Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.

Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

Inquiries,
Investigations,
and Immersion

1
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

TABLE OF CONTENTS

MODULE 1: Brainstorming for Research Topics ………………………………… 2 – 10

 ACTIVITIES
1. Activation……………………………………………………………… 2 – 3
2. Activity 1 (A & B) ………………………………………………......... 6
3. Activity 2 ……………………………………………………………… 7
4. Assessment (A, B, and C) ……………………………………………. 8-10

MODULE 2: Identifying the Problem and Asking the Questions ………………. 11 – 25

 ACTIVITIES
1. Activity 1 (A & B) …………………………………………………… 21
2. Activity 2 (A, B, and C)…………………………………………….... 22 – 24
3. Assessment…………………………………………………………… 25

MODULE 3: SELECTING RELEVANT LITERATURE ………………………. 26 – 31

 ACTIVITIES
1. Activity 1 (A & B) ……………………………………………………. 29-30
2. Assessment ……………………………………………………………. 31

MODULE 4: CITATION OF REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ………. 31 – 45

 LESSON 1: DEFINITION, IMPORTANCE, AND STYLES OF CITATION
1. Activity 1 ……………………………………………………………….. 37
2. Activity 2 (A & B) ……………………………………………………… 38-39

 LESSON 2: THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)

FORMAT OF REFERENCING
1. Activity 1 ………………………………………………………………… 44
2. Assessment ……………………………………………………………..... 45

2
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

MODULE 1: Brainstorming for

Research Topics
You have learned the step-by-step procedure
in writing a qualitative and quantitative research in
your previous subjects – Practical Research 1 and 2,
respectively. As a culminating activity, Inquiries,
Investigations, and Immersion is designed to
heighten your critical thinking and problem-solving
skills through conducting another meaningful study.
This particular module is designed to assist you in
choosing a significant topic that will benefit your
area of interest.

After this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify issues and ideas in respective track or strand.
2. Formulate a suitable research topic related to a track or strand.
3. Write a research plan about the selected research topic.

One of the most important considerations for every research is selecting a research topic.
A research topic serves as the basis of each research undertaking. It directs how the research will
be carried out.
A good researcher must carefully choose a topic that is doable and significant to a certain
discipline or field. Many researchers find selecting a research topic a difficult task. Some do it
through brainstorming or by observing their surroundings.
In this module, you will be guided on how to easily choose a research topic from your area
of interest.

Activation

Taking into consideration your experiences from your previous research subjects, decide
whether each sentence must be a criterion in choosing a good research problem. On your notebook,
write YES if the statement can be considered as a criterion and NO if otherwise.
A research topic should…

3
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui
________1. be original.
________2. be ambiguous.
________3. fill in a research gap.
________4. be costly and ambitious.
________5. be general and not specific.
________6. arouse intellectual curiosity.
________7. be within the researcher’s interest.
________8. make use of ineffective research instrument.
________9. be completed beyond the given period of time.
________10. be insignificant to the field of study or discipline

Lesson
Brainstorming for Research Topics
1

A common challenge when beginning to write a research paper is determining how to

narrow down your topic. To assist you in the selection process, here are some guidelines given by
Baraceros (2016:38-39):

1. INTEREST IN THE SUBJECT MATTER

Being interested in a topic is usually due to the richness of your stock knowledge
about it or because of its familiarity to you. Curiosity about an issue/topic is one of
the factors that motivate a person to unravel the unknown in a topic. Thus, the
researcher’s interest increases the possibility of the success of the study.

2. RICHNESS OF AVAILABLE SOURCES OR SUPPORTING EVIDENCES

One of the things that you should do is to collect a lot of information on your topic of
interest. This enables you to find evidences that would support your topic. You must
ensure that your sources come from a wide variety of literature such as books, journal,
periodicals, online articles, etc. Hence, going to the library and surfing the internet are
some of the activities that you should do as a researcher.

3. TIMELINESS AND RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC

Your topic should be relevant and timely. A topic is relevant if it serves as an
instrument in improving the society or if it answers or solves current issues which are
some of the reasons why research is conducted

4
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

4. LIMITATIONS OF THE SUBJECT

Aside from your interest, you must also consider the significance of the topic in your
track and strand. Remember that research is conducted to contribute something
valuable to a particular area or discipline.

5. PERSONAL RESOURCES
Prior to finalizing your chosen topic, you must assess your research abilities as a
student. You may do so by taking your financial capability, health condition, personal
qualifications and trainings as a researcher, needed facilities and time allotment into
account. It is important that all of these aspects are considered in order for you to
guarantee the accomplishment of your research

STEPS THAT WILL GUIDE YOU TRIM DOWN YOUR

AREA OF INTEREST

Now that you have learned the considerations in formulating a research problem, here are
the steps that will guide you trim down your area of interest.

1. Focus on your track or area of specialization

• For example:
HUMSS

2. Recall the specific area, lesson or issue in your respective field or strand that has
piqued or aroused your interest the most.

• Public Speaking

5
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

3. Generate an unanswered question or an unresolved problem from your chosen area or

lesson.

• Why do people feel anxious when speaking in public?

4. Assess the question or problem based on the five guidelines stated above.

 I'm interested in the topic

 There are available sources of data.
 It is timely and relevant.
 It will contribute to my strand.
 It is doable considering my personal resources.?

5. Write your research problem

 Factors Affecting the Speaking Anxiety of Students?

Take Note:

When formulating an effective research title, take the following guidelines into
consideration:

1. Indicate accurately the subject and scope of the study.

2. The title must be limited to 10 to 15 substantive words. Conjunctions (and, but,
because), prepositions (in, on, at) and articles (the, a, an) are not counted.
3. Do not include analysis of, study of, an investigation of and the like.
4. The title must be in the phrase form.
5. Avoid title that gives too much information

6
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

ACTIVITY 1
A. Match the following descriptions in column A to their respective guidelines in choosing a
research topic in column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on your notebook

A B
1. This refers to the researcher’s a. limitations of the subject
abilities, financial capacity, b. personal resources
resources in terms of instruments, c. interest in the subject matter
facilities and time frame. d. timeliness and relevance
2. This refers to the social e. richness of available resources or
applicability and appropriateness supporting evidences of
of the topic to the current situation. appropriateness
3. This refers to an individual’s f. intellectual ability
interest in a topic driven by his or
her schema about it.
4. This refers to the availability of
needed resources as evidence for
the topic.
5. This refers to the topic’s
contribution to a particular field or
discipline.

B. Arrange the following steps in correct sequence using numbers 1-5. Write your answers
on your notebook.
_____ 6. Write your research problem.
_____ 7. Generate an unanswered question or an unresolved problem from your chosen area or
lesson.
_____ 8. Recall the specific area, lesson or issue in your respective field that has piqued your
interest the most.
_____ 9. Assess the question or problem based on the five guidelines stated above.
_____ 10. Focus on your track, strand or area of specialization.

7
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

ACTIVITY 2
Think of at least two specific research topics from the broad topics listed below
following the guidelines explained above. Write your answers on your notebook. (5 points
each)

 DNA
 Fingerprinting
 Insecticides
 Ethics and Genetics
 Humans and Wildlife  Export and Import
 Malnutrition  Intermittent Fasting
 Psychology of Plastic Surgery  Food Nutrition
 Vaccines  Privacy Issues
 Violence  Mobile Games
 Racism  Computer Literacy
 Sex Education
 Online Selling
 Social Media
 Accounting System
 Terrorism
 Online Learning
 Marketing Strategies

 Gender Roles  Technology and Business

 Thermal Insulation

For example:

Broad Topic: Online Selling

Specific Topic: Influence of Internet Based Marketing Activities on Digital
Consumer’s Mind

1. Broad Topic: _____________________________________________________________

Specific Topic: ___________________________________________________________

2. Broad Topic: _____________________________________________________________

Specific Topic: ____________________________________________________________

8
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

ASSESSMENT
A. Let us apply the five steps mentioned previously for you to arrive on your specific
research topic. Answer the following questions briefly on your notebook. (2 points each)

STEPS IN SPECIFYING THE

RESEARCH TOPIC ANSWER

1. What is your track and strand?

2. What is the specific lesson or issue

in your track and strand that has
piqued your interest the most?

3. What is the unanswered question or

unresolved problem, or issue involved
in the lesson or issue?
• Is it within your interest?
Yes___No____

• Are there available data,

resources and evidence that
will support the topic?
Yes___No____

• Is it timely and relevant?

4. Assess the question or problem Yes___No____
based on the five guidelines.
• Will it contribute to your track
and strand?
Yes___No____

• Is it within your personal

resources?
Yes___No____

5. If all of your answers are yes, then

write down your specific research
problem. If no, reevaluate your research
question or problem.

9
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui
B. Based on the research problem that you have written above, write your research plan by
answering the following questions on the table below. Answer briefly on your notebook. (2
points each)

RESEARCH PLAN
1. Research Problem:
(What is your research problem?)

2. Rationale:
(Why do you want to conduct this study?)

3. Significance:
(Why is it important to be conducted?)

4. Objective:
(What is your goal to achieve in this study?)

5. Method and Design: Respondents:

(Is it a quantitative or a qualitative (Who or what will be the source of your data?)
study?)

Sample Size:
(How many respondents does your study need?)

Sampling Technique:
(How will you choose your respondents or source of
data?)

10
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

C. Using the guidelines stated above, formulate a tentative research title based on your
chosen research problem in Assessment. Write your title on your notebook. (15 points)

Research Problem: Tentative Title:

_____________________ _____________________

_____________________ _____________________

_____________________ _____________________

_____________________ _____________________

_____________________ _____________________

The checklist below will guide you in assessing the tentative title you have written. However,
the research title may still be changed along the course of the study.

Self-Assessment Checklist YES NO

1. Is it original?
2. Is it concise?
3. Is it clear?
4. Is it specific?
5. Does it reflect the topic to be explored?

11
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

MODULE 2: Identifying the Problem and Asking

the Questions

In the previous module, you have learned that choosing a research topic needs a lot of
consideration and thinking. Not only that research should be focused and well-defined, but it
should also be well-timed and contributive to a field or discipline. In accordance with the
guidelines and steps discussed, you were able to determine your topic to be investigated. Now that
you have research problem in mind, this module will harness you on how to write the basic parts
of a research paper.

After this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the following parts of a research paper:

a. background of the study
b. statement of the problem
c. research hypothesis (for quantitative research)
d. significance of the study
e. scope and delimitation of the study
f. conceptual framework
g. definition of terms

2. Describe the importance of each part of the research paper; and

3. Formulate clearly the statement of the problem.

Lesson Identifying the Problem and Asking

1
the Questions

Starting a research investigation is similar to embarking on a journey. First, you have to

project a clear picture of your destination. You have already accomplished this initial step as you
have trimmed down your area of interest into a specific research problem in the previous module.
The next step is to strategize how to arrive at the destination. One way to strategize is to pinpoint
all the factors and considerations that may affect the route towards your goal. This module
discusses these contributing elements which will also serve as the bedrock of your study.

12
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

Now that you have clearly formulated a research problem, the next step is to accomplish
the baseline of your research paper. You must explain the context of your study by giving its
background. This may aid you in identifying your specific questions for your statement of the
problem as well as your hypothesis. There is also a need to list down the beneficiaries of your
research which will be presented in the significance of the study. You must also set the boundaries
of your study by writing your scope and delimitation. A definition of terms must also be furnished
to facilitate understanding of your study. These parts are discussed as follows:

A. The background of the study is an explanation of the context of study which involves
the current data or status of the problem, existing studies about it and its history that paved
way to the development of the research problem. It explicates the rationale why you, as a
researcher, are conducting the study. Writing this particular part of the paper may lead you
to your research questions.

As you write the background of the study or introduction, take into consideration the following
guidelines:
1. It should clearly state the reason for conducting the study.
2. It should move from broad to specific.
3. It should state the current condition of the research problem.
Prior to writing and reading various literature and studies, making an outline is a helpful tip to
facilitate the process. Here is an example of an outline of the background of the study:

Reading Skills and Its Importance Discuss the topic in general.

Start from a holistic or world
perspective.

Reading Skills and Its Importance Insert a condition that is directly

related to the topic and to the
focus of your study.

Factors affecting Poor Reading Skills in General Identify the factors contributing
to the focus of your study.

School’s Philippine Informal Reading Inventory State the current condition of the
topic in your school or locale.
(Phil-IRI) result

State the reason why you chose

Reason of the Researcher to study the topic.
(Phil-IRI) result 13
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui
Example of a Background of the Study

Title of the Study: Nami Plant Extract as Termite Repellent

Discussion from a holistic or

According to Eiseman (2010) in his article which focused on termites,
termites cause less than 75-80% of damage economically due to home, wood

world perspective.
and crop infestation in North America. He stated that the reason is that
termites are drawn to their food source and that makes them drawn to any type
of wood like timber, logs, firewood and other wood made structures. He also
added that termites can be harmful to humans due to its bites that may cause
topic or focus of the study
A condition related to the

any allergic reaction.

Vulcan (2017) enumerated different tips that can help in preventing
termites from eating wood and one of it is using a treatment like Rust Oleum,
a named product used to paint wood to prevent termite’s infestation. This has
been proven effective; however, the price is relatively expensive.
On the other hand, Onwueme (2016) published an article about an
intoxicating yam named Dioscorea hispida. Yam is a root crop which contains
poisonous alkanes that are harmful to human’s health. It can cause nausea and

Factors contributing to the focus of the study

vomiting if its ripe fruit is ingested in the body. Although it has toxic content;
it can be a source of food. Due to food scarcity and famine in some parts of
the Philippines, this can be an alternative to rice given its abundance. Its
toxicity can be removed once boiled.
As described by Dukar (2012), intoxicating yam is a twining vine,
arising from tuberous roots, and reaching a length of several meters. Juice of
underground stems reported to possess narcotic properties. It is found in the
Himalayas, from Nepal to Sikkim, at altitudes up to 1500m, and also in the
tropics of Asia from South India to Taiwan, Philippines, New Guinea.
Mat (2013) conducted a study regarding Dioscorea hispida Dennst
which is the Malaysian term for “yam.” In their previous ethnobotanical
survey carried out on the Malay villagers in Pulau Redang, Kuala Terengganu
district of Terengganu, it was found out that Dioscorea hispida tuber is used
as food, traditional medicines to treat diabetes and shingle infestation, for de-
worming as well as fish poison. On the other hand, the villagers of Sainnamari
and Thanarbaid, Tangail, Bangladesh had used the poisonous tuber paste of
Dioscorea as poison in hunting.

14
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

While in the Philippines, Nami or intoxicating yam was investigated

Current condition in the

to have some insecticidal properties. In the late research of the Department

of Science and Technology (DOST), they had proven that this species of
research locale

yam has various chemical compositions that may negatively affect some
various insects. Moreover, the seed also has some poison mimicking

Reason of the conduct of the

cyanide intoxication.
With this being said, the researchers aim to formulate a product with
this intoxicating yam by disregarding its toxicity and instead using it as an

study
advantage. The researchers intend to make a cheap, inorganic termite wood
repellent.
Source: Ceejay S. Mallari, et al, “Nami Plant Extract as Termite
Repellent” paper presented at Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial High School,
2020.

B. The next part to be accomplished is the statement of the problem. Aside from being a tool in
solving dilemmas in the society, another purpose of research is to guide people towards a better
understanding of phenomena, human behavior, human interactions and other events in daily life.
This premise indicates the importance of meticulously crafting of the research questions as it sets
the focus and drives the course of the study.

The statement of the problem has two parts:

1. General statement of the problem/Objective
2. Specific research questions
 How to formulate general statement of the problem
The purpose of this ethnographic study (type of study) is to describe (exploratory and non-
directional verb) the training (central phenomenon of the study) of Aeta teachers from Castillejos,
Zambales (participants) for the past ten years (when) to provide insights into the formulation of a
continuing education model for indigenous teachers (purpose). (Creswell and Clark, 2014)

15
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

GUIDELINES IN FORMULATING SPECIFIC QUESTION OR SUB-QUESTIONS:

1. Begin the research questions with the “WHAT?” or “HOW” explanation of the research
design. (Qualitative)
2. “WHY?” implies an explanation of an occurrence and suggests a cause- and-effect type
of thinking. (Quantitative
3. Focus on a single phenomenon or concept.
4. Qualitative research uses exploratory and non-directional verbs. The study will: discover
(grounded theory); seek to understand (ethnography); explore the process of (case study);
describe the experiences of (phenomenology); report the stories (narrative research).
5. Quantitative research uses directional verbs such as: affect; effect; influence; impact;
cause; relation; relate; and determine.
6. Expect research questions to evolve and change during the study in a manner consistent
with the assumptions of the emerging design.
7. Use open-ended questions without reference to the literature or theory unless otherwise
indicated by a qualitative strategy of inquiry.
8. Specify the participants and the research site of the study, if the information is not yet
given.

EXAMPLE OF SPECIFIC RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Title of the Study: Perpetuity of Family-owned Business in the Philippines: A Causal Model
This study seeks answers to the following questions
1. What external factors in the enabling environment influence the family business perpetuity in
terms of political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal?

2. What internal factors in the enabling environment influence the family business perpetuity in
terms of succession, planning, family stability, stewardship, family constitution, innovation,
flexibility, philosophy of commitment, productivity-based management, governance power,
and professional education?

3. What causal model best explains the perpetuity of family-owned business using the interplay
and external factors?

Source: Alaine Marc Goles, “Perpetuity of family-owned business in the Philippines: A causal model”
Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Sto. Tomas, 2016

16
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

C. A HYPOTHESIS is a preconceived idea, assumed to be true and is tested for its truth or
falsity. It has two types: the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis
indicates that there is no significant difference or relationship between specified populations or
variables. Significant difference is used when testing whether there is difference between the
means of two or more populations or variables while significant relationship is used in situations
where one is examining the association between any two sets of variables (King’oriah, 2004). Null
hypothesis is the hypothesis the researcher will try to disprove or discredit. An alternative
hypothesis, on the other hand, is one that states that there is a significant difference or
relationship between specified populations or variables.

Example of an Alternative
Example of a Null Hypothesis:
Hypothesis:
There is no significant difference
There is a significant difference
between the reading
between the reading
comprehension skills of
comprehension skills of
controlled group and
controlled group and
experimental group before and
experimental group before and
after the differentiated
after the intervention
instruction.
differentiated instruction.

Note that not all studies test hypothesis. Sometimes a study is designed to be exploratory.
Exploratory research intends to investigate a problem that is not clearly defined; hence will not
provide conclusive results.
D. The SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY pinpoints the benefits certain groups of people
will gain from the findings of the study. It must start from the most to the least benefitted ones.

Example of Significance of the Study

Title of the Study: Effects of Verbal Bullying to the Academic Performance of Grade 9
Students in Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial High School
Significance of the Study

Verbal bullying is one of the leading causes of mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety disorder
and mood disorder. School, as studies reported, is one of the places this type of bullying
perpetuates in. Despite the many policies implemented to reduce the cases of verbal bullying, still
the problem continuously takes place.

17
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui
This study focuses on the effects of verbal bullying to the academic performance of grade 9
students in Jose C Payumo Jr. Memorial High School S. Y. 2019-2020.
To the students, this will provide them knowledge about the forms of bullying and how to deal
with it once encountered.
To the teachers, the findings of this study may help them to spread awareness on how destructive
verbal bullying can be. Constant guidance from the teachers can also be an upshot of this study.
Moreover, teachers may conceptualize activities or other solutions to create a positive and friendly
atmosphere inside their classrooms.
To the parents, this study may inform them on the possible negative circumstances like bullying
that may happen to their children. As an effect, this may encourage them to guide their children
properly.
To the future researchers, this study will serve as a basis for related topics. A continuation of this
study may be done to fill in the gaps of this research that may result to proactive solutions to
counter any form of bullying.
Source: Jocelyn C. Gambas, et. al, “Effects of Verbal Bullying to the Academic Performance of
Grade 9 Students in Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial High School, School Year 2019 – 2020” paper
presented at Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial High School, 2020.

E. SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY states the coverage of the study. It must
answer the following parameters as much as possible:

• The topic and the variables to be included What

• The general objectives Why

• The specific locale Where

• The time frame When

• The research design, instrument and methodology How

18
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui
Example of Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Title of the Study: An Assessment on the Impact of Farm-to-Market Road Projects in Pola,
Oriental Mindoro
WHERE This study was conducted in six Barangays of Pola, Oriental Mindoro, namely:
Barangay Calubasanhon, Barangay Malibago, Barangay Maluanlaun, Barangay Pahilahan, and
Barangay Pula. WHO The population considered was limited to those households who were
directly affected by the constructed INFRES farm-to-market Road Project.
WHAT AND WHY The study was concerned with (1) the impact of the constructed INFRES
Farm-to-Market Road Project on the respondents; and (2) the relationship between construction
of roads and its impact, only in terms of the answered Household Survey Questionnaire and
perception of respondents and key officials. The condition of the respondents was to be
described also in terms of their demographic profile and other indicators included in the Impact
Assessment Household Survey Questionnaire.
WHAT AND WHY The study was concerned with (1) the impact of the constructed INFRES
Farm-to-Market Road Project on the respondents; and (2) the relationship between construction
of roads and its impact, only in terms of the answered Household Survey Questionnaire and
perception of respondents and key officials. The condition of the respondents was to be
described also in terms of their demographic profile and other indicators included in the Impact
Assessment Household Survey Questionnaire.
Source: Raynaldo Quitos, “An Assessment of Farm-to-Market Road Projects in Pola, Oriental
Mindoro” Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Sto. Tomas, 2013.

F. A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK serves as an outline or a blueprint that you can follow in

doing your research. It is presented in a flow chart, map, diagram or narrative form. When using a
diagram, it is still a must to include narrative to explain the details. Here you show the variables
that influence your research. Variable is anything that has quantity or quality that varies in a
research. For example, if you are studying the COVID-19 outcomes, you might study home life,
school and community. For school, your variables might be learning process and quality of
learning. To make your conceptual framework thorough, it is encouraged to make it more detailed.
Step by Step Guide on How to Write the Conceptual Framework

1. Choose your topic. It should be within the field of your specialization.

19
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

2. Do a literature review. Go over relevant and updated studies related to your own
research. Use reliable sources of information and use appropriate documentation.

3. Isolate the important variables. Identify the specific variables mentioned in the
literature and show their interrelationships.

4. Generate the conceptual framework. Build your conceptual framework using the
variables studied in the scientific articles you have read. Your problem serves as a
reference in constructing the conceptual framework. In effect, your study will attempt
to answer a question that other researchers have not explained yet.

EXAMPLE OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Home  Relationship
Life  Finance

Outcomes of
COVID - 19  Learning process
School  Quality of learning

 Economic aspect
Community
 Social interaction

20
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

G. DEFINITION OF TERMS lists down and defines the key terms as used in the study in
alphabetical order. An operational definition refers to a specific definition of concept in a research
study. This is necessary because it will clarify the purpose and direction of the study.
EXAMPLE OF DEFINITION OF TERMS

In order to enable better understanding of the study, the following

terminologies were operationally or conceptually defined:

Affixation. It is a morphological method whereby a bound morpheme, an affix,

is attached to a morphological base in order to create either a different form of
the morphological base or a new word with a different definition.

Coinage. It refers to the invention or creation of a new word or phrase. In this

paper, this word may refer to any process that involves making up of new
terms, phrases and expressions that are not usually found in the dictionary.

Contrastive Analysis. Conceptually, it is the systematic investigation of a pair

of languages with the purpose of identifying differences and similarities in
their structure.

Conversion. It is the process wherein the word’s function has been

transformed into another but with no overt change in form.

Facebook. It is an online social media or social networking service that makes

easy
for people to connect and share with other people.

Source: Jan Adams D. Magtanong, “Morphological Analysis of the

Language of the Netizens in Social Media” Unpublished Master’s Thesis,
Bataan Peninsula State University – Main Campus, 2018

21
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

ACTIVITY 1

A. Formulate a null and an alternative hypothesis for each of the following. Write your
answers on your notebook. (5 points each)
For example: Taking of aspirins daily and heart attack risk
Null:
Taking aspirins daily does not affect heart attack risk. or There is no significant relationship
between taking aspirins daily and heart attack risk.
Alternative:
Taking aspirins does affect heart attack risk. or There is a significant relationship between
taking aspirins daily and heart attack risk.
1. Effect of temperature on plant pigmentation
Null: Alternative:

2. Effects of fertilizer on plant growth

Null: Alternative:

B. Based on the lessons discussed, answer each question in three or more sentences.
Write your answer on your notebook. (10 points each)

1. Why do we have to write the background of the study?

2. Why should we include the list of defined terms in our study?
3. Why do we have to set the limitations in our study?

ACTIVITY 2
Accomplish the tasks below by following the instructions carefully. Base your answers on your chosen
research problem in the previous module. Write your answers on your notebook.

A. Background of the Study (5 points) Outline your background of the study by answering the following
question below. Answer in a complete sentence.

22
Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

1. What is the status of

your research problem
on a holistic, national
or world perspective?

2. What is the condition

that is directly related to
the focus of your study?

3. What are the factors

contributing to the focus
of your study?

4. What is the current

status of your research
problem in your research
locale?

5. Why did you choose to

study the research
problem?

23
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui
B. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY (5 POINTS)
Write the title of your chosen study from the previous module. Afterwards, identify at least four
beneficiaries of your research and specify the benefits they can get. Write your answers on your
notebook.
Title of the Study: _____________________________________________________________________

BENEFITS

Beneficiary 1:
______________

Beneficiary 2:
______________

Beneficiary 3:
______________

Beneficiary 4:
______________

24
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui
C. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION (10 POINTS)
Answer the following questions below to set the parameters of your study. Write your
answers on your notebook.

1. What is the topic of your study and the

variables to be included?

2. Why should your study be conducted?

State the objective.

3. Where will your study be conducted? State

the locale.

4. When will your study be conducted? State

the time frame.

5. How will your study be conducted? State

the research design, instrument and
methodology.

ASSESSMENT

A. Read the statements carefully and choose the letter of the best answer. Write your
answers on your notebook.
1. This refers to a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
a. conceptual framework c. statement of the problem
b. significance of the study d. hypothesis

25
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui
2. This is a structure that best explains the development of a study.

a. background of the study c. statement of the problem

b. conceptual framework d. hypothesis
3. This is an important part of a research paper where the key or important terms in the study are
clearly defined.

a. conceptual framework c. statement of the problem

b. significance of the study d. definition of terms
4. This provides context to the information that you are discussing in your paper. It introduces your
readers to the topic of your research.

a. background of the study c. statement of the problem

b. definition of terms d. hypothesis

5. This part explains the extent to which the research area will be explored in the work and specifies the
parameters within which the study will be operating.

a. significance of the study c. statement of the problem

b. definition of terms d. scope and delimitation

B. Develop at least two specific research questions that correspond to your general
statement of the problem. Write your answers on your notebook. (10 points each)

Research Question 1: ____________________________________________________

2: ____________________________________________________

26
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

MODULE 3: Selecting Relevant Literature

Now that you are done identifying your angle of inquiry through your statement of the problem,
the next step is to write your literature review. It is an integral part in the research process
because it establishes the existing body of knowledge on your topic.

As a researcher, it is your task to carefully evaluate your relevant literature since this will verify
the gap on the current status of your research topic. Proving that there is more to tackle in your
research topic shows the need to conduct your research.

After this module, you are expected to:

1. Determine the goals of a literature review; and
2. Distinguish the five basic criteria for evaluating literature.

Lesson
1
Selecting Relevant Literature

Selecting relevant literature will help you to segregate the known and the unknown
information in a topic. Some research undertakings are conducted to disprove, redefine or even
replicate what is already established. Others seek to explore an unfamiliar concept or idea. Thus,
doing a literature review clarifies your research focus within the context of your field.

Some people mistook this part for a mere record of who wrote, what and when of
information connected to the study. However, the presence of literature review demonstrates the
soundness of the research while highlights what this new research can address.

This module will make you understand the goals of writing a literature review. In addition,
your higher order thinking skills will be improved as you become critical of what you include in
your research paper.

27
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui
Just like the process you underwent when you were choosing your strand, selecting the
literature to be included in your research needs a lot of critical thinking. You aspire to be successful
someday through your chosen strand that is why you made sure to come up with the right decision.
You may have considered your intellectual ability, talent, interest, opportunities in the field and
the like. The same is true in choosing literature for your study. Careful evaluation must be done in
order for you to identify what new information you can give to the existing pool of knowledge. As
discussed in your previous research subjects, one of the purposes of conducting a research is to
generate new knowledge in an attempt to better our lives.

Literature, in the context of research, refers to a collection of published information or

materials on a particular area of research or topic, such as books and journal articles of academic
value.

On the other hand, a literature review is a process of studying what has already been written
on a particular topic. The process involves identifying, locating, and analyzing documents that
contain information related to a researcher’s research topic (Avilla, 2016). Likewise, Aveyard
(2010) defined it as a "comprehensive study and interpretation of literature that addresses a specific
topic."

Prieto, et. al (2017) listed down the purposes for which literature review is done:

GOALS OF LITERATURE REVIEW

1. To demonstrate a familiarity with a body of knowledge and establish credibility. A good

review increases a reader’s confidence in the researcher’s professional competence, ability and
background.

2. To show the path of prior research and how a current project is linked to it. A good review
places a research project in a context and demonstrates its relevance by making connections to
a body of knowledge.

3. To integrate and summarize what is known in an area. A good review points out areas
where prior studies agree, where they disagree and where major questions remain. It also
indicates the directions for future research.
4. To learn from others and stimulate new ideas. A good review identifies blind alleys and
suggests hypotheses for replication and gain new insights.

Source: Nelia G. Prieto, Victoria G. Naval and Teresita G. Carey, Practical Research 2 for Senior
High School Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc., 2017, 56

28
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

As you look for literature to incorporate in your review, you have to eye the most valuable
and pertinent information to your study. Hence, you do not list everything you find especially
resources that are not collected by an academic library.

The following are the five basic criteria for evaluating information from any sources:

CRITERIA QUESTIONS TO ASK

 Is the information reliable?

 Is the information error-free?
Accuracy  Is the information based on proven facts?
 Can the information be verified against other reliable
sources?

 Who is the author?

 Does he or she have the qualifications to speak or write on
Authority that topic?
 Is the author affiliated with a reputable university or
organization in this subject field?

 What is the intended purpose of the information?

Objectivity  Is the information facts or opinions?
 Is the information biased?

 When was the information published?

Currency  Is the information current or outdated?
 Does currency matter in this topic?

 Does the information covered meet your information needs?

Coverage
 Does it provide basic or in-depth coverage?

Source: “Literature Review - Finding the Resources,” University of Hong Kong, last
modified January 22, 2021, https://libguides.library.cityu.edu.hk/lit review/evaluating-sources.

If most of the questions above garnered a positive response then most probably,
your information source at hand is adequate to support your research topic.

29
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

ACTIVITY 1
A. Give the criteria in evaluating literature employed in the following statements. Choose your
answers from the box below. Write your answers on your notebook.

accuracy authority objectivity currency coverage

________________1. “This paper is a little too outdated. This won’t do.”

________________ 2. “This does not go along with my research topic. I won’t need this.”

________________ 3. “This paper has just been conducted last year. This suits my study.”

________________ 4. “This paper went through a peer evaluation. This must be a thorough
research.”

______________5. “Upon reading the title, I thought it is relevant to my study, but as I read on, it is
not.”

__________________6. “I have read the qualifications of this author and he is a doctor. I will include
this.”

______________7. “The results of this research were also proven in the previous research I
read. I will include this.”

________________ 8. “I wonder why the conclusion of this research was not congruent to his
results. I will discard this.”

_________________9. “This study was conducted in the late 90s. This does no longer apply in
today’s world. I will look for another.”

_________________ 10. “Oh, this education-related research was conducted by a professor

emeritus from Harvard University. This shall go on my list.”

30
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui
B. Supply the missing information in the concept map below to illustrate your understanding
about the goals of literature review. Write your answers on your notebook.

11.______________________
Literature review
a collection of published
information or materials on a 12. ______________________
particular area of research or __________________________
topic. __________________________

GOALS OF LITERATURE
REVIEW

13.__________ 14.__________ 15.__________

_____________ To demonstrate
_____________ _____________
_____________ a familiarity
_____________ _____________
_____________ with a body of
_____________ _____________
_____________ knowledge and
_____________ _____________
_____________ establish
_____________ _____________
_____________ credibility
_____________ _____________

31
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

ASSESSMENT
A. Consider the following guidelines in evaluating literature and look for at least two
literatures relevant to your chosen research topic in the previous modules. Write your
answers on your notebook.

Research Title:

Influence of Internet Based Marketing Activities on Digital Consumer’s Mind

Title of the Literature

Gist
(Give the title of your selected book, journal,
(Give the most important information in your
article, magazine, newspaper or any published
selected source that is relevant to your topic.)
source of information.)

For example: “Relationship Marketing:

Social media platforms shape the minds of
bringing quality customer service and
their readers.
marketing together”

1.

2.

MODULE 4: Citation of Review of Related

Literature

This module is comprised of two different lessons that are congruent to one another. These are the
following:

Lesson 1 – Definition, Importance, and Styles of Citation; and

Lesson 2- The American Psychological Association Format of Referencing.

32
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

At the end of the lessons, you are expected to:

1. define what citation is;
2. enumerate importance of citation in Review of Related Literature (RRL);
3. differentiate each of the styles of citation with one another; and
4. craft the RRL Chapter following the formatting guidelines for citation and referencing page
using the American Psychological Association (APA) style.

Definition, Importance, and

Lesson
1 Styles of Citation
As a researcher, everyone is responsible in taking into consideration different aspects of
crafting her academic paper. A student-researcher must take into mind that ethical considerations
must be done in order to avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is unethical practice of using words or ideas
(either planned and accidental) of another author/ researcher or your own previous works without
proper acknowledgement. This lesson will help you avoid the so called plagiarism. Below are the
activities and discussions that will enable you to develop your citation and referencing skills while
dealing with your academic paper.

What is citation?

A citation is set of rules on how to cite sources in an academic writing. Whenever you
refer to someone else’s work, a citation is required in order to avoid plagiarism (Swaen,2015). In
addition, citation is referred to as, the way you tell your readers that a certain material in your work
came from another source. It will give the readers the information necessary to find that source
again (Turnitin, 2017).
As you are writing your study’s review of related literature chapter, it is just and right to
give credits to the original author/authors in order for you to avoid plagiarism.
Below are the other reasons that you need to bear in mind while crafting and completing
your Chapter II.

THE IMPORTANCE OF CITATION

1. It is helpful for anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and where they came
from.
2. Citing sources shows the amount of research you’ve done.
3. Citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas.

33
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

4. It is a basis of authenticity of one’s study.

5. It ensures the ethical and academic honesty of someone’s work.
6. It reveals the sources of information and knowledge.
7. It served as a legal basis in crafting the body of your study.

Those are some of the importance of citing sources while you are working and crafting your
Review of Related Literature Chapter.

Remember!
A simple mention of other’s work, or even a part of their work may be paraphrased or may
directly copied on the body of your academic paper is very important.

Moreover, as a student-researcher develops his/her capacity in choosing relevant Review of

Related Literature (RRL), it is right for them to know the different styles of citing sources.
Below are the different styles of citation in a research paper that are commonly used for citing
sources on your Review of Related Literature.

STYLES OF CITATION USED IN AN ACADEMIC PAPER

1. MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA)

 It is widely used in the Humanities such as in the fields of English, Literatures, Arts, and
Philosophy. It uses brief parenthetical citations in the text that refers to an alphabetical
list of work cited appearing at the end of the work.

These are the examples of MLA Style of Citation when it comes to a Book as a source of the
researcher’s Review of Related Literature.
1.1 When the author’s name and his work is cited in the paragraph, the citation using MLA style
is this:

According to Gullans in his book Poetic Form, the importance of structure… (23).
Author’s Name Title of his Work Page Number

34
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui
1.2 When the author’s work needs to be identified in the paragraph, see the example below .

… in the book entitled, Poetic Form, importance of structure…(Gullans 23)..

Title of his Work Author’s Name Page Number

1.3 When the author’s work is not identified and not revealed in the text, this is its citation
format in MLA:

… importance of structure… (Gullans, Poetic Form 23).

Author’s Name Title of his Work Page Number

2. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)

 This citation style uses an author-date system. It is widely used in the Social Sciences field
such as Anthropology, Business, Communication, Education, Political Science, and
Psychology. It uses in-text citation in the text that refer to an alphabetical list of references
appearing the end of the work.
The following are the examples of citation in APA style:
2.1 Place the author’s name and year of publication in parentheses and separate it using a comma.

In the beginning stages… (Jenkin, 2003).

Author’s Name Year of Publication

2.2 If the name of the author appears in the text, cite only the year in parentheses.

Jenkins (2003) described the beginning stages …

Author’s Name Year of Publication

2.3 If both author and the publication year appeared on the text, don’t include a parenthetical
citation.

In his influential 2003 study, Jenkins described…

Year of Publication Author’s Name

35
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui
2.4 If there are two authors, cite both names every time.

Based on the findings of Sun and Cheng (2016) appeared that…

Author’s Name Year of Publication

2.5 If the source of your Review of Related Literature has three (3) or more authors, cite only
one author’s name plus “et.al.” and its publication year.

As mentioned in the study of Cavanaugh et.al. (2009) that there are newly emerging
standards for a K-12 online learning …
Year of Publication
Author’s Name

2.6 For citing a direct quotation (rather than paraphrase), provide a page number in the citation in
addition to the author and date.

But in the words of the inimitable Winnie: “Rivers know this: there is no hurry. We shall
get there some day” (Milne, 1926, p. 79).

Author’s Name Year of Publication Page Number

2.7 For citing secondary sources, find the primary source and cite it directly rather than citing the
secondary source. If the year of the publication is present for the primary source is known include
it in text. Meanwhile, if the publication year of the primary source is unknown omit it in the in-
text citation.

Rabbit 1982, as cited in Lyon et.al. (2014) it was described as the….

Author’s name Year of Year of

Author’s name of
written on the Publication of the Publication of the
the secondary
secondary source primary source secondary source
source
written on the
secondary source

Note: For more examples of an APA style of citation: refer to this link
https://aut.ac.nz.libguides.com/APA6th/articles#s-lg-box-14147466

36
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui
3. CHICAGO

 It is a citation style that was introduced and published by the Chicago University. This
style supports two styles:

3.1 Notes and Bibliography; and

3.2 Author-Date

Note that there are various citation styles used by each of a specific academic journal.

Remember!
For every in-text citation in your academic paper, there must be a corresponding entry in
your reference list.

Here is a diagram in which you may use in order for you to organize your information,
concepts and ideas using your Research Working Title.

Citation (APA):

Gikandi et.al.(2011) stated that an effective formative assessment

can foster a learner and assessment-centered focus through formative feedback
and enhanced learner engagement with valuable learning experiences.
The Online
Distance
Learning: Its
Citation (MLA):
Impact to the As mentioned by Sarasin (1998) that professors should be willing
Academic to change their techniques and strategies to foster appreciation of variety
Performance of of students learning styles (Diaz and Cartnal,2012,131).
Students

Citation (APA):

According to Sarasin (1998) mentioned in the study of Diaz and

Cartnal (2012) that professors should be willing to change their teaching
strategies and techniques based on appreciation of variety of students
learning style.

37
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

ACTIVITY 1
Below are given set of citation styles that are usually used by researchers. Identify whether
the given citation is an APA, MLA, or CHICAGO. Write your answers on your notebook.
__________ 1. According to Volery and Lord (2000) they stated that there are three different
success factors in an online learning delivery, namely: technology, the instructor, and the previous
use of technology from a student’s perspective.
__________ 2. As per the research paper entitled, “Online Formative Assessment in Higher
Education: A Review of the Literature” noted that “effective online formative assessment can
foster a learner and assessment-centered focus through formative feedback and enhanced learner
engagement with valuable learning experiences” (Gikandi, Morrow,Davis 1).
__________ 3. As per the research paper entitled, “Online Formative Assessment in Higher
Education: A Review of the Literature” noted that “effective online formative assessment can
foster a learner and assessment-centered focus through formative feedback and enhanced learner
engagement with valuable learning experiences” (Gikandi, Morrow,Davis 1).
___________ 4. It was noted in the study that there are three different success factors in an online
delivery which comprises of the following: technology, the instructor, and the previous use of
technology from student’s perspective (Volery & Lord, 2000).
____________ 5. In the study entitled, “Integrating Computer-Based and Teacher-Based Scaffolds
in Science Inquiry”, appeared that students who used continuous computer-based procedural
scaffolding with early teacher-based metacognitive scaffolding performed best in acquiring
scientific inquiry skills (Wu & Pedersen, 2011).

38
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

ACTIVITY 2

A. Using your Research Working Title, fill in the map with the necessary information. Cite
sources using the given citation styles in the box. Write your answers on your notebook.

Example:
Gikandi et.al.(2011) stated that an effective formative assessment can
foster a learner and assessment-centered focus through formative
feedback and enhanced learner engagement with valuable learning
experiences.

Citation (MLA):
Write
your
Working Citation (APA):

Title here.
Citation (APA):

Citation (APA):

39
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui
B. Write three (3) sources of Review of Related Literature of your study which uses an
APA citation style. Remember to always choose the most relevant and helpful source for
your working title. Write your answer on your notebook.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Rubrics for Activity 2 (A and B)

Excellent Good Acceptable Unacceptable

CATEGORY
(Exceeds Standard) (Occasionally Exceeds) (Meets Standard) (Below Standard)
APA style and No errors in Rare errors in Errors in APA Errors in APA
Communication APA style. APA style that do style are style detract
Scholarly style. not detract from noticeable. substantially
Writing is the paper. Word choice from the paper.
flowing and easy Scholarly style. occasionally Word choice is
to follow. Writing has informal in informal in tone.
minimal awkward tone. Writing Writing is
of unclear has a few choppy, with
passages. awkward or many awkward
unclear or unclear
passages. passages
Citations and Citations and One reference or Two references Reference and
Referencing Referencing citations missing or citations citation errors
or incorrectly missing or detract
written. incorrectly significantly
written. from paper.

40
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

The American Psychological Association (APA)

Lesson 2 Format of Referencing

This lesson is the continuation of the previously discussed topic named, Definition,
Importance, and Styles of Citation. In this juncture, you will be able to craft the list of your
references using the APA format of referencing.
After knowing the format of citing a source for your research paper using an American
Psychological Association (APA) style. You are now ready to learn the lesson about APA
Referencing. In crafting your research paper, you are going to follow the APA format of
referencing and citation because you are in the education sector and you are under the umbrella of
Field of Social Sciences. The referencing always goes together whenever you cited new sources
of ideas, facts, and concepts on your research paper.
Read and observe the given example below where the researcher cited two different studies
about, The Online Distance Learning: An Impact to Students Performance .

According to Panigrahi et.al. (2018) proposed that the integration of virtual communities
to online learning platforms may cause a better outcome and engagement. Also, Picciano (2002)
found out in his study that the success of many online course is dependent upon the nature of
student to student and student to faculty interaction. Moreover, in the study of Salamat et.al.
(2018) they highlighted that e-learning provides time flexibility to the students and it motivates
students to do their work without the help of others. Furthermore, through their study they have
found out that the students feel more comfortable when they are using the internet. Salamat et.al
(2018) concluded the e-learning system in education is effective for students.

Figure 1
Figure 1 shows some citations that are in the American Psychological Association (APA)
style. There are three different sources that were included in the manuscript which entitled, The
Online Distance Learning: An Impact to Students Performance.
Always be reminded that citation and reference list always go together.
Below is Figure 2, where you will be able to see the list of references that the researcher
used in Figure 1.

41
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

Panigrahi, R.,Srivastava, S.R., Sharma, D. (2018). Online learning: adaptation,

continuance, and learning outcome. International Journal of Information 43, 1-14.doi:
10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.05.005
Picciano, A.G. (2002). Beyond students’ perception: issues of interaction, presence and
performance in an online course. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 6(1), 33.doi:
10.1016/j.compedu.2006.11.007
Salamat, L., Ahmad,G., Bakht,I., & Saifi,I.L. (2018). Effects of e-learning on students’
academic learning at university level. Asian Innovative Journal of Social Sciences and
Humanities, 2(2),1-12.

Figure 2
After reading and observing the information noted in Figure 1 and Figure 2, it shows that
the arrangement of the list of references in Figure 2 follows the author-date citations found at
Figure 1. For example, in Figure 1 it is noticeable that Panighari et.al. (2018) was the first source
of the researcher. Then, it was followed by Picciano (2002) and lastly, Salamat et.al. (2018).
Moreover, as it is gleaned on Figure 2 that the entries in the list of references follows the
arrangement on how the researcher of The Online Distance Learning: An Impact to Students
Performance cited all of her sources.
What is an American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing?
APA is the style of documentation of sources used by the American Psychological
Association. This form of writing research papers is used mainly in the social sciences, like
psychology, anthropology, sociology, as well as education and other fields.
This style of referencing is used often whenever you summarize, paraphrase, or quote
information from another source, such as: passages from books, or articles in an academic journal.
What is a reference page and a bibliography?
The REFERENCE PAGE lists all the sources you have cited in your paper or manuscript. It is
commonly has its four main components such as: the author’s name, date, title, and source. It also
allows the researcher recognized the contribution of other writers and researchers in your
manuscript.
Meanwhile, a BIBLIOGRAPHY helps the researcher keep track of the sources they consulted or
cited for their written material and gives readers a framework of how the writer’s arguments were
formed.
How will I craft my list of references using the APA style of referencing?
Below are the various ways on how you will craft the reference list of your research paper.

42
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

1. BOOKS. This is the pattern that the researcher may follow.

Pattern:
Author’s last name, Initial of First Name (Year of Publication).Book Title. City of
Publication: Name of Publication.
Example:
Allen, T. (1974).Vanishing Wildlife of North America. Washichton,D.C.: National
Geographic Society.
2. ENCYCLOPEDIA AND DICTIONARY. Below is the pattern and example of how you will
reference a source coming from this.
Pattern:
Author’s Last Name, Initial of the First Name (Year of Publication).Title of the
Article.Title of Encyclopedia (volume, pages). City of Publication. Name of Publication.
Example:
Bergmann,P.G.(1993). Relativity. In the New Encyclopedia Britannica (v.26,pp.501-508).
Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Example:
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-
Webster’s.
3. MAGAZINES AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES. Below is the given pattern of referencing
for a source that may came from here.
Pattern:
Author’s Last Name, Initial of the First Name. (Year of Publication). Article title.
Periodical title, volume number (issue number if available).inclusive pages.
Note: Do not enclose the title with quotation marks and put a period after the title. If a periodical
includes a volume number, italized it and then give the page range (in regular type) without “pp.”.
If the periodical does not use volume numbers, as in newspapers, use “p.” or “pp.” for page
numbers.
Example:
Harlow,H.F. (1983). Fundamentals of preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of
Physiological ad Psychology, 55.893-896.

43
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

4. WEBSITE OR WEBPAGE. The standard patterns for it are given below.

Pattern for an Online Periodical:
Author’s Name (Date of Publication). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume number,
Retrieved month day, year, from full URL.
Example:
Devitt, T. (2001,August 2). Lightning injuries for at music festival. The Why/Files.
Retrieved January 23, 2002, from http://whyfiles.org./137 lightning /index.html
Pattern for an Online Document:
Author’s Name. (Date of Publication). Title of Work. Retrieved Month day, year from full URL.
Examples:
Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic Arts Center. Retrieved June 19,
1998 from Alderman Library, University of Virginia.
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html.

Fredrickson, B.L. (2000,March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and
well-being. Preventions and treatment,3. Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20,2000,
from http://journals.apa.org /prevention/volume3 /pre003000Ia .html.

GVU’s 8th WWW user survey.(n.d.). Retrieved August 8,2000, from

http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10.

Note:

 When citing an internet source, refer to the specific website of the document. If the
document is undated, use “n.d.” (for no date) immediately after the document title.
Break a lengthy URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period.
Continually, check your references to online documents. There is NO PERIOD
following the URL.
 Also, if you cannot find any of the information given above, cite an information
that are readily available on the document you are citing. Consequently, if the
document is contained within a large and complex website (such as for the
university or a government agency), just identify the host organization and the
relevant program or department before giving the URL for the document itself.

44
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

ACTIVITY 1
A. Create a reference list following the APA referencing guidelines. Write your answers on
your notebook. (5points each)
1. Name of the Book: Research Methods and Thesis Writing (2nd Edition)
Authors: Lauretina Paler-Calmorin and Melchor A. Calmorin
Copyright: 2007 Name of Publication: REX Bookstore
Place of Publication: Manila,Philippines

2. Name of Website: Mendeley

Name of Article: APA Format Citation Guide
Copyright: 2020 Mendeley Ltd
Name of Publication: RELX Group
Date of Retrieval: January 24,2020
Website: https://www.mendeley.com/guides/apa-citation-guide

3. Authors: Johanna Nieuwoudt

Title of the Research Article: Exploring online interaction and online learner participation
in an online science subject through the lens of the
interaction equivalence theorem
Volume number: Nine
Name of Publication: Student Success
Date of Publication: December,2018
Issue number: Four
Page numbers: 3-62
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.5204/ssj.v9i4.424

B. Using your prepared cited articles in Lesson 1 of this module, craft your reference list and
bibliography and write it on your notebook. (Note: Follow the pattern that you have learned
from this lesson.)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

45
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui
1
ASSESSMENT
A. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE, if otherwise. Write your answers on
your notebook.
___________ 1. APA stands for American Psychological Association.
___________ 2. The reference list and bibliography on a research paper is important for the
researcher.
___________ 3. The citation and the reference list always go together whenever you are writing
an academic paper or even a research paper.
___________ 4. A bibliography helps the researcher keep track of the sources they consulted or
cited for their written material and gives readers a framework of how the writer’s arguments were
formed.
___________ 5. The citation and the reference list are not appropriate for the researcher to put it
on their manuscript.

REFERENCES:
Avilla, Ruel A. Practical Research 1. Makati City: Diwa Learning Systems Inc., 2016, 3-
7.

Baraceros, Esther L. Practical Research 1. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, 2016.

Slideshare.net. “Identifying and Stating the Problem.” Last modified July 6, 2020.
http://www.slideshare.net/mobile/CarlaKristinaCruz/chapter-2-identifyingand stating-the-
problem

Prieto, Nelia G, Naval, Victoria C., and Carey, Teresita G. Practical Research 2 for Senior
High School. Metro Manila, Philippines: Lorimar Publishing, Inc., 2017, 29-31.

Tomar, Malvika. “Influence of Internet Based Marketing Activities on Digital Consumer’s

Mind.” International Journal of Management 11 2020: 1. Accessed January 24, 2020. doi:
10.34218/IJM.11.6.2020.11

Bugtong, M., et al. “Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 1: Brainstorming for Research Topics.” the Department of Education
– Schools Division of Bataan 2020: Accessed January 17, 2022 Module 1:
https://www.scribd.com/document/495276803/Q3-M1-3Is-Brainstorming-for-Research-
TopicsV4-1

46
 Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.
Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

Baraceo, Esther L. Practical Research 1. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, 2016.

Cristobal, Amadeo P. and Maura C. Dela Cruz. Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. Quezon
City: C& E Publishing, Inc., 2017.

Perello, Jerry C. “The Qualitative Research.” Presented at Learning and Development Activity for
Schools Research Committee Cum Crafting Research Write Ups, Dinalupihan, Bataan, November
25, 2020

Bugtong, M. “Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter

3 – Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 3 – Module
2: Identifying the Problem and Asking the Questions.” Department of Education – Schools
Division of Bataan 2020: Accessed January 17, 2022.
https://www.scribd.com/document/495276803/Q3-M1-3Is-Brainstorming-for-Research-
TopicsV4-1

Bugtong, M. “Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter

3 – Module 3: Selecting Relevant Literature” Department of Education – Schools Division
of Bataan 2020: Accessed January 17, 2022.
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/polytechnic-university-of-the-
philippines/accountancy/q3-m3-3is-selecting-relevant-literature-v-4-1/13572183

47