Lect 71

VECTOR

Scalar Quantity:
A quantity which has magnitude but no sense of direction is called scalar quantity (or
scalar), e.g., mass, volume, density, speed etc.

Vector Quantity:
A quantity which has magnitude as well as a sense of direction in space and obey the
laws of vector algebra is called a vector quantity, e.g., velocity, force, displacement etc.

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 KINDS OF VECTORS :
1. Zero or null vector : A vector whose magnitude is zero is called zero or null vector and

it is denoted by 0 or 0 . The initial and terminal points of the directed line segment
representing zero vector are coincident and its direction is arbitrary.

F 2.direction
Unit vector : A vector of unit magnitude is called a unit vector. A unit vector in the
of a is denoted by a . Thus

a Vector a
a= =
| a | Magnitude of a
3
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Note :
(i) a =1

(ii) Unit vectors parallel to x- axis, y- axis and z- axis are denoted by i , j and k
respectively.
(iii) Two unit vectors may not be equal unless they have the same direction.

3. Equal Vectors : Two vectors a and b are said to be equal , if

(a) |a |= |b|
(b) they have the same sense of direction
4. Co-initial vectors: Vectors having same initial point.
5. Free vectors: All such vectors are those which when transformed into space from
one point to another point without affecting their magnitude and direction, can be
considered as equal. i.e. the physical effects produced by them remains unaltered. e.g.
displacement, velocity
6. Localised vectors: e.g. force , different physical effect if line of application is changed.
Note : In mathematics we mainly deal with free vectors.

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ADDITION OF VECTORS :

É
C
Triangle law of addition :
If two vectors are represented by two m
consecutive sides of a triangle then their sum b
a+
is represented by the third side of the triangle c=

T
but in opposite direction. This is known as b
the triangle law of addition of vectors.
a
Thus, if AB = a , BC = b , and AC = c A B

then AB + BC = AC i.e. a b c

E
Converse of triangle law is also true.

TÉ é
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i
Parallelogram Law ofAddition : D
find a
If two vectors are represented by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then their sum
is represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram whose initial point is the same as the
initial point of the given vectors. This is known as parallelogram law of addition of
vectors.
B C
Thus if OA = a , OB = b and OC = c
b
then OA + OB = OC b a +
c =
i.e. a b c
a
O A
POSITION VECTORS :

Let O be fixed point in space, then vector OP (P is any point in

space) is called position vector of point P w.r.t. O. If A and B are A
any two point in space then a 7
B
AB = p.v. of B – p.v. of A = OB OA . 3
O b T
i.e. AB b a
su
Note : Position vector of a point P (x, y, z) in terms of its cartesian coordinate is

OP xi yj zk .

zk
O Y
xi xi+yj

yj
X
MULTIPLICATION OFAVECTOR BYSCALAR :

If a is a vector & m is a scalar, then m a is a vector parallel to a whose modulus is

m | times that of a . This multiplication is called SCALAR MULTIPLICATION. If a & b are
vectors & m, n are scalars, then :
m(a ) (a )m ma
m (n a ) n (m a ) (m n ) a
(m n )a ma na dietane f
m (a b) ma mb seein
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 COLLINEAR VECTORS ORPARALLEL VECTORS :

Vectors which are parallel to the same line are called collinear vectors or parallel vectors.
Such vectors have either same direction or opposite direction. If they have the same
direction they are said to be like vectors, and if they have opposite directions, they are
called unlike vectors.
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c
a o
In the diagram a and c are like vectors whereas a and b are unlike vectors.
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COPLANAR VECTORS :

If the directed line segments of some given vectors are parallel to the same plane then
they are called coplanar vectors. It should be noted that two vectors are always coplanar
but three or more vectors may or may not be coplanar.
 B
SECTIONFORMULAE:
Ifa and b are the position vectors of two points A n
b P
and B, then the position vector c of a point P
dividing AB in the ratio m : n is given by m
c
mb na
c= O A
m n a
Particular Case :
a b
1. Position vector of the mid point of AB is
2
2. If the point P divides AB in the ratio m: n externally, then p.v. of P is given by

mb na
c=
m n
Using section Formulae we can prove that :

1. p.v. of the centroid of a triangle ABC =

3
(Concurrency of medians)

a b c
2. p.v. of incentre of the =
a b c
(Concurrency of internal angle bisectors)

a b c a b c a b c
Excentres of the are ; and
a b c a b c a b c
 sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C
3. p.v. of circumcentre of the =
sin 2A
(Concurrency of perpendicular bisectors of sides)

a tan A b tan B c tan C

4. p.v. of orthocenter of the =
tan A
(Concurrency of altitudes)
 Show that the points A 2 i j k , B i 3 j 5k and C 3i 4 j 4k are the vertices
of a right-angled triangle.

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RELATION BETWEENTWO PARALLELVECTORS :

1. If a and b be two parallel vectors, then there exists a non-zero scalar k such that a = k b
i.e. there exist two non- zero scalar quantities x and y so that x a + y b = 0

2. If a and b be two non-zero non-parallel vectors then x a + y b = 0 x = 0 and y = 0

a 0, b 0
or
3. If x a + y b = 0 x 0, y 0
or
a || b
t 4. If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k then from the property of parallel

y
vector,

we have a || b
a1 a2 a3

Ies
= =
b1 b2 b3
The value of when a = 2 i – 3 j + k and b = 8 i + j + 4 k are parallel is -
(A) 4 (B) – 6 (C) – 12 (D) 1

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If 2 a – 3 b , b and a – b are position vectors of three points A,B and C then they are
(A) Collinear (B) Non- collinear
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(C) Can’t say anything (D) None of these

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Lect 2
VECTOR EQUATION OFASTRAIGHTLINE :

Vector equation of a straight line passing through a given point A( a ) and parallel to a

given vector b:

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 Vector equation of straight line passing through two given point A( a ) and B( b ) :
Let O be the origin. Let the line pass through two given point A and B whose position
vectors referred to O be a and b respectively, then f a
OA = a and OB = b AB = OB – OA = b – a x c5
P

r E cash
A

(a)
B

b (r)
a ay
O
Clearly, the required line passes through A ( a ) and is parallel to the vector ( b – a ).
Hence the vector equation of the required line is,

r a t (b a ) or r (1 t )a t b
Important Note :
(i) Two lines in a plane are either intersecting or parallel conversely two intersecting or
parallel lines must be in the same plane

(ii) However in space we can have two neither parallel nor intersecting lines. Such non
coplanar lines are known as skew lines. If two lines are parallel and have a common
point then they are coincident.

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Find the vector equation of the line through the point 2 i j 3k and parallel to
the vector i 2j k.

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Vector equation of bisectors of angle between two straight lines :
Let OA and OB be the given straight line parallel to unit vectors a and b respectively..
Take the point O as origin, and let Q be a point on the internal bisector of the angle AOB.
From Q draw QR parallel to OA cutting OB at R.

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HI If 2 a – 3 b , b and a –
(A) Collinear
b are position vectors of three points A,B and C then they are
(B) Non- collinear
(C) Can’t say anything (D) None of these

2C D A

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If A (2 i + 3 j ), B (p i + 9 j ) and C ( i – j ) are collinear, then the value of p is-
(A) 1/2 (B) 3/2 (C) 7/2 (D) 5/2

AB X BT
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PRODUCT OF VECTORS :
Product of two vectors is done by two methods when the product of two vectors results
in a scalar quantity then it is called scalar product. It is also called as dot product because
this product is represented by putting a dot.
When the product of two vectors results in a vector quantity then this product is called
Vector Product. This product is represented by (x) sign so that it is also called as cross
product.

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Scalar or dot product of two vectors :

Definition : If a and b are two vectors and be the angle between their tails or heads,

then their scalar product (or dot product) is defined as the number | a | | b | cos where | a |

and | b | are modulii of a and b respectively and 0 . It is denoted by a . b . Thus

a . b = | a | | b| cos

b
b

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Geometrical Interpretation :
Geometrically, the scalar product of two vectors is equal to the product of the magnitude of

one and the projection of second in the direction of first vector i.e. a . b = | a | (| b | cos )
= | a | (projection of b in the direction of a )
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= |b| (projection of a in the direction of b )
a
| b | cos
a .b
Here projection of b on a =

a .b
|a|
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Angle between two vectors in terms of components :

If a and b be two vectors such that a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k

and be the angle between them, then

me
a1b1 a 2 b 2 a 3b 3
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1 1

Note : If a and b are perpendicular to each other then a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 = 0

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If angle between a and b is 120º and their magnitudes are respectively 2 and 3,
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Determine the values of c such that for all x (real) the vectors cxi 6 j 3k and
xi 2j 2cx k make an obtuse angle with each other..

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find |a b c | when the angle between b and c is /3.

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b
= OM a = ( b cos ) a

ab cos (a . b ) (a . b ) O
= a= a = .a M a
a a2 | a |2 | b | cos

2. Component perpendicular to a = ON
b = ON OM ON b OM
(a . b )
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a2
FE Find the vector components of a vector 2i 3 j 6 k along and perpendicular to
as
non-zero vector 2i j 2k .
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B(2, 3, 4) and C(–1, 1, –2).

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UseLinearyCombination of Vectors :
A vector r is said to be a linear combination of the vectors a , b , c ......
if scalars x,y,z, ......... such that r xa yb zc ..........

Theorem in plane :
If a and b are two non zero non collinear vetors
a
then any vector r coplanar with them can be
expressed as a linear combination xa r
r xa yb . (Explain using a sketch)
yb b
EE
Arc AC of the quadrant of a circle with centre as origin
and radius unity subtends a right angle at the origin.
Point B divides the arc

AC in the ratio 1 : 2. Express the vector c in terms of a and b .

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Lect Y
VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS :
Definition :
If a and b be two vectors and (0 ) be the angle between them, then their vector
(or cross) product is defined to be a vector whose magnitude is ab sin and whose
direction is perpendicular to the plane of a and b such that a , b and a x b form a right
handed system.
a × b = | a | | b | sin n a ×b

I
Where n is a unit vector
a
perpendicular to the plane of a and
b such that a , b and n form a b
right handed system. a
Properties of Vector Product :
1. In general, a b b a . In fact a b b a .
2. For scalar m, ma b m( a b ) a m b . a ×b
B I
^
n b

3. a (b c ) a b a c
Ty
A
O a

4. If a | | b then = 0 or a b 0 (but a b 0 a 0 or b 0 or

a || b ). In particular a a

5. If a
0.

b then a b = | a | | b | n (or | a b | | a | | b | )
If
 ^j
6. i i j j k k 0 and i j k , j k i and
k i j (use cyclic system) k^

a b
7. Unit vector perpendicular to a and b is given by
|a b | ^i

|a b |
8. If is angle between a and b then sin
| a || b |
9. If a a1i a 2 j a 3k and b b1i b 2 j b3k then

i j k
a b a1 a 2 a 3 = (a2b3 – a3b2) i + (a3b1 – a1b3) j + (a1b2 – a2b1) k
b1 b 2 b3
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Geometrical interpretation of vector product :
Final
The vector product of the vectors a and b represents a D
C
vector whose modulus is equal to the area of the parallelogram b
b sin
whose two adjacent sides are represented by a and b .
A a B

Area of parallelogram = base × height = ab sin = a b

1
Area of quadraliteral if its diagonal vectors are d1 & d 2 is given by = d1 d 2
2
Area of a triangle : I a x co ay

1. Area of triangleABC =
1
2
J
ab sin =
1
2
1
a b = | AB × AC |
2
A

a b
2. If a , b , c are position vectors of vertices of a ABC then its B C
1
Area = |( a × b ) + ( b × c ) + ( c × a )| (think !)
2

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INTERPRETATION OFVECTOR PRODUCTASVECTORAREA:
1. Vector area of plane figures :
With every closed bound surface which has been described in a certain specific manner
and whose boundaries do not cross, it is possible to associate a directed line segment c
such that

(i) | c | = no. of units of area enclosed by the plane figure

(ii) The support of c is perpendicular to the area and
(iii) The sense of description of the boundaries and the direction of c is in accordance
with the R.H.
Note :
(i) If 3 points with position vectors a , b and c are collinear then

a b b c c a =0

(ii) Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of the ABC when a , b, c are the p.v. of its

a b b c c a
angular point is n , where a , b, c are the position vectors
2
of the angular points of the triangle ABC.
2. Vector area of a plane (Triangle) :
1
Vector area of OAB is (a b )
2
If a , b , c are the position vectors then the
vector area of ABC is
1
( c b ) (a b )
2
1
(a b ) ( b c ) ( c a )
2
(iii) Vector Area of a quadrilateral ABCD = Vector area of ABC + vector area of ACD

1 1
AB AC AC AD
2 2
C
1 1 D
AB AC AD AC AB AD AC
2 2
1 1
AB DA AC DB AC A
2 2 B

Area of ABCD =
1 1
DB AC = AC BD
II dit di
2 2
EI If a = 2 i + 2 j – k and b = 6 i – 3 j + 2 k then a × b equals

(A) 2 i – 2 j –k (B) i – 10 j – 18 k

(C) i + j +k (D) 6 i – 3 j + 2k

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 a 1
EeIf angle between i – 2 j + 3 k and 2 i + j + k is then sin equals-

(A) 5/ 7 (B) 5/21 (C) 5/2 7 (D) 3/ 14

Fino fÉYt ax5 sit sitti

o c its k
5537
IT Ey
 Find the area of a parallelogram whose two adjacent sides are represented by

a = 3 i + j + 2 k and b = 2 i – 2 j + 4 k .

Ana I a xD I
Using vector method, show that the points A(2, –1, 3), B(4, 3, 1) and C(3, 1, 2) are
collinear.
a 5 E
AB X BT p

f
É find the egn of line passing through
1 211 tr to P it 25 31
a q 3 it 4 it 51W D Ex E

Any F I 2 1 TX 2,4 2
a t 5

FEI Fa 3 points A a BC 5 C ee
a xD let il
b X E 1 o o
ex at a 1,0 find CTX EB
And it is

ÉÉÉÉEI
th y a 2,011 51 111,1 2 41 3,7

A Ext E 55 ÉÉÉ o find F

LI

F
Ex5 o_ Eta 51

i e
 5 5 Ex 5 0

F D X 5 0

F E a 5
F E X 5

a 5 é me Colm
a x b t 5 x Et Exa o
d

51 tf 5 x
catty
Fiasco Fi
Cat Xb X cat 5 0
Eg find If at 5 815
a ta 5 one collinear
5 x co 5
tf a tab

fed 5 X at 5 0
0 0

HER

PT
85 0
2
51
fax 5

of a x b
Bea 515
tax b
Lca x h
 a 1,412 5
of 3 217
E 2 114

find a recta to to a 5
I E F 15

SOI FI X EX 5
I X 32 1 14

F E is a
Hz

ÉÉ OAT at OB to a 25 07 5
where o Atone nm Collines
H Pe Ar of quadrilateral OABC
I 9 Ar 19m with OA doc ax
of cost 7110in
adj sides
of p aa i a
F
3
P 11 I xd
Any 7 6
Icefall
 Find
(i) A vector of magnitude 6 perpendicular to the plane ABC
(ii) Area of triangle ABC
(iii) Length of the altitude from A (AB = AC = 11 )

And G 256
C R2it ME
 Xb
ait
j

I
Shortest distance between 2 lines :
Note :
(i) 2 lines in a plane if not | | must intersect and 2 lines in a plane if not intersecting must be
parallel. Convertely 2 intersecting or parallel lines must be coplanar.

(ii) In space, however we come across situation when two lines neither intersect nor | | ,
Two such lines (like the flight paths of two planes) in space are known as skew lines or
non coplanar lines.

(iii) S.D. between two such skew lines is the segment intercepted betweeen the two lines
and perpendicular to both.
 I
HITE
A
IT
d
Kati
BEI.FI katasI
IE AB Jai XP

af
ACIget
detail since
gig 3
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45

HIIIII
i AT D E
If
Find the shortest distance between the two lines whose vector equations are given by :

r i 2 j 3 k + ( 2i 3 j 4 k ) and r = 2i 4 j 5 k + ( 3i 4 j 5k )

Fattiest
E P'X it 35 4
ID X 3 it UT TR
fit ai Ry

T.IE f III ft
 diet b w

TI 1,012 T X 31111

J 210,0 X 612,2

F Clio y x 31111

AB It 3M
ti M M 2

A ii D
3 9 u th ta 2 0 a M 1
11

AT 4 4 331
d ABT 64 1
J
529
I 21
if
Determine whether the following pair of lines intersect r i j + ( 2i k ) and
r = 2i j + (i j k ).
 axked in Exam

it A

C 4,316

find dextance
by ABLE

t
fatal
ÉI
PRODUCTOFTHREEOR MORE VECTORS:
Scalar triple product :
ax5
Definition : If a , b , c are three vectors, then their scalar triple product is defined as the dot
product of two vectors a and b × c . It is generally denoted by a . ( b × c ) or [ a b c ]. It is
read as box product of a , b , c . Similarly other scalar triple products can be defined as
( b × c ). a , ( c × a ). b.
dong
Eiji
Note : Scalar triple product always results in a scalar quantity (number).

a
Ces fan 5sing is
y
ta 19 Il 1 Sind Of
 h u ads
Geometrical Interpretation : I wi I E
(a b) . c = | a | | b | sin n . c = | a | | b | | c | sin cos where a^b ;
n^c
but | a | | b | sin = area of | |gm OACB and | c | cos = h

Eryn
op

Fte vomoft te
There absolute value of scalar triple product of three vectors is equal to the volume of the
parallelopiped whose three coterminous edges are represented by the given vectors.

Therefore (a b) ·c [a b c ]
= Volume of the parallelopiped whose coterminous edges are a , b and c.
 Formula for scalar Triple Product :

If a = a1i + a2j + a3k, b = b1i + b2j + b3k and c =c1i + c2j + c3k, then
a1 a 2 a3
b b2
[ a b c] = 1
c1 c 2
2
b3
c3

a
iii a a
to
I c
ed axs E at 15 Sino e conf
Properties of Scalar Triple product :

1. The position of (.) and (×) can be interchanged i.e. a . ( b x× c ) = ( a x× b ) . c

a
a
2. [ a b c ] = [ b c a ] = [ c a b ]

I
Therefore if we don’t change the cyclic order of a, b and c then the value of scalar triple
product is not changed.
DC
3. If the cyclic order of vectors is changed, then sign of scalar triple product is changed i.e.

a . [ b × c ] = – a . ( c × b ) or [ a b c ] = – [ a c b ]
From (ii) and (iii) we have
bae
[a b c ] = [ b c a ] = [ c a b] = – [ a c b] = – [ b a c ] = – [ c b a ]
Ising
4. The scalar triple product of three vectors when two of them are equal or parallel, is zero

i.e. [ a b b ] = [ a b a ] = 0 (think !)
5. The scalar triple product of three mutually perpendicular unit vectors is ±1 Thus

[ i j k ] = 1, [ i k j ] = – 1

6. If two of the three vectors a , b , c are parallel then [ a b c ] = 0

7. a , b , c are three coplanar vectors if [ a b c ] = 0 i.e. the necessary and sufficient
Ét
condition for three non-zero non-collinear vectors to be coplanar is

[a b c] = 0
8. For any vectors a , b , c , d [ a + b c d] = [ a c d] + [ b c d]

9. For right handed system, [a b c ] 0 and for left handed system, [a b c ] 0 ;

where a , b , c are non- coplanar

5x4tcg.ca
10. [ a b,b c,c a ] 2 [a b c ]

22051
11. [ a b b c c a ] is always zero.

l .a l . b l . c
12. [l m n ] [ a b c ] = m. a m.b m.c , where l , m, n & a , b, c are non coplanar
n.a n.b n.c
vectors.

a 5,5 Copley
EH0
HE can PEETA 32 Cz

I
aint b c Eo
existed p.a q.a a
13. [a b c] ( p q ) = p.b q.b b

É
p.c q.c c
14. If a = a1 + a2m + a3n, b = b1 + b2 m + b3 n and c = c1 + c2m + c3n, then

a1 a 2 a3
b b2
[a b c ]= 1
b3 [ mn]
c1 c 2 c3

I b i he b
If a 2i 3 j , b i j k and c 3 i k represent three coterminous edges of a
parallelopiped, then the volume of that parallelopiped is-
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 10

v a 5 E 2 3 0
I l l C 1 31 1 3
3 o
Y
For any three vectors a , b , c [ a + b , b + c , c + a ] equals-
(A) [ a b c] (B) 2 [ a b c] (C) [ a b c ] 2 (D) 0

tr to

Effy
ein also

and
FE If a , b , c be three non- zero vectors, then |( a × b ). c | = | a | | b | | c |, if -
a. b = b. c = 0 b. c = c . a = 0

I
(A) (B)

(C) c . a = a. b = 0 (D) a. b = b. c = c . a = 0

19113114
Callbising 4601
I Y Y
a5 0 0 1
If vectors a i j k, i b j k and i j c k ( a b c 1) are coplanar,, then
1 1 1
+ + equals-
1 a 1 b 1 c
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) – 1 (D) None of these

pit
VOLUMEOFTETRAHEDRON:
1. If a , b , c are position vectors of vertices A, B and C with respect to O, then volume of
tetrahedron OABC represented by V is given by
1 O
V= Base area × height
3
1
Base Area = a b b c c a
2 A( a ) C( c )
Let a b b c c a n
1 B( b )
Base area = n
2
Height = projection of a on n
a ·n a· a b b c c a [a b c ]
= = =
n n n
aÉ

1 1 [a b c ] 1
V= · n = [ a b c]
3 2 n 6
2. If a , b , c , d are position vectors of vertices A,B,C,D of a tetrahedron ABCD, then

1
| AB AC AD |
6
its volume = or
1
[b a c a d a ]
6
If the vertices of any tetrahedron be a j 2k , b 3i k , c 4i 3 j 6k

and d 2i 3 j 2 k then find its volume.

3 I I
I 4 2 44 f 31 8 1 81 1141 6
2 2 0
Q.1 Find the value of p for which the vectors (p 1)i 3 j pk ; p i ( p 1) j 3k
and 3i pj ( p 1) k are linearly dependent/coplanar .
Q.2 Show that the lines R R0 tA and R R i sB intersect if
(R 0 R i )·(A B) = 0 i.e. [R 0 A B] = [R i A B] .
Q.3 If u 2i j k ; v i j k and w is a unit vector then find the maximum
value of [ u v w ] .

Answer key
Q.1 p=1 Q.3 [ u v w ] max = 14 ]
Sof 21
2 liner intersect then
I me co planer
they
B lie in Same
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Ta b I
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find 27354284457 37 585 27

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 VECTOR TRIPLEPRODUCT: x a
Definition : The vector triple product of three vectors a , b , c is defined as the vector

product of two vectors a and b c . It is denoted by a (b c) .

a x
I
EI a
plane of is a e IFT
EE 5 5 E 0
95 Gita
 Properties :
1. Expansion formula for vector triple product is given by
a ( b c ) (a . c ) b (a . b) c
(b c) a (b . a ) c (c . a ) b .
a.a a.b a.c
= [a b c]2 = b.a b.b b.c
I 2. [a b b c c a ] c.a c.b c.c
Note that if a , b , c are non coplanar vectors then a b , b c and c a will also be
non coplanar vectors.
3. Vector triple product is a vector quantity.
4. a (b c) (a b) c
( a b) c
6. Unit vector coplanar with a & b and perpendicular to c is ±
| (a b ) c |
 coxa

5 5 5 a
ex
fam
a

a my J coxa
t II a
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I 5 5 5
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boy
a 5 EJ Jia O

Casey
 Ea unit vector
II i (j
(A) i
yk)+ j
(B)
(k
j
i)+k (i
(C) k
j ) equals-
(D) 0
co
plane with
a I 5 I tr to
o t o to O
E
 Let a , b , c such that | a | = 1, | b | = 1 and | c | = 2 and if a × ( a × c ) + b = 0 then

o
a and c is -
acute angle between

(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these

3 4 6

E 5 0
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26rad
Teesta Et
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GED1512 1
4
46204
4.60

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4620 8620 3
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axis II
 l Ii I

My
Let a = 2i j 2 k and b = i j if vector c is such that
s
a . c = | c |, | c a | = 2 2 and angle between (a × b) and c is the 30º then

EEE EEE
|( a b ) c | is equal to -
Éy
2 3
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D) 3
3 2

let ta ago É
IÉ 214 1 0 CC1 O
 Itchy
and I if I

1 Eel 14,1 Ex

Lshoutout distance
Collins v e ch n
co
planevector
ii

scalar product

Ang Attn use

vector product Istana
s T P to
Get cut
trip I
Scalar Product of four Vector :
a .c a .d
(I) (a b ) . ( c d ) = (a . c ) ( b . d ) (a . d ) ( b . c ) =
b . c b .d

Proof : (a b) ·(c d ) = u ·( c × d ) = ( u × c )· d (Dot & cross are interchangeable in

STP) u

a ·c a ·d
(a b) c ·d = (a c )b (b c ) a ·d = (a c )( b d ) ( b c )(a d ) =
b ·c b ·d

2
a ·a a ·b
(a b) ·(a b) = (a b) = a ·b b ·b = ( a )2 ( b )2 = ( a · b )2 which is lagrange's
identity.
F aTa
 Fie É

0
5
a
g
F F
afo cItz5
ieaiy d

.antb.y
t.cz d O

T Ia hi 4
aid
x
uh 3 3U Y L t t 2 t1 0

400
j
5 13
 1
Prove that acute angle between the two plane faces of a regular tetrahedron is cos–1 .
3
ABI Ti I'X E Aco
I EX at
Act
of
aol.EE Is
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go
to G s
151 1E III
a
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t
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5x
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EE
5a E a 5E I
Vector Product of Four Vector :
V (a b ) ( c d ) = u ( c d ) It
= [a b d ] c
[a b c] d ....(1) (where u a b )

again V = (a b) ( c d ) = (a . v) b ( b.v) a = [a c d ] b [b c d ] a ....(2)

V
from (1) and (2)[ a b d ] c [ a b c ] d = [a c d ] b [ b c d ] a ....(3)
Note that (a b ) ( c d ) = 0 planes containing the vectors a & b and c & d are
parallel.
|||ly ( a b ) ( c d ) = 0 the two planes are perpendicular..
(i) Equation (3) is suggestive that if a , b, c, d are four vectors no 3 three of them are
coplanar then each one of them can be expressed as a linear combination of other.
(ii) If a , b, c, d are p.v.’s of four points then these four points are in the same plane if
[ a b d ] [a b c ] [a c d ] [ b c d ]
E If a , b , c are three vectors such that a × b = c , b × c = a , then
(A) | b | = 1, | c | = | a | (B) | c | = 1, | a | = | b |

(C) | b | = 2, | c | = 2| a | (D) | a | = 1, | b | = | c |

G 5 c 9.572 125
 Q.1 Prove : d.[a {b ( c d )}] = ( b . d ) [a c d ]

Q.2 Prove that : (a b ) ( c d ) (a c ) (d b ) ( a d ) ( b c ) 2 [b c d] a

1
of
Q.3 If a ( b c)
2
b where b and c are non collinear then find the angle between

a and b ; between a and c .

Q.4 Prove that i ( a i ) j ( a j) k ( a k ) 2 a

Answer key

Q.3 /2 ; /3
Cad 5 5 E IS
 a I I a5
4 0

I I Gn 0 11 62 0
12
600 2 500
0
b w anti Go b w a 45 500

a a it ait agr
4
fist I a is

fi it J
IE i a
G
a a

To Gia I d

3 E
Canitaita
20ft
Condition for coplanarity of four points :

T
4 points with pv’s a , b, c, d are coplanar iff scalars x, y, z and t not all simultaneously

zero and satisfying xa yb zc td 0 where x + y + z + t = 0.

Case I : Let the four points A, B, C, D are in the same plane

the vectors b a , c a and d a are in the same plane.

hence d a = l (b a ) m(c a )
or (l m 1) a – l b – m c + 1 d = 0
x y z t
TAB AT ATF
xa yb zc td 0 where, x + y + z + t = 0 and x, y, z, t not all simultaneous zero.
Case II : Let x a y b z c t d 0 where x + y + z + t = 0 and not all simultaneously no 7520
zero
Let t 0 ( y z t) a y b z c t d 0 [ putting x = – y – z – t ]
(d a ) t y ( b a ) z ( c a ) 0
d a , b a and c a are coplanar points A, B, C, D are coplanar
4
ITheorem in space :
If a , b, c are 3 non zero non coplanar vectors then any vector r
expressed as a linear combination :
can be
I
r x a y b z c of a , b, c
a
 Ex Express the non coplanar vectors a , b, c in terms of b c, c a , a b.

SI I u Ix c y Eta zÉax5
dot with at a lake near E in
Egg
dotwth 5 aD YE a 5 E
dotwth E aE a5E
5 9 as
a
Cobi ftp.ycixa Case
Real definition of linearly independence :
If V1 , V2 ,.........Vn are vectors and 1 , 2 ,......... n are scalar and if the linear
combination

1V1 2 V2 ........ n Vn 0 , necessarily implies 1= 2 = ....... n = 0, we say that

V1 , V2 ,.........Vn are said to constitutes a linearly independent set of vectors.

Note:

ait
(i) 2 non zero , non collinear vectors are linearly independent.
(ii) Three non zero , non coplanar vectors are linearly independent
n j t Ck
i.e. [a b c ] 0 a , b , c are linearly independent.

(iii) Four or more vectors in 3D space are always linearly dependent.

G a it b It G
O
 IF

25
35741
ait
hitch
2 it 3 It UR O

a 2 0 b 3 0 04 0
It
5
g at 80
Reciprocal system of vectors : not in syllabus
1. If a , b , c and a ' , b ' , c ' are 2 sets of non coplanar vectors such that
a .a ' b. b ' c. c ' = 1 and a .b ' a .c ' = b.a ' b.c' = c.a ' c.b' = 0 , then a , b , c
and a ' , b ' , c ' are said to be constitute a reciprocal system of vectors.

E
2. Reciprocal system of vectors exists only in case of dot product.
3. It is possible to define a ' , b ' , c ' in terms of a , b , c as.

b c c a a b
a' ; b' ; c' [a bc] 0
[a b c ] [a b c ] [a b c ]

a 5E d a b'C I
a ax 5
 L J
Note:
a ( b c ) b ( c a ) c (a b)
(i) a a ' b b' c c' 0 i. e.
[ a b c]
(ii) (a b c).(a ' b' c' ) 3 (as a ·b a ·c 0 etc)
1
(iii) If [a b c ] V then [a ' b' c' ] [ a b c ] [a ' b ' c ' ] = 1
v
a b c
(iv) a ' b ' b ' c ' c ' a ' = , [a b c ] 0
[a b c ]
Isolating an known vectors
Satisfying a given relationship with some known vectors:
There is no general method for solving such equations, however dot or cross with known
or unknown vectors or dot with a b , generally isolates the unknown vector. Use of
linear combination also proves to be advantageous.
 E i 5 E
o
a I I I Fib O
dE 20

D 5
X
9
if
a
Casey
d at E

d
É ge
 I
Ex I
Find vector r if r · a = m and r × b = c , where a . b 0.

Fx 5
Costa a
ex at
F'x 5 x at
55 T 25
ex a
TC Exod
F
G Solve the following simultaneous equations for

b and x . a 1
x and y :
x y a, x y
 fa 5 E

G i 5 f c E f E É
22 L EXE
K 12
Take mod 2 k

5xE
Ep greet
us a 5 18 51
Em e i ji

1
64 9 49 22
2 3 1
I
 E 5 5 1
d bx bye
E 5 ibid
a
E
I E i fa e
15T
I Faget

IE E E'd
K ex 51
Ex A line via i Y R veto
i 25 219 dint of 5,01 4

fin the line

F i 2 1 X 1 2,2 p 51054

4 r
FBI 4 2 2 3
B i 2,2

1 2 2 p yep z 2x 1 4

4 4 4 6 0

a 43

ABT 33 4 2 2143 2
431 3

IAB X V
 HI
idk ICabey
CG z

15515
tffefenof base
v

56
3141