion
are major concerns, a box girder type of structure offers an
aesthetically pleasing, albeit expensive, solution. Since these
types of structures do not make use of standardized,
prefabricated components, their role is usually restricted to
major highway bridges that can take advantage of their
ability to meet relatively long-span requirements.
Source: https://erkrishneelram.wordpress.com/2015/03/12/box-girder-bridges/
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Structure Types
Cable-stayed→ Concrete or steel multiple cell box girders are
commonly used for the superstructure, although steel
trusses and steel plate girders may also be used. Towers
(also called pylons) are built with either solid or hollow
concrete sections, depending on the tower size and the loads
from cable stays. Superstructure may be designed to be
supported at pylons (with bearings), to be fixed at pylons
(monolithic with pylons), or to be "floating" (no support at Source: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cable-stayed-bridge

pylons). Low cost, ease of construction, and aesthetics are

the major reasons why this type of structure is now a
popular choice for medium- and long-span bridges.
Suspension→ Trusses or steel box girders are typically used
for suspension bridges. Vertical loads from deck are
supported by hangers, which are supported by main cables.
Suspension bridges are very structurally efficient; thus, they
require less material than other types of bridges with similar
span length. Because of their slenderness, detailed wind
analysis is required to ensure stability Source: https://giphy.com/gifs/golden-gate-bridge-dtVChqtd2zHsd10A2C
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Structure Types
Steel and Concrete Arch→ When the deck is suspended from
the steel arch, the structure is called a through arch. When
the deck is supported on top of the arch, this is called a deck
arch. An arch bridge generates large reaction forces at its end
supports. The horizontal component of these reaction forces
is resisted by either abutment foundations or, in the case of a
tied arch, a tie between arch supports. The highest point on
an arch is known as the crown. In a through arch, the vertical
cables from which the deck is suspended are called hangers.
In deck arches, the area between the bridge deck and the
arch is known as the spandrel. Deck arch bridges with open
areas between supporting columns are known as open
spandrel arches, while those that are solid between the arch
and deck are called filled spandrel arches. The spring line is
the extension of the arch from the abutment or pier support. Source: http://www.worldtravelattractions.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Sydney-Harbour-Bridge11.jpg

The surface that the arch is supported on is inclined at an

angle. This surface is called the skewback. The lower surface
of an arch is the soffit, and the upper surface is the back.
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Structure Types
Truss→ Truss members are typically
fracture-critical members (i.e., there is no
redundancy in the load path, so should
one member fail, the whole structure
would collapse). The construction and
maintenance costs of truss bridges are
very high. Due to these, very few truss
bridges have been built in the past 50
years.

Source: https://www.walthers.com/143-single-track-railroad-arched-pratt-truss-bridge-kit
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Intended Learning Outcome for this Discussion:
At the end of the discussion, the students will be able to:

1. Explain the definition of Bridge Engineering

2. Explain the importance of the study of Bridge Engineering

3. State the origins of the modern highway bridge

4. Define the different terms used in bridge engineering especially the different parts of a bridge

5. Define the different structure types used in bridge construction

 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Summary of this Discussion
Bridge engineering is an engineering discipline branching from civil engineering that involves the planning,
design, construction, operation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of bridges to ensure safe and effective
transportation of vehicles, people and goods (Yaghoubi, 2018).

Parts of a Bridge
Superstructure
→comprises all the components of a bridge above the supports
Substructure
→consists of all elements required to support the superstructure
Appurtenances and Site-Related Features
→appurtenance is any part of the bridge or bridge site that is
not a major structural component yet serves some purpose
in the overall functionality of the structure (e.g., guardrail).

Structure Types
→ Slab-on-girder → Steel and Concrete Box Girder → Suspension → Truss
→ One-Way Slab → Cable-stayed → Steel and Concrete Arch
 Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering

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