Presented by:

ENGR. OLIVER M. PADUA , CE FACULTY

Prepared by:
Background source:
https://wallpaperset.co
ENGR. ANNA G. BILARO, CE FACULTY
m/geology-wallpaper

“This presentation is not for distribution outside this subject and to be used solely for this
course subject – GEO 11.” 1
OBJECTIVES:
After the discussion in this chapter, the student will be able to:

1. Understand the importance of rocks and minerals to society.

2. Learn that all engineering and technical works are part of rock or
obtained from rocks.
3. Learn the difference between minerals and rocks.
4. Study the various types of nonmetallic and metallic rock-forming
materials.
5. Study the different types of rocks.
6. Learn the importance of mineral resource.

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INTRODUCTION
 The crust of the Earth and
underlying relatively rigid mantle
make up the lithosphere.
 The crust is composed of a great
variety of minerals and rocks.
www.sciencenewsforstudents.org

 More than 80% of all raw materials that are used in various sectors of
economy, society and the environment are of mineral origin, and
demand for them is greater every day.
 The deposits of raw materials (minerals and rocks) have to be found,
investigated, explored and determined their potential actual reserves/
resources and quality/ grade. 3
INTRODUCTION
 Geological studies of rock
formations are extremely
significant for major construction
projects.
 Not a single object can be
constructed without adequate
geological research and
documentation on the types of
rock and their petrological,
engineering, hydrogeological and www.shutterstock.com

geotechnical characteristics. 4
 IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS & ROCKS TO SOCIETY
 All engineering and technical works, www.untv.com www.britannica.com

road, tunnels, bridges, dams,

buildings, and numerous monuments
and of man’s spiritual culture, www.travelawaits.c
om

obelisks and inscriptions on walls are

built of rock, minerals, metals or
materials that are either part of the
rock or obtained from rocks.
 An in-depth knowledge of mineralogy,
petrology, texture, structure, in situ rock en.wikipedia.org
Haldar et, al.

quality, and effect of weathering is

essential for planning, execution and
optimum uses of natural mineral/ rock
resources. 5
IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS & ROCKS TO SOCIETY
 The rock depict the direct evidences and speak
the events that happened in the geologic past of
Earth (both volcanic and tectonic activities, and
interactions between land and sea).
 Fossils (fossus = being dug up) are well-
preserved remains of animals, plants, and other
organisms from the past.
 Fossils and their occurrence within the sequence of Earth’s rock strata
is referred to as the fossil record.
 Fossil records are one of the early sources of data relevant to the study
to reliably determine the boundaries of sea and land, and the
existence of lakes and rivers in different periods of geological history. 6
IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS & ROCKS TO SOCIETY
The rocks in the Earth’s crust are
mostly disturbed because of tectonic
movements that are not present at
the place and in their relations as
they were at its origin.
The study of their age, location and
time of origin and initial relations is
obtained knowledge of the tectonic
movements that allow the www.researchgate.net

reconstruction of the process of

formation mountain chains
(orogeny). 7
IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS & ROCKS TO SOCIETY
 Stone, or broken part of a rock, served the man from the Stone Age,
ranges between 2,000 BC and 3.4 million years before, as the
opportunities for his existence and creation.
 The prehistoric genus “Homo (Great Apes)” and their predecessors
widely used stones tools, artifacts with sharp ages, pointed and
percussion surfaces for haunting food and learned to control fire.
www.researchgate.net

www.worldhistory.org

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IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS &
ROCKS TO SOCIETY
 The civilization advanced with
the advent of metalworking
passing through the Copper Age
(3500 - 2300 BC), Bronze Age
(~3000 BC) and Iron Age (Vedic
Civilization, 2000 - 500 BC).
 The modern society uses
hundreds of minerals, metals
and alloys in day-to-day life and
impossible to live without it.

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MINERALS
 Mineral is a homogeneous body with a highly ordered arrangement of
atoms in atomic structure as a result of crystallization.
 Mineral is an integral part of Earth’s crust,
and has a constant chemical composition
that can be expressed by chemical formula
and have a stable properties.
 Constancy of chemical composition of a
mineral is reflected in the fact that any
mineral of the same kind anywhere on the
Earth has molecules of equal composition. Haldar et, al.

If we break it in smaller pieces, it will still Halite, commonly known as rock salt, is
the mineral form of sodium chloride
have same characteristics and chemical (NaCl). Halite forms isometric crystal.
composition as of the parent mineral.
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MINERALS
 Constancy of chemical and physical
properties of minerals is the result of its
internal crystalline structure, i.e. permanent
arrangement of atoms and ions in the
crystal lattice.
 This means that each crystallized mineral
possesses characteristic permanent
arrangement of atoms, ions or ionic
groups. Pure natural twined quartz crystals
are transparent portraying in general
 External crystal form is a reflection of its hexagonal prisms and closed by
bipyramids. It is the most abundant
internal structure. Example, Halite crystals mineral in the Earth’s continental
have shape of hexahedron; calcite crust.
rhombohedra, diamond octahedral and 11
quartz have the form of hexagonal prisms
MINERALS
 The minerals may not have enough free space for uninterrupted
growth and begin to develop a larger number of crystals in a small
space at the same time.
 This is the case in many rocks and they will have to develop within
the available space.
 They will naturally grow and meet one another and extrude each
other. Therefore, they will have form of more or less irregular
interconnected grains. This does not mean that such grains have
irregular internal structure.
 The internal structure of each grain is same as that of the crystals
with regular external structure.
 Minerals occur generally in solid form, the exceptions being
mercury, natural water and fossil fuel. 12
MINERALS
 The common nonmetallic rock-forming minerals are quartz,
orthoclase feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, mica group such as
muscovite and biotite, alabaster, albite, andalusite, calcite, fluorite,
garnet, gypsum, tourmaline, and so on.
 The common metallic/nonmetallic ore forming minerals are
apatite, baryte, bauxite, chalcopyrite, galena, cassiterite, cerussite,
chromite, cinnabar, hematite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, rhodochrosite,
skutterudite, sphalerite, stibnite, wolframite, etc.
 Natural brilliant colored crystals of pyrite fluorite , amythist often
originate by hydrothermal veins, volcanic and sub-volcanic and
sedimentary re crystallization.
A list of common nonmetallic and metallic minerals with diagnostic
characteristics are given in Table 1.1. (See attached pdf file) 13
ROCKS
Rock or stone is a geological body of specific mineral
composition, structure and texture, i.e. mineral aggregate of
the same or different with wide variation.

 Granite is an igneous rock which contains granular

minerals of quartz, microcline and/ or orthoclase, Na-
plagioclase feldspar and muscovite that is crystallized from
molten rock masses (magma) and cools deep in the rocky
crust of the Earth.
 Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock formed through
transportation, deposition, compaction and cementation of
different mineral composition of sand grains. 14
ROCKS
 Limestone is a chemical and biogenic sedimentary rock that is
composed mostly of calcite. Calcite was formed from the secretion of the
sea or fresh water, with the participation of plants and/or animals
(biochemical limestone) or by inorganic chemical processes (chemogenic
limestone), as explained in the succeeding topics.
 Marble, for example, is a metamorphic rock composed of mineral calcite
and formed at high temperature and pressure deep beneath the Earth’s
surface by metamorphic transformation of sedimentary limestone rock.

It is important to distinguish between the terms “rock” and “stone”. The

term “stone” means a smaller or larger part of the rock, which is broken off
of some rocks by a natural or technical process.
A list of common rocks and characteristic features is given in Table 1.2. (See
attached pdf file) 15
MINERAL RESOURCES
 Mineral resource is the mineral deposit consisting of useful concentration that
may or may not exceed economic cost for obtaining the valuable minerals.
 The technological process, the needs of the economy and prices in the market,
depends on whether and when the rock/mineral becomes raw material.
 For example, for road construction mineral raw material is stone recovered from
the quarry, and the stone blocks broken away from the rock mass for the
construction of stone structures or processing into polished slab.
 Rock bauxite is mineral raw material for obtaining aluminum, hematite for iron, and
kaolin for porcelain. Less-pure clay is mineral raw material for manufacture of
ceramics, and impure clay for production of tiles or bricks.
 Ore deposits are formed in the Earth’s crust by different geological
processes and accumulates minerals or ores in such quantities that it is
technologically possible to mine and economically profitable to gain.
 In such condition, the mineral resource becomes mineral or ore reserve.
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 REFERENCES
1. Association of the Structural Code of the Philippines. (2015). National Structural Code of the Philippines. Metro Manila: ASEP.
2. Blyth, FGH and De Freitas, MH. (1984). A Geology for Engineers, 7th Edition. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington,
MA.
3. Chen, W.F. and Lui, E.M. 2006. Earthquake Engineering for Structural Design. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Florida.
4. Das, Braja M. and Sobhan, Khaled. 2014. “Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 8th Edition”. Cengage Learning, Stanford,
USA.
5. De Freitas, M.H. (2009). Engineering Geology, Principles and Practice. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
6. Elnashai, Amr S. and Di Sarno, Luigi. 2008. Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, United Kingdom.
7. Estrada, Hector and See, Luke S. 2017. Introduction to Earthquake Engineering. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Florida.
8. Gangopadhyay, Subinoy. (2013). Engineering Geology. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India.
9. Gioncu, Victor and Mazzolani, Federico M. 2011. Earthquake Engineering for Structural Design. Spon Press, New York, USA
and Taylor & Francis Group e-Library.
10. Gribble, C.D. and McLean, A.C. (1985). Geology for Civil Engineers, 2nd Edition. E & FN Spon, an imprint of Chapman and Hall.
11. Haldar, S.K and Tisljar, Josip. (2014). Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology. Elsevier Inc. USA.
12. Lectures of Dr. Latha, G. Madhavi from Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science.
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13. www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
ACTIVITY #2 (GROUP ACTIVITY):
Instructions:
1. From the attached pdf file of Table 1.1 and Table 1.2, each group* was assigned a 2 – 3 types
of minerals and rocks.
2. From your assigned type of minerals/ rocks, prepare a Power Point presentation
emphasizing its features and minor/ major uses. Include also an image of the mineral/ rock
stated therein.
3. You can refer to the attached pdf file as your guide regarding each features and properties.
4. Each group will be given a 5 – 8-minute presentation which will be graded accordingly.
5. Preparation/ Presentation will graded based on:
a. Knowledge for the topic assigned (Presentation proper) – 40%
b. Substance/ Content of the presentation – 40%
c. Creativity – 20%
6. The presentation will be done for a week and will be presented and submitted on February
2023
Groupings and topics will be assigned via draws.

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