iöä„ …r kTa - nacŸC sba† suetar Faen!

AiBij‡ ray
†em†l W [email protected]

www.mukto-mona.com

"Vela Haet cilyaeC VƒDaerr ZaºI' isirjiF ŸSx HeyeC Aenkidn Hl| ikCu pafk …r
meDY Vmaek †-Ÿm†l ker jaineyeCn ŸZ, Vim Vmar isirej iöä„ te¹Ôr ˆpr
ŸtmnBaeb Velakpat kirin| kTaiF sitY| …† ZugaÇ»karI te¹Ôr ˆeLK tKn
ŸtmnBaeb kra Hyin †e¬C ker†| iöä„ t¹Ô ib¯aenr jget …ekbaer† ntun| Aenk
ikCu† …Kena prIQa inrIQa Vr Anumaenr meDY† sImabÁ| …† te¹Ôr ibSd janet Hel
Vmaedr Vera ŸbS ikCuFa smy oDàZY Der AepQa kret Heb, Bul ÙaiÇ»r pàda sirey mUl
inàZasFuk™ pawyar jnY| …r meDY Vmar "Vela Haet cilyaeC VƒDaerr ZaºI' isirjiF
mu¹¡-mna pãkaSnIr pQ ŸTek b† Vkaer pãkaeSr ˆedYag ineyeCn Vmar
ìBanuDYayIra| Vmar mt saDarN ŸlKekr jnY … AtYÇ» VneÆdr …b„ geàbr bYapar|
b†eyr Vytn iney …kFu seÆdH Takay …r kelbr bâiÁet AgtYa iöä„ t¹Ôek† ŸbƒeC
inet Hl| Vmar Anuman, iöä„ t¹Ô iney Vmar … baerr ŸlKaiF Vela Haet isirejr
saeT ŸbS BalBaeb† imeS Zaeb| pafkedr kaC ŸTek gfnmUlk smaelacna pãtYaSa
kriC|

AiBij‡
16/04/04

V†nöa†enr smy ib¯anIra duàbl w sbl inˆi£y belr Ÿkan Hids panin|
V†nöa†enr mUl Babna iCl ta† mHakàx …b„ tiR¬cuÜk blek iGer| itin …† duiF
blek …kiFmº sUeºr maDYem pãkaS krbar leQY jIbenr iºS bCr Der pãaNaÇ»kr Ÿcña
cailey ŸgeCn| …† Ÿs† tTakiTt "Unified field theory' Zar maDYem V†nöa†n
÷pÈ ŸdeKiCeln pãkáitjgetr bl§elaek …kiFmaº sUtay gaƒTet| ikǼ V†nöa†n
VjIbn Ÿcña kerw …† "ibin sUtar malaKain' gaƒTet pareln na, br„ tar ÷pÈ pUreNr
ˆ¬caiBlasI pirkæpna taƒek jIbenr ŸSx bCr§elaet …k "inWs˜ gãHcarI'et pirnt
ker| SDu …† …kiF ibxey inejr smó» ŸmDa w Si¹¡ ineyag kray pdaàTib¯aenr
t‡kalIn mUlDarar gebxNa ŸTek itin º¡mSW ibi¬CÊ Hey Zai¬Celn| V†nöa†n ŸZ
bYapariF buJet paern in ta ny| 1942 sael tar …k bÉ™ek ŸlKa icifet V†nöa†n
bleln,

"I have become a lonely old chap who is mainly known

because he does not wear socks and who is exhibited as a
curiosity on special occasions' ( sUºW Albert Einstein, 1942 letter to
a friend, as quoted in Tony Hey and Patrik Walters, Einstein's Mirror,
Cambridge, Eng.: New York: Pantheon, 1992)

Vsel V†nöa†n tar smeyr

Ÿcey Venk VgãgamI iCeln|
V†nöa†enr smy ŸZ bYapariFek
ŸsãP "ˆ¬caiBlasI ÷pÈ' bel men
HeyiCl, Vj AàDSta×Irw ŸbSI
smy pr Ÿs† ÷pÈiFek†
pdaàTib¯aenr gebxNar sbca†et
Si¹¡SalI ŸsãatDara iHeseb iciH¡t
kra He¬C|

keyk dSk Veg gåaesa, salam Vr Ba†nbaàg imel tiR¬cuÜk Vr duàbl parmanibk
blek …ksUeº gaƒTeln -V†nöa†enr lailt ÷epÈr pãaTimk …kiF Dap sÚpÊ Hl|
÷epÈr prbàtI Dap AàTa‡, duàbl tiR‡ …b„ sbl inˆi£y blek …k krbar mt ˆpZu¹¡
t¹Ô Zidw …Kena pawya Zayin, ikǼ, "nn-gãYaiBeFSnal bl' itniFek (duàbl, sbl …b„
tiR¬cuÜk) ŸkayaÆFam blibdYar saHaeZY …kiFmaº ŸbaDgmY Baxay pãkaS kra sÝb
HeyeC Aenk Veg†| ctuàT bl AàTa‡ mHakàxek bYaKYa krar ŸQeº sbca†et ŸZ
Velaict t¹Ô - VepiQktar bYapk (saDarN) t¹Ô - taek ikǼ Velacnar ba†er†
raKet He¬C …† muHUeàt| karN VepiQktar bYapk t¹ÔiF …kiF icrayt t¹Ô
(Classical theory), Ÿkanmet† ŸkayaÆFam blibdYar sÝabnar jgetr saeT Kap
Kay na; Vr Kap Kayna bel† Zt ˆFeka Jaemla Vr iberaeDr ˆ‡pi¹| VDuink
pdaàTibdYar …kiF pãaTimk lQY …† muHUeàt VepiQktar bYapk t¹Ô (General
Theory of Relativity) …b„ ŸkayaÆFam te¹Ôr (Quantum theory) iBtrkar
AnakaiªQt iberaD imiFey ŸPla| tai¹Ôk pdaàTibdra Ÿcña kereCn Ÿzr, ikǼ bYapariF
taedr jnY ŸmaeFw sHj Hyin| Vsel VepiQktar bYapk t¹Ô Vr ŸkayaÆFam
blibdYa bó¼ jgetr ˆpr sÚpUàN VladaBaeb kaj ker| ib¯anIra …kIBUt smIkreNr
(Combined Equation) saHaeZY VepiQk t¹Ô …b„ ŸkayaÆFam blibdYaek …k sUeº
gaƒTar ˆedYag ineyiCeln, ikǼ … Drenr pãecñay pãay ŸQeº† …kiFmaº ˆ¹r Ÿbirey
Ves - Infinity| smsYa …Fa†| pdaàTibdedr kaeC …† ˆ¹r …kiF AebaDY kibta -
nnesns ra†m| karN bYbHairk pdaàTibdra AsImta ba †niPiniFek ŸkanBaeb†
mapet paern na| Vmaedr icrecna bó¼jg‡ kaj ker ssIm maºay - ta Ÿs ŸmaFrgaRIr
git† ŸHak Vr †elkFäenr GUàNn† ŸHak| ta† smIkrN ŸTek pãaÐ ˆ¹r - "†niPiniF'
pdaàTibdedr HtaS ker, ió»imt ker| V†nöa†enr ÷epÈr "Ÿsanar kaif' buiJ ADra†
ŸTek Zay|

Aenk pafk Hyt Babet paern, VepiQk t¹Ô Vr ŸkayaÆFam te¹Ôr meDY ZKn …t†
iberaD, ta na imFael† ba …mn ik Qit? sb iberaD ŸZ sb smy imFaet Heb tarw Ÿta
Ÿkan kTa Ÿn†; iberaD Takel kI† ba …mn Zay Ves? HYa, bYaparFa sitY†; Het paer
Combined Equation §ela "AàTHIn' PlaPl Haijr kreC, ikǼ smIkrN§ela eta
…ksaeT kKn† bYbHât Hy na| bûbCr Der ŸjYaitàpdaàTibdra ŸdeKeCn - iniKl ibeSÿr
(macro world) bàNnay AàTa‡, gãH tarkam¸l, inHarIkar ibcln, …mnik smó»
mHaibeSÿr pãsareN V†nöa†enr VepiQk t¹Ô AtYÇ» saPelYr saeT ibgt
smy§elaet bYbHât HeyeC, ifk …k†Baeb VnubIQink jgetr (micro world)
bàNnay, maen Anu prmanur jget ŸkayaÆFam blibdYar sUºablI bYbHât HeyeC inKuƒt
ŸsOÆdeàZ| ŸZeHtu VepiQk t¹Ô Vr ŸkayaÆFam t¹Ô du†† taedr inj÷ pirm¸el AtYÇ»
sPl, Ÿkn AZTa taedr …kIBUt krar pãecña? taedr Vlada raKel† Ÿta Hy|
VepiQk t¹Ôek bâH‡ bó¼raijr jget Vr ŸkayaÆFam blibdYaek AitQ™Å bó¼kNar
jget VladaBaeb† br„ pãeyag kir na Ÿkn! smsYaFa ik?

na smsYa Ÿn†| sitY blet ik, ib¯anIra …tidn Der …Baeb† kaj kereCn, maen
sUºduiFek Vlada Baeb pãeyag kereCn| Vr A÷Ikar krar Ÿja Ÿn†, …Baeb Vlada
VladaBaeb pãeyag "AtYÇ» sPl' bel pãmaiNtw HeyeC; Vr manbjaitw ˆpkát HeyeC
÷Iy pirm¸elr naÆdink ŸsOÆdeàZ| …t ikCur prw tai¹Ôk pdaàTibdra ikǼ men kern,
VepiQk t¹Ô Vr ŸkayaÆFam te¹Ôr iberaD ŸmFaena jr›rI| …r karN mUltW duiF|
pãTmtW GUT ŸleBel pdaàTib¯aenr duiF Si¹¡SalI ibcrNeQºek Vlada kra Zae¬C
na - …† bYapariF ib¯anIedr jnY …k† saeT AibSÿasY …b„ A÷ió»kr| w† ŸleBel
namel bYaparFa Vr …mn Taek ŸZ, ikCu GFnaek ireliFiBiFr saHaeZY Vr ikCu GFnaek
ŸkayaÆFam sUeºr saHaeZY bYaKYa ker daiytÔ ŸSx kra Zay| Vr taCaRa ib¯anIra men
kern, samigãkBaeb ibSÿjgtek duiF Vlada pirm¸el Bag ker smsYa smaDaenr Ÿcña
káiºm …b„ AeHtuk| ŸkayaÆFam Vr VepiQk te¹Ôr iberaD ŸTek Zawya maen Vsel
bó¼jg‡ sÜeÉ Vmaedr Aiàjt ¯an …Kena ApàZaІ rey ŸgeC bel buJet Heb| tara
men kern ŸZ, dIàGidenr …† iberaD imFel Vmaedr …† icrecna pãkáitjgtek ŸsãP
…kiFmaº sUeºr saHaeZY (Ÿs† ŸZ tTakiTt Theory of Everything s„eQep
T.O.E) bYaKYa kra sÝb|

iÃtIytW bR bR bó¼r ŸQeº VepiQktar ibeSx t¹Ô, Vr ŸCaF bó¼kNar ŸQeº

ŸkayaÆFam blibdYar Vlada pãeyaegr bYapariF sbsmy smanBaeb kaàZkrI ny| káx—
gHbr (Black Hole) …eQeº Kub Bal ˆdaHrN| VepiQktar ibeSx t¹Ô ŸTek Vmra
janiC, káx— gHberr VBYÇ»rIN pdaàTsmUH Gn siÊbÁ Hey gHberr ŸkeÆÅ …kiF Q™Å
ibÆduet iblIn Hy| …† VkàxnIy bYaparFa káx— gHberr ŸkÆÅek …k† saeT bâHdakar
(Br ibiSñ) …b„ Q™Åakar (Vytn ibiSñ) s¹Ôay pirNt kereC| VepiQktar bYapk
t¹Ô pãeyaegr bYaparFa VseC bâH‡ Berr kareN sâñ mHakàx ŸQºek samlaet, Vr
ŸkayaÆFam blibdYar bYaparFa Ÿganay Dret He¬C káx— gHberr AtYÇ» Gn siÊebiSt
Q™Åaytenr jnY| ikǼ …kIBUt smIkrN§ela …† ibeSx Abóùay pãeyag kret igey
ŸdKa ŸgeC ŸZ, …† ibeSx Abóùay tara ŸBe– peR, Pel káx— gHberr ŸkeÆÅ ifk ik He¬C
Vmra Veja ta pirôarBaeb bueJ ˆfet pair in|

ŸbaJa Zae¬C ŸZ, VepiQk t¹Ô Vr ŸkayaÆFam blibdYar imlenr bYaparFa ŸbS §r›tÔpUàN|
teb §r›etÔr maºaFa Vrw ŸbSI AnY jaygay| t¹Ô duiFr meDY iberaD Takar AàT Hl
Vmaedr mHaibeSÿr ìr›r idekr GFnablI buJar ŸQeº sbsmy† …iF …kiF ibSal
AÇ»ray Hey r†eb| karNFa ŸbaJa ŸmaeFw kñkr ny :

Vmra †itmeDY† ŸjeniC ŸZ, pãay 1500 ŸkaiF bCr pUeàb …k Gn siÊebiSt AEÃt ibÆdu
(Singularity point) ŸTek …k mHaibeýPareNr (Big Bang) maDYem Vmaedr …†
mHaibeSÿr ˆ‡pi¹| ibSÿbãüae¸r pãaTimk AbóùaFa ta Hel AenkFa káx—gHberr ŸkeÆÅr
mt† daƒRae¬C| pãaTimk mHaibeSÿr ibSal Gn AbóùaiFek sifkBaeb bYaKYar jnY drkar
VepiQktar bYapk te¹Ôr Vbar mHaibeSÿr Ÿs smykar Ait Q™Å Vytn dabI ker
bes ŸkayaÆFam blibdYa pãeyaegr| ikǼ Vegr mt† Vmra ŸdKiC ŸZ …kIBUt
smIkrNek …† ibeSx Abóùay …es ŸBe– pRet| ŸkayaÆFam blibdYa Vr VepiQk
te¹Ôr iberaeDr kareN mHaibeSÿr pãaTimk inyamk sÜeÉ Vmra …Kena A¯† ŸTek
Zai¬C| ib¯anIra ta† men kern, mHaibeSr ìr›r idkkar GFnablI sifkBaeb buJet
Hel VepiQk t¹Ô Vr ŸkayaÆFam te¹Ôr ibdYman iberaD ŸmFaet† Heb| bR kiNka Vr
ŸCaF kiNkar mDYkar "ŸSãnIgt' iberaD imiFey "samY' pãitiòt kret parel† Ÿkblmaº
pãkáitjg‡ek sifkBaeb bYaKYa kra sÝb bel Aenk ib¯anI† men kreCn|

iöä„ …r icºrœp : k) iSæpIr kæpnay K) ib¯anIedr dâiñet (ŸP†nemn ŸrKaicº ŸTek)

Vr …jnY† iöä„ t¹Ô ib¯anIedr kaeC Kub §r›tÔpUàN| iöä„ t¹Ô …† muHUeàt ìDu ŸkayaÆFam
blibdYa Vr VepiQk te¹Ôr dIàGidenr iberaD ŸmFabar pãtYaSa ide¬C† na, br„ Ÿs†
saeT mHaibeSÿr ˆ‡pi¹r …k Ajana ADYay Vmaedr samen ˆenMaict kret celeC|
sitY kTa blet ik, iöä„ te¹Ôr VibàBab ib¯aenr jget AnY sb Vibôaerr mt
ib¯anIedr inrls pãecñay DIer DIer geR wefin br„ "VibàBUt' HeyeC Hfa‡ ker†, bla
Zay …kdm VkisMkBaeb| iöä„ te¹Ôr AnYtm pãb¹¡a …b„ iöä„ ibxey ibeSx¯ …hwyaàh
ˆ†eFn ˆeÃilt Hey ta† bel ˆefeCn -

"String theory is a part of twenty-first century physics

that fell by chance into the tweentieth century' (sUºW
Interview with Edward Witten, May 11, 1992)

ˆ†eFenr ˆi¹¡ Het ŸbaJa Zay, VladIenr Ÿcraegr mt Hfa‡ pawya … t¹Ôek puerapuir
buJet, VtMóù ker sÚpUàNBaeb geR tulet keyk dSk …mnik Stkw Ÿleg ŸZet
paer| bYaparFa Aitri²t ny| Vsel …† muHUeàt iöä„ te¹Ôr gaiNitk AiBbYi¹¡guela
…tFa† jiFl ŸZ, …r pãkát smIkrN ik Heb … sÜeÉ Ÿkˆ† Kub ŸbSI inWseÆdH nn|
pdaàTib¯anIra …† muHUeàt puera smIkrN ŸKaƒja ba smaDaenr Ÿcey br„ "VsÊ menr'
(Approximation) ˆpr §r›tÔ ide¬Cn| Vr bla baûlY, Ÿs smó» VsÊ
smIkrN§elar pãkáit† …tFa jiFl ŸZ, …Kn pàZÇ» Ÿkbl Ÿs§elar V„iSk smaDan
imeleC| Verk jnipãy iöä„ tai¹Ôk bãayan gãIn taƒr "The Fabric of Cosmos' b†ey
iöä„ tai¹Ôkedr …Knkar pirióùitek …k Vidm ˆpjait kàtâk maiF KuƒeR Hfa‡ ker
…kiF mHakaSZan (space craft) Ÿpey Zawyar saeT tulna kereCn| Ÿsrkm …kjn
manux mHakaSZaniF ŸdeK ik kreb? pãTem Hat idey Der Cuƒey buJet ca†eb ca†eb
bYaparFa ik| tarpr Veó» Veó» AenkFa smy Ÿpr›el Hyt …k smy ˆpliØ kreb ŸZ,
puera mHakaSZaniF kaj ker Vsel iBterr ikCu Ÿbatam Vr Hatelr sminÓt calnay|
iöä„ tai¹Ôkedr …Knkar AbóùaFa AenkFa Ÿs† Vidm ˆpjaitr pãTmbaerr mt
mHakaSZan ŸdeK HtibHbl Abóùar mt† kr›N! pãitidn† tara ¯aenr Ÿsapan Ÿbey
ˆperr idek ˆfeCn, Ajanaek janeCn Vr t¹Ôek saDYmt smâÁ kret ca†eCn| ikǼ
taƒedr …† te¹Ôr bYapaer VtMibSÿasI Het …b„ saiàbkBaeb ŠkYmet ŸpOƒCuet …Kena
AenkFa smy lageb|

iöä„ te¹Ôr mUl bYapariF iney …baer …kFu Velacna kra Zak; …kdm ìr› ŸTek| Vmra
skel† jain, …kFa bó¼K¸ ta Ÿs …kFa brePr caƒ† † ŸHak Vr …kFa paTr K¸†
ŸHak, ŸBe– Fukera kra sÝb| Vbar Ÿs† Fukera§elaekw ŸBe– Vera ŸCaF Fukeray
pirNt kra Zay| …Kn ŸTek pãay 2500 bCr Veg gãIk pi¸etra …† bYapariF lQY
ker …kiF isÁaeÇ» ˆpnIt Heln ŸZ, Fukera kret kret …mn …kFa smy inëcy†
Vseb ZKn pdaàTek ŸBe– Vera ŸCaF Fukray pirnt kra Vr sÝb He¬C na| tara
pdaeàTr …† Q™Å¹m A„eSr nam ideln prmanu ba Atom| teb …† prmaNu ikǼ
pdaeàTr Q™Å¹m A„S ba pãaTimk kiNka ny| Vmra ŸCeleblay pdaàTibdYar pafYpuó»ek
peRiC ŸZ, prmaNuekw Ba–a sÝb| prmaNuek Ba–el pawya Zay …kiF inˆi£yaesr
cairidek pirÙmNãt †elkFänek| Vr inˆi£yas gift Hy ŸpãaFn Vr inˆFäenr
smnÓey| bûidn pàZÇ» †elkFän, ŸpãaFn Vr inˆFänek pãaTimk kiNka men kra Ht| ikǼ
1964 sael kYailePaiàNya †nsiFiFˆF Ab ŸFkenalijr tai¹Ôk pdaàTibd maer ŸglmYan
…b„ 1968 sael öYanePaàh ilinyar …kiselFr ŸsÆFaerr ib¯anIedr pàZebQeN
pãmaiNt Hl ŸZ, ŸpãaiFn w inˆFän§ela Vsel Vera Q™Å kNar smnÓey gift - Zar nam
Ÿkayaàk| ta Hel Ÿkayaàk …b„ †elkFän† Hl pdaeàTr Q™ÅaitQ™Å s¹Ôa, Zaedrek Vmra
bliC pãaTimk kiNka*| iöä„ t¹Ô kiNka jgetr pirict …† pirict Cibek cYael²
ker ŸGaxna kreC …† †elkFän Vr Ÿkayaàk§ela Vr ikCu† ny br„ Ait Q™Å …k

*
Vsel …† muHUeàt pãaTimk kiNka Ÿkbl Ÿkayaàk …b„ †elkFän† ny, tailkay reyeC imˆeyan(muon) …b„ Faˆs (taus)
namk duiF kiNka Zara mHaibeýParN prbàtIkalIn mHaibeSÿpãcuà pirmaeN iCl bel DarNa kra Hy| … CaRaw pãaTimk kiNka
iHeseb pawya igeyeC inˆiFäena (neutrino) - Za iFäilyn ma†l pur› sIsar Vó»rNek AblIlay ŸBd krar Qmta raeK|
Drenr kÚpNSIl tǼr (String) kÚpnsâñ Si¹¡r …k …kiF rœp| …† tǼ §elar
Vkar ikǼ Kub† ŸCaF (10-33 ŸsWimW) - …kiF prmanur inˆi£yaesrw lQ lQ §n ŸCaF;
…b„ …ra† Vsel pdaeàTr Q™Å¹m gfn …kk| taHel Vmra buJet pariC ŸZ, ˆper
ŸZ smó» pãaTimk kinkar ˆeLK kra HeyeC tara sb† Vsel 10-33 ŸsWimW odeàGYr
suetar ibiBÊ maºay kÚpenr Pl CaRa Vr ikCu ny| gIFaerr …kiF tarek ibiBÊBaeb
VGat krel Vmra ŸZmn ibiBÊ maºar S× ìnet pa†, pãay …k† rkm bYapar GeF iöä„
te¹Ôr Ÿblaetw| teb iöä„ te¹Ôr iöä„ §ela kiÚpt Hel ibiBÊ maºar surDbin pawya
Zay na, br„ pawya Zay ibiBÊ DreNr kiNka| kiNka§elar Br, caàj, GUàNn sbikCu†
Vsel inàDairt Hy iöä„ …r kÚpeNr ibiBÊ rkmePer| †elkFäenr ŸQeº iöä„ …k
rkÝaeb kaƒep, Vr Ÿkayaeàkr ŸQeº kaƒep AnYBaeb| taHel ŸdKa Zae¬C, …kiFmº iöä„
† ibiBÊ Baeb ýpiÆdt Hey bó¼kNar iniàdñ Br, iniàdñ tiR‡ VDan, iniàdñ GUàNn....
…Drenr nana obiSeñYr pãkaS GFae¬C| Vr …† obiSñY§ela† ikǼ …k Drenr kNa
ŸTek Verk Drenr kNaek Vlada kreC|

…kiF Veplek (ik„ba AnY ŸZ Ÿkan pdaàTek) ŸBe– Fukera kret Aenk dUr pàZÇ» Zid Zawya Zay,
teb iöä„ tai¹Ôkedr dabI AnuZayI ŸSx pàZÇ» pawya Zeb kt§ela ickn VbÁ sueta ba iöä„|

…† CibFa ŸbaD Hy pafkedr kaeC VerkFu ýpñ Hwya pãeyajn| Ÿsaja kTay, bYaparFa
…mn ny ŸZ, "†elkFän iöä„' kiÚpt Hey otrI krl †elkFäenr ik„ba "Vp-Ÿkayaàk'
iöä„ kiÚpt Hey otrI krl "Vp Ÿkayaeàkr' - br„ …kiFmaº iöä„ ibiBÊBaeb kiÚpt
Hey ibiBÊ Drenr kNa otrI kreC| …hwyaàh ˆ†eFenr Baxay, "If you have a violin
string, or a piano string, it can oscillate with many different shapes. In the case
of the strings that we use in this kind of string theory, the main thing that is
important is that they also have many possible shapes of vibrations. And
different elementary particles are interpreted as coming from the same string
vibrating in different possible shapes. So the unification of the elementary
particles arises from interpreting the electron, muon, proton, neutrino, and all
those things as different ways that the same basic strings can vibrate'

iöä„ …r kÚpn : k) igFaerr taerr ŸQeº K) iöä„ te¹Ôr iöä„ …r ŸQeº

…† §r›tÔpUàN bYaparFa† ŸSayaàj (John Schwarz) …b„ SYaàk (Joel Scherk) imel
1974 sael gãYaiBFn kNar ŸQeº saPlYjnkBaeb pãeyag kreln …b„ mHakàx blek
ŸSx pàZÇ» ŸkayaÆFam blibdYar Abkafemar saeT jueR idet smàT Heln|

gãYaiBFn kNar kTa Aegw bla HeyeC| ib¯anIra men kern, pãkáitjgetr bl§ela
ŸkayaÆFam ŸleBel ibeSx ibeSx kNar maDYem óùanaÇ»irt Hy| …† kiNka§elaek bla Hy
"baàtabH kiNka' (messanger particle)| tiR¬cuÜk belr ŸQeº ŸZmn "ŸPaFn
kiNka', Ÿtmin mHakàx belr ŸQeº kæpNa kra HeyeC "gãYaiBFn kiNka'| …CaRaw sbl
inˆi£y belr ŸQeº VeC "gåueyan' (Gluon) Vr duàbl inˆi£y belr jnY reyeC W
…b„ Z kNa| iöä„ t¹Ô Vmaedr bleC ŸZ, pãitiF gãYaiBFn Vsel påYae«r odeàGYr
(10-33 ŸsWimW) sman odàGY ibiSñ …k kÚpNSIl tǼ| Vr ŸZeHtu …† gãYaiBFn kNa†
mHakàxeQeºr Q™Å¹m pãaTimk ˆpadan iHeseb iciH¡t, ta† påa« Ÿôelr nIec Ÿkan ikCu
iney Vsel kTa blar Ÿkan AàT† Hy na| iFiB iõn ba kiÚpˆFerr minFerr ŸQeº
‹°ÔelYr Q™Å¹m …kk He¬C "ipe¤l', ifk Ÿtmin iöä„ t¹Ô Vmaedr gãYaiBFenr ŸQeº
Q™Å¹m sIma inàDarN ker ideyeC - "påYa« Ÿôl'| Vr iöä„ t¹Ô AnuZayI ŸZeHtu …†
iö䄧ela† bó¼jgetr Q™Å¹m …kk, kaej† Vmaedr VÇ»W VnubIQiNk ÙmN iöä„ …
…es ŸSx Het baDY| ŸZ odàGYek Vmra påYae«r odàGY bliC ta Vsel pãkaraÇ»er
iö䄧elar inj÷ odeàGYr sman|

iöä„ t¹Ô ikǼ Vmaedr VerkiF ibxey ŸbS Babae¬C| …tidn Der Vmra Vmaedr
icrecna ibSÿjgtek jantam itniF iniàdñ maºay (odàGY, pãóù …b„ ˆ¬cta)| smyek
VerkiF maºa Drel maºar s„KYa daƒRay caer| …† itn maºar (smy sH car) bYaparFa
Vmaedr kaeC AenkFa ŸZn "Dã›b stY' iHeseb† ibebict HeyeC| inˆFn ŸTek
mYa¤weyl, Vr mYa¤weyl ŸTek V†nöa†n, sba† taƒedr pirict ibSÿek "iºmaiºk'
ibSÿ iHeseb† ŸdeKeCn - … ŸZn iCl AenkFa VgamIkal sUàZ ˆfar mt† iniëct! iöä„
t¹Ô Vmaedr …tidnkar bÁmUl DarNay k™faraGat ker bleC- Vmaedr ibSÿjg‡
itnmaºar ny, pãkátpeQ ny maºar (smy sH dS)| …† dS maºar bYapariF Ÿkan
kæpNa ny, ny Ÿkan Ha†epaiTiss| iöä„ te¹Ôr smIkrN§ela gNna ker† …† s„KYaiF
pawya igeyeC | kaej† iöä„ t¹Ô odàGY, pãóù Vr ˆ¬ctar ba†erw Vrw CyiF Aitir¹¡
maºa iney Vmaedr Babet baDY kreC| sÚpãit …m t¹Ô † naem VerkiF t¹Ô ib¯anIra
Haijr kereCn ŸZKaen maºar s„KYa Vera …kiF ŸbSI AàTa‡ dS (smyek Der 11)| Ÿs
Za† ŸHak, iöä„ t¹Ô ba …m t¹Ô ŸZ ŸkanFa sitY Hey Takel Vmaedr ibSÿ ŸZ itniF
dâSYman maºay sImabÁ ny, ta iniëct Hey Zaeb|

iöä„ …r iBtr lukaena maºar icºrœp

†
"…m iTwrI' Vsel iöä„ s„º¡aÇ» pãcilt 5 iF t¹Ôek …kiF te¹Ôr maDYem sminÓt krar pãyas| …hyaàh ˆ†eFenr 1995 sael
saˆdaàN kYailePaiàNya †ˆinBaiàsiFet … s„º¡aÇ»pãd¹ b¹¡átaiFek "iöä„ te¹Ôr iÃtIy ibpåb' naem AiBiHt kra Hy| Vr pãTm
ibpåebr smykal iCl 1984-1986 ZKn Ÿsayaàj …b„ bãayan gãIn imel iöä„ te¹Ôr ibiBÊ gainitk As˜it dUr kern|
ta† Zid Hy, teb Aitir¹¡ …† maºa§elaek Vmra ŸdKet pa† na Ÿkn? bYaparFa ŸbaJa
…kFu jiFl| bYaparFaek AbSY …kFa ˆdaHreNr saHaeZY saDarN pafkedr kaeC
pirôar kra ŸZet paer| ŸCaFeblay Vim ZKn saàkas ŸdKet ŸZtam, tKn ŸbS men
VeC - diRr ikCu ŸKla ŸdeK Kub Abak Htam| …r meDY …kiF ŸKla iCl …k pãaÇ» ŸTek
AnY pãaÇ» pàZÇ» ickn …kFa diR ŸbƒeD … maTa ŸTek w maTa pàZÇ» ŸHeF Zawyar ŸKla|
saàkaesr …k £aˆn ibicº A˜Bi˜ ker nacet nacet diRr wpr idey ŸHeF cel ŸZt|
pãitbar† Babtam …† buiJ diR iCƒeR bYaFa peR buiJ maiFet| diR ikǼ kKn† iCƒRt na|
karNFa per bueJiClam| diRFa dUr ŸTek ickn ŸdKaelw Vsel ikǼ AtFa ickn ny|
diRFa Vsel Aenk§ela diR …ksaeT Ÿpƒicey Kub S¹¡ ker otrI kra HeyeC, Za dUr
ŸTek ŸdKa ba ŸbaJa sÝb ny| ifk … Drenr† …kiF bYapar GeF iöä„ te¹Ôr Ÿblay| iöä„
…r Aitir¹¡maºa§ela Vsel ŸkakRaena ba pYacaena Abóùay …mn …kiF sUQ ó»er rey
igeyeC ŸZ, dâiñgãaHYBaeb ŸkanBaeb† ta ŸbaJa sÝb ny| Aenk ib¯anIr† DarNa,
mHaibSÿ sâiñr smy ibgbYa„ prbàtI muHUàt§elaet ZKn mHajagitk pãsarN (Cosmic
inflation) GeFiCl, tKn Ÿkbl itniF dâiñgãaHY maºa ŸdS kaelr ibó»aer ÷aBaibkBaeb
ibó»ât Het ŸpereC, bakI§ela Ÿkaƒkraena Abóùay Vmaedr dâiñsImar ba†er VnubIQiNk
Vkaer rey ŸgeC|

ikǼ pãSÈ He¬C, ˆperr kTa§ela ŸZ sitY, tar pãmaN ik? Vmedr manet† Heb ŸZ, …r
prIQalØ Ÿkan pãmaN …Kn pàZÇ» pawya Zay in| …r karN He¬C, Vmaedr baó»b dâSYman
ŸZ jg‡ek Vmra icin ta itn maºar| ib¯anIraw bas kern …† baó»b jget†| …gaera
maºar jg‡ Fa ifk ikrkm ta Vmedr kæpnay Ves na| Vmra Ÿta Ca-Ÿpaxa manux, 17
bCr Der iöä„ iney gebxnarrt ib¯anI bãayan gãIn pàZÇ» beln, "Vim …† dS-…gaera
maºar jg‡ek kæpnay ŸcaeKr samen Basaet pair na, Vr Vim …mn kaera ŸdKa pa†in
iZin paern' ( sUºW The Fabric of the Cosmos : Space, Time, and the Texture of Reality ,
Brian Greene )| …† smsYar kareN AiDka„S ŸQeº† …† maºa kæpna krar
bYapariFet §r›tÔ idet inexD kra Hy, br„ bla Hy Vitir¹¡ maºa§elaek smIkreN
"Aitir¹¡ s„KYa' iHeseb icÇ»a kret| ikǼ tarprw kTa ŸTek Zay, …† Aitir¹¡
s„KYa§elaek prIQa ker Zaca† krbar Ÿkan ˆpay VeC ik? …Kn pàZÇ» ta jana Ÿn†|
Vr maºar bYaparFa Ÿta Aenk perr kTa, iöä„ te¹Ôr iBi¹ ŸZ geR ˆefeC iöä„ Ÿk iney
ta Ÿta Ÿkˆ ŸcaeKr samen ŸdeKnin| ta† iöä„ te¹Ôr AiDka„S bYapar sYapar§ela
…Kena t¹ÔkTar meD† sImabÁ| iöä„ t¹Ô Zid kKnw sitY bel pãmaiNtw Hy, tarprw
iöä„Ÿk Ÿkˆ ŸdKet paeb bel men Hy na| iöä„ …r Vkar …tFa† ŸCaF ŸZ, pãtYQ
pàZebQN …eQeº dUraSa maº| ktaFa duraSa ta …kFu ŸbaJar Ÿcña kra Zak| iöä„ Ÿk
ŸdKbar VSa kra AenkFa Vmar …† pâòar ŸlKa pãay 100 Velakbàx dUr ŸTek pRet
parar VSa krar mt| Vsel iöä„ Ÿk ŸdKet Hel Vjekr idenr pãcilt pãZui¹¡r Ÿcey
ŸkaiF ŸkaiF §n Si¹¡SalI ibeSåxnI Qmta ibiSñ Zǽpait lageb| pãtYQ pãmaNjint
…t AsuibDar kareN† Aenk ib¯anI VeCn Zara iöä„ t¹Ôek …Kena pdaàTib¯aenr
VwtaBu¹¡ kret rajI nn, br„ iöä„ t¹Ôek raKet can dàSn w Dàmte¹Ôr raejY| ŸZmn
1969 sael salam …b„ iöeBn Ba†nbaeàgr saeT Zugp‡ Ÿnaebl purïaer BUixt
pdaàTib¯anI Ÿslhn gåaeSa (Sheldon Glashow ) …kiF saQa‡kaer beln -

iöä„ tai¹Ôkedr …kiF suióùt, menaHr …kiF jiFl t¹Ô VeC …b„ Vim Vsel† …iF
buiJ na| mHakeàxr ŸQeº …iF …kiF suióùt ŸkayaÆFam t¹ÔŸk …iF pãkaS kreC, ikǼ
baRit Ÿkan BibxYÃanI Ÿta kreC na| tar maen daRae¬C, prIQa inrIQar maDYem
…iF Zaca† krar ŸZmn bYbóùa Ÿn†, Ÿtmin pàZebQN ker blar ˆpay Ÿn† ŸZ,
"Ÿtamaedr t¹Ô Bul'| kaej† …† t¹Ô inrapd, óùayIBaeb† inrapd| …Kn Vmar
ij¯asa …iF ik stY† iPis¤, naik iPelasiP? (sUºW Viewpoints on String
Theory by Sheldon Glashow
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/elegant/view-glashow.html )

ikǼ iöä„ tai¹Ôkra …† Zui¹¡r ibpeQ ŸjaRaela Zui¹¡ Haijr ker bleCn, pãtYQ pãmaN
CaRaw ìDu peraQ prIQeNr iBi¹et bû t¹Ôek ib¯an gãHn ker ineyeC; ib¯aenr
†itHas AÇ»tW ta† bel| Vsel prmanur Aió»tÔw pãaTimkBaeb ib¯an gãHN keriCl
peraQ pãmaeNr iBi¹et† (ikCu rasaiyink pdaeàTr s„imSãenr Anupat ŸTek, Vr
prbàtIet bãaˆnIy s‚rN ŸTek); Vbar pãaTimkBaeb båYak ŸHaelr Aió»tÔw ib¯an
÷Ikar ker ineyiCl peraQ pàZebQeN, "ŸcaeK ŸdeK' ny| …rkm ˆdaHrN VeC bû|
Ÿslhn gåaeSar sHpafI …b„ sHkàmI Ÿnaebl ibjyI iöeBn Ba†nbaàg bYapariF pirôar
kereCn …Baeb-

Sometimes people say that string theory, because it's unrelated to

any experiment, is no longer science, it's just a kind of a
mysticism. I don't think that's right at all. I think that the string
theorists are trying to accomplish something that will be
recognized if it succeeds in unifying all the forces, but it will be
experimentally verified as well. It won't be experimentally
verified by finding the strings themselves -- by seeing the
one-dimensional little rips in space that we call strings -- but it
will be experimentally verified if it explains the things that are
still mysterious about the physics we know about. It is just a part
of ordinary science. Unfortunately, it's further removed from
observation than most parts of science but not hopelessly
 removed from it.

iöeBn Ba†nbaàg iöä„ tai¹Ôkedr pãit VSabad bY¹¡ ker beln, "iöä„ tai¹Ôkra gainitk
ibmuàttar rHsY ˆdGaFn ker DIer DIer prbàtI bR pdeQepr idek …igey Zae¬Cn| Vr
ŸsFa stY† Kub kifn …kFa kaj| Vim VSa krb tara ŸZn sPl Hy| Vmar men Hy
…peT Agãsr Hey tara sifk kajFa† kreCn, karN …† muHeU t
à iöä„ t¹Ô† pãkiá tr ŠkY
rcnay …kmaº VSar Vela ŸdKae¬C|'

iöä„ te¹Ôr du† pãaNpur›x : k) jn ŸSayaàj K) …hwyaàh ˆ†eFn

iöä„ t¹Ô stY bel pãmaiNt Hel bó¼ jg‡ iney Vmaedr snatn icÇ»a Babna VmUl
palFaet Heb| …et AbSY AsuibDar Ÿtmn Ÿkan karN Ÿn†| Aenk DarNa† Vmra
…Baeb ibiBÊ smey paleFiC| …kFa smy Vmra Babtam ŸZ Ÿkan bó¼r tapmaºa buiJ
Zt †¬Ca kmaena Zay| ikǼ tapgitibdYa (Thermodynamics) Vmaedr iSiKeyeC
ŸZ, brP glar tapmaºar 273 ihgãI nIec namel Vmra prmìnY tapmaºay ŸpOƒeC Za†|
…r nIec tapmaºa Vr kmaena sÝb ny| …† DarNar pãmaN Vmra ŸpeyiC pdaeàTr
VBYÇ»rIN kNasmUeHr inejedr meDY CueFaCuiFr pirmap ŸTek|

smy sÜeÉ Vmaedr pãcilt DarNaw Vmra paliFeyiC …kFa smy| inˆFn smyek prm
bel Babetn| V†nöa†enr VepiQk t¹Ô Vmaedr Ÿs† DarNa bdel Ÿdy|

ŸtminBaeb iöä„ t¹Ô stY pãmaiNt Hel Vmaedr icrecna iºmaiºk jgtek Vmaedr
menr Vyna ŸTek sirey óùan ker idet Heb bûmaiºk jgetr jnY, ìDu ta† na, bó¼
jg‡ek ŸSx pàZÇ» ktk§ela suetar kÚpen pirmap kret Heb| Ÿmen inet Heb ŸZ,
Vmaedr …† suÆdr pâiTbI, Vmedr skelr suK, duWK, VnÆd, kaÊa, Vebg, Balbasa
ik„ba Vmar ŸlKa peR pafekr HtaSa §ela Vsel ikCu† ny - mgejr iBtrkar
rasayink iº¡ya-ibiº¡yar Pl; Vr …† rasaiyink ibiº¡ya GFeC Vsel mgejr
VBYÇ»rIn Anu-prmanu §elar meDY Za VerkFu Q™Å Ÿôel Ÿgel w† †elkFän Vr
Ÿkayaeàk, ŸSx pàZÇ» Za ikna ŸsãP kt§ela suetar kaƒpuin CaRa Vr ikCu ny!

DnYbad.

ib¯aenr ibxey ˆ‡saHI pafekra mu¹¡-mna weyb sa†F

(http://www.mukto-mona.com) ŸTek Vela
Haet cilyaeC VƒDaerr ZaºIr AnYanY pàb §ela peR
ŸdKet paern| ŸZ Ÿkan mtamt
[email protected] ATba
[email protected] … srasir
pafaenar jnY AnueraD kra He¬C|

Part-1 Part-2 Part-3 Part-4 Part-5 Part-6

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