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9.1 Water Tutorial Sheet-1 Solution PDF

1. Soap's cleaning action is reduced in hard water because Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in hard water react with soap to form insoluble precipitates that stick to clothes rather than dissolving grease and dirt. 2. Hardness of water is expressed in equivalents of calcium carbonate because calcium carbonate is insoluble and easy to calculate based on its molecular weight. 3. The water sample had a total alkalinity of 20 mL of N/50 H2SO4, indicating carbonate alkalinity.

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99 views

9.1 Water Tutorial Sheet-1 Solution PDF

1. Soap's cleaning action is reduced in hard water because Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in hard water react with soap to form insoluble precipitates that stick to clothes rather than dissolving grease and dirt. 2. Hardness of water is expressed in equivalents of calcium carbonate because calcium carbonate is insoluble and easy to calculate based on its molecular weight. 3. The water sample had a total alkalinity of 20 mL of N/50 H2SO4, indicating carbonate alkalinity.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. Soap’s molecular composition is “sodium salt of long chain fatty acid”.

However, when
salts of calcium or magnesium are present in water, its cleansing action is reduced.
Why?
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. When soap is added to hard
water, the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present in hard water react with soap. The sodium salts present
in soaps are converted to their corresponding calcium and magnesium salts which are
precipitated as scum. The insoluble scum sticks on the clothes and so the cleaning capacity of
soap is reduced.

2. Why hardness of water is expressed in equivalents of calcium carbonate?


The hardness of water is expressed in equivalents of calcium carbonate due to the fact that:
i. Calculation becomes easy as Mol. Wt. of CaCO3 is 100.
ii. Insoluble CaCO3 precipitated out from water therefore it is easy to calculate its amount
in water

3. 100 ml of water sample required 4 mL of N/50 H2SO4 for neutralization of


phenolphthalein end point. Another 16 mL of the same was needed for further titration
to the methyl orange end point. Determine the type of alkalinity and amount of
alkalinity.
4. 0.5 g of CaCO3 was dissolved in dil. HCl and diluted to 500 ml. Then, 100 ml of this
solution required 90 ml of EDTA solution for titration. Also, 100 ml of a water sample
required 36 ml of the same EDTA solution for titration. After boiling, titration of 100 ml
of same water sample required 18 ml of EDTA. Calculate total, permanent and
temporary hardness.

Step 1: 1 M CaCO3 water solution =100 gm of CaCO3 disolved in 1 liter of water =50 gm of
CaCO3 in 0.5 liter water
if disolved 0.5 gm in 500 mL water than concentration will be 0.01 M.

Step 2: 100 ml of this solution required 90 ml of EDTA solution for titration


After applying M1V1 (water) = M2V2 (EDTA)
100 x 0.01=90 x M2
M2 =1/90
Concentration of EDTA=1/90 M = 0.011 M
Step 3: 100 ml of a water sample required 36 ml of the same EDTA solution for titration
100 x M1(water)=36 x 0.011
M1(water) = 0.00396
Total Hardness of water sample = M1 x M.W. of CaCO3 x 1000
0.00396 x 100x1000 = 396 mg/l or ppm

Step 4: After boiling, titration of 100 ml of same water sample required 18 ml of EDTA
100 x M1 = 18 x 0.011
M1 = 0.00198
Permanent Hardness of water sample=0.00198 x 100x1000 = 198 mg/l or ppm

Temporary hardness= Total Hardness- Permanent Hardness=


396-198 = 198 mg/l or ppm

5. 50 mL of a water sample consumed 15 mL of 0.01 M EDTA before boiling and 5 mL of


the same EDTA after boiling. Calculate total, permanent and temporary hardness of
water sample.
Before boiling, 50 mL of a water sample consumed 15 mL of 0.01 M EDTA
M1V1 (Water) = M2V2 (EDTA)
50 x M1(Water) =15 x 0.01
M1= 15 x 0.01/50= 0.003 M
Total hardness of 50 mL of a water sample= 0.003 x M. W. of CaCO3 x 1000
0.003 x 100 x 1000=300 mg/l or ppm
After boiling, 50 mL of same water sample consumed 5 mL of 0.01 M EDTA
M1V1 (Water) = M2V2 (EDTA)
50 x M1=5 x 0.01
M1= 5 x 0.01/50 = 0.001 M
Permanent hardness of 50 mL of a water sample= 0.001 x M.W. of CaCO3 x 1000
0.001 x 100 x 1000 = 100 mg/l or ppm
Temporary hardness= Total hardness- Permanent hardness
300-100=200 mg/l or ppm

6. Calculate the temporary and permanent hardness of a sample of water containing:


Mg(HCO3)2 = 7.3 mg/L; Ca(HCO3)2 = 16.2 mg/L; MgCl2 = 9.5 mg/L; CaSO4 = 13.6
mg/L.
Temporary hardness = hardness due to Mg(HCO3)2 and Ca(HCO3)2
[7.3 x 100/146 + 16.2 x 100/162] mg/l
[5 + 10 ] =15 mg/l or 15 ppm.
Permanent hardness= hardness due to MgCl2 and CaSO4
[9.5 x 100/95 + 13.6 x 100/136] = [10 + 10]= 20 mg/l or 20 ppm.

7. Draw a flow chart diagram for the analysis of hard water using EDTA and EBT. Specify
the role of colors in the flow chat diagram.
Take 10 mL of the hard water sample

Add 2-3 mL ammonium buffer solution to maintain pH~9-10

Add 2-3 drops of the EBT indicator (solution becomes wine red)

Titrate the hard water sample against the standard EDTA solution (till the color changes to
blue)

Note the EDTA volume used by burette reading

Appearance of wine red color signify the formation of unstable complex of EBT with Ca2+ or Mg2+
ions

Disappearance of wine red color and appearance of blue color signify the formation of complex of
EDTA with Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions

8. Write structure and full name of EDTA and EBT.

EBT =Eriochrome Black


EDTA= Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

9. Write various units of hardness and what is the relationship among them.
1) Parts per million (ppm)
It is the number of parts of calcium carbonate equivalent hardness per million (106) parts of
water.
1 ppm = 1 part of CaCO3 equivalent hardness in 106 parts of water.
2) mg/l :
Usually defined as one milligram of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) per liter of water.
1 mg/l = 1 mg of CaCO3 in 1 liter water
3) Clark’s Degree (οCl)
One degree Clark is defined as one grain (64.8 mg) of CaCO3 per imperial gallon (4.55 liters)
of water.
4) Degree French (°F):
One degree French is defined as 10 milligrams of calcium carbonate per liter of water.

Relationship among different units of hardness: 1ppm= 1 mg/l = 0.07 °Clark =0.1 °F

10. Convert 50 ppm of CaCO3 into mg/L, degree Clarke and degree French.
1ppm= 1 mg/l = 0.07 °Clark =0.1 °F
50 ppm= 50 mg/l=3.5oCl = 5 oF

11. Convert 70,000 °Clarke into ppm and °French.


70,000 Clark=106 ppm
70,000 Clark=105 oF

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