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Presentation Evidence of Evolution 9th Grade

Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection rests on four main postulates: 1) Individuals within a population vary in their traits. 2) Certain traits may confer a survival or reproductive advantage. 3) Individuals with advantageous traits will leave more offspring. 4) Over generations, beneficial traits become more common in populations through natural selection. The theory explains the diversity of life through gradual processes rather than supernatural design.

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Morita Pelaéz Ramírez
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69 views

Presentation Evidence of Evolution 9th Grade

Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection rests on four main postulates: 1) Individuals within a population vary in their traits. 2) Certain traits may confer a survival or reproductive advantage. 3) Individuals with advantageous traits will leave more offspring. 4) Over generations, beneficial traits become more common in populations through natural selection. The theory explains the diversity of life through gradual processes rather than supernatural design.

Uploaded by

Morita Pelaéz Ramírez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Darwin and Wallace’s Theory

Rests on Four Postulates

READING FORM THE BIOLOGY BOOK


PAGES: 267 - 270
Chapter 15
Session 15.2 How Does Natural
Selection Work?
Video: Biodiversity and natural selection
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNgsCT0E7Es&t=50s
1. Explain what the video said about PATERNS?. Give examples

2. What the video said about PROCESS?

3. Why in the video they prefer to use the word “FITTER” instead of
“FITTEST”?

4. Instead of genes, what did Darwin talk about?


Resolv the question about natural selection of two popularion of owls.. The complete document
was sended by Teams
Write this question in your notebook or a paper sheet an answer it.
Take a photo and send it by Teams. You have 10 minutes to answer it

Is sexual reproduction required to generate the variability in


structures and behaviors that is necessary for natural selection?
Justify your answer.
READ THE PAGES IN THE BOOK: 270-272
Chapter 15
Session 15.3 How Do We Know That
Evolution Has Occurred?
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class-12-biology-india/xc09ed98f7a9e671b:in-in-
evolution/xc09ed98f7a9e671b:in-in-evidence-for-evolution/v/homologous-analogous-structures-heredity-evolution-
biology-khan-academy
Let´s understand more about evidence of evolution.
https://ed.ted.com/best_of_web/yNZomgbm
What does the word "vestigial" mean with regard to the physical traits described in this video?

Why do we sometimes get goosebumps when we listen to music?

A because a surprising, intense emotion can trigger an adrenaline rush

B because our mammalian ancestors considered surprise to be a threat

C because, for our mammalian ancestors, raising their fur could increase their size, making them look
more threatening

D all of the above


Scientists came to an
inescapable conclusion:

Different types of organisms


had lived at different times in
the past.
Evidence for evolution: Anatomy and embryology
STRUCTURAL EVIDENCE:
Homologous Structures. Provide Evidence of Common Ancestry

Physical features shared due to evolutionary history (a common ancestor) are


said to be homologous.

Some homologous structures can be seen only in embryos.

For instance, did you know that you once had a tail and gill slits?
If you look at the bone structure of the forelimbs, you'll find that the
organization of the bones is remarkably similar across species.
The observance of homology between various
species at different hierarchical levels of
development, evolution, and complexity
demonstrate and prove that all life originated
from a single organism, also known as LUCA (last
universal common ancestor)
(C) Comparison of mouse and bat forelimb morphogenesis. Both limbs start as webbed appendages, but the webbing
between the mouse’s digits dies at embryonic day 14 (arrow). The webbing in the bat forelimb does not die and is
sustained as the fingers grow.
Analogous structures
are those whose similarity comes from their performing a similar function rather than
their arising from a common ancestor. For example, the wing of a butterfly and the wing
of a bird are analogous. The bird wing and insect wing did not arise from a common
ancestral structure that became modified through evolution into bird wings and butterfly
wings
Vestigial Structures Are Inherited from Ancestors
Vestigial structures are the anatomical structures that have reduced their size during the evolutionary
pathway. The reason behind this is that these structures are no longer used by the animal. However, these
structures have evolved from a common ancestor and they occur in related animals.
Similarities Between Homologous Structures and
Vestigial Structures.

➢ Homologous structures and vestigial structures are two types of anatomical


structures that provide evidence of evolution in animals.

➢ Comparative anatomy is the field studying the similarities and differences


between the structures of different species.

➢ Both types of structures show evolution as a result of adaptation to the


environment.
Embryological Similarity
Suggests Common Ancestry
Why are vertebrates that are so
different as adults so similar at an
early stage of development?

All of these species descended from


an ancestral vertebrate that possessed
genes that directed the development
of gills and tails.

Chicken embryos and human embryos


both have a stage in which they have
structures, called pharyngeal arches,
that look similar to gill arches, the
structures that form gills in fish
Activity to send at the end of the class:

1. Read the pages 270-272.


2. Choose an animal of your preference.
3. According to the reading, search in the web and find the evidence of evolution of
this animal:
a. Fossils: Mention the age of the fossil and some principal characteristics.
b. Find homologous structures that the chosen animal share with other animals
and find a common ancestor between them.

Add..
1. Find out if the animal you choose have any vestigial evidence.
2. Find a picture of the embryologic development of the choosen animal and
compare it with an animal of the same class but different order (taxonomy)
Evidence for evolution: Biogeography

The geographic distribution of organisms


on Earth follows patterns that are best
explained by evolution, in combination
with the movement of tectonic plates
over geological time.
The split of one species into two often starts because a group of
individuals becomes geographically separated from the rest.

This is particularly apparent in distant remote islands, such as the


Galápagos and the Hawaiian archipelago, whose great distance from the
Americas and Asia means that arriving colonizers will have little or no
opportunity to mate with individuals remaining on those continents.

Mountains, rivers, lakes, and other natural barriers also account for
geographic separation between populations that once belonged to the
same species.
Each of the world’s continents has its own distinctive collection of animals and
plants.

In Africa are rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, lions, hyenas, giraffes, zebras,


lemurs, monkeys with narrow noses and nonprehensile tails, chimpanzees, and
gorillas.

South America, which extends over much the same latitudes as Africa, has none
of these animals; it instead has pumas, jaguars, tapir, llamas, raccoons,
opossums, armadillos, and monkeys with broad noses and large prehensile tails.

The theory of evolution holds that species can exist and evolve
only in geographic areas that were colonized by their
ancestors.
https://theworld.org/stories/2022-03-14/colombia-declare-
hippos-invasive-species

A BIG PROBLEM…
What is the problem?
Why it happened?
Which are the possible solutions?
MOLECULAR EVIDECE OF EVOLUTION:

Biologists have been aware of anatomical


and embryological similarities among
organisms for centuries, but it took the
emergence of modern technology to
reveal similarities at the molecular level.
Earth is about 4.5 billion years old.

Scientists use the geologic


timescale to organize Earth’s
history.

The largest category of time is the


eon, which is further divided into
eras, periods, epochs, and ages.

Dividing that long period of time


into smaller parts makes it easier
for scientists to communicate their
findings about rocks and fossils.
https://learninglink.oup.com/static/5ccbb7d5206f760010e2868f/index.html
VIDEO EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION. (STUDY)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGFEJRjUh2g

Molecular Evidence:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvJFI3ChOUU

https://www.ck12.org/biology/molecular-evidence/lecture/Genes-Tell-Us-About-
Evolution/?referrer=concept_details

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