AGMA 914- B04

{Revision of AGMA 299.01)

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Gear Sound Manual 

 Part I - Fundamentals of Sound as Related to Gears

 Part II - Sources, Specifications and Levels of Gear Sound 

 Part III - Gear Noise Control 
    4
    0
    B
  -
    4
    1
    9
    A
    M
    G
    A

AGMA INFORMATION SHEET

(This Information Sheet is NOT an AG MA Standa rd)
 

American Gear Sound Manual

Part I -- Fundamentals of Sound as Related to Gears
Gear
Part II -- Sources, Specifications and Levels of Gear Sound
Manufacturers Part III -- Gear Noise Control
Association AGMA 914--B04
[Revision of AGMA 299.01]
CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA technical publications are subject to constant improvement,
revision or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMA
technical publication should be sure that the publication is the latest available from the As-
sociation on the subject matter.
[Tables or other self--supporting sections may be referenced. Citations should read: See
AGMA 914--B04, Gear Sound Manual: Part I -- Fundamentals of Sound as Related to 
Gears; Part II -- Sources, Specifications and Levels of Gear Sound; Part III -- Gear Noise 
Control, published by the American Gear Manufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery
Street, Suite 350, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, http://www.agma.org.]
Approved March 4, 2004

ABSTRACT
Noise measurement and control on gear driven equipment is dependent upon the individual characteristics of
the prime mover, gear unit and driven machine, as well as their combined effects as a system in a particular
acoustical environment.
Because of the wide variation of gear driven systems and acoustical environments, this manual attempts to
indicate certain areas where special considerations might be necessary, and must be agreed upon between
purchaser and the gear manufacturer, when discussing gear sounds.
The information is arranged in three parts. Part I presents the fundamentals necessary to understand sound as
related to gears. Part II describes the sources, specifications and levels of gear sound. Reduction or control of
noise, as addressed in Part III, requires attention to connecting equipment and the acoustical environment, as
well as the gear unit.
Published by

American Gear Manufacturers Association

500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria, Virginia 22314
Copyright © 2004 by American Gear Manufacturers Association
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic
retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN: 1--55589--820--3

ii
 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Part I -- Fundamentals of Sound as Related to Gears
1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Symbols and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.4 What is sound? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5 Description of sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.6 Sound or noise? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7 Generation of sound in gear units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.8 Sound transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.9 Noise control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Part II -- Sources, Specifications and Levels of Gear Sound
2.1 Gear sound sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Sound spectrum experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3 Specification and standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 Gear system sound levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Part III -- Gear Noise Control
3.1 Source noise control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2 Gear design noise control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3 Gear housing noise control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4 Bearing noise control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.5 Shaft and hub design noise control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.6 Lubrication noise control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.7 Noise control with system analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.8 Noise of gear unit accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.9 Noise control in the transmission path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.10 Noise control materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.11 Total enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.12 Control summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Figures
1--1 Sound wave forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1--2 Frequency responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1--3 Typical A--weighted sound levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1--4 Calculation for expected sound level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1-- 5 Chart for combining levels of uncorrelated noise signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2--1 Sound pressure level vs. frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2--2 Triple reduction gear motor frequency analysis 3600 rpm input, ratio -
45 to 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2-- 3 Gear noise analysis by constant-- bandwidth, 10 Hz filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2--4 Unfiltered sound measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2--5 Fast Fourier Transform analysis of sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2--6 Waterfall analysis of gear unit sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2--7 Sound test microphone position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2--8 AGMA typical maximum and average sound pressure level vs. high speed
mesh pitch line velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2--9 AGMA typical maximum and average sound pressure level vs. catalog
power rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved iii

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

2--10 Sound pressure level vs. pitch line velocity taken 3 feet from housing . . . . 22
2--11 Change in dBA sound pressure level relative to that at 1750 rpm ( ! LPA)
vs. input speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2--12 Sound pressure level vs. worm speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2--13 Change in dBA sound pressure level relative to that at no load (! LPA)
vs.  P / Pat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2--14 Change in dBA sound pressure level relative to that at no load (! LPA)
vs.  P / PR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2--15 Sound pressure level vs. center distance -- taken 5 feet from housing . . . . 25
3--1 Contact of helical gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3--2 Contact of spur gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3--3 Variation of length of contact lines/face ratio with face width . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3--4 Tip relief on gear teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3--5 Sound transmission paths for gear unit in typical installation . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3 - 6 Noise attenuating devices in gear unit surroundings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3--7 Effect of noise attenuating devices in gear unit surroundings -- octave
band results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3--8 Sound transmission paths for gear unit with vibration isolators and
total enclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Tables
1--1 Symbols and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1--2 Center and approximate cut--off frequencies for standard set of
contiguous--octave and one--third--octave bands covering audio
frequency range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2--1 Common sources of airborne and structure--borne sounds generated in
gear drive systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2--2 Occupational noise exposure -- OSHA Regulation (Standard 29 CFR) . . . . 18
2--3 ANSI noise specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2--4 International standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2--5 No twist steel rod mills “A” weighted sound levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3--1 Considerations for noise control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

iv   © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

Foreword
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for
informational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of AGMA Information
Sheet 914--B04, Gear Sound Manual: Part I -- Fundamentals of Sound as Related to Gears; 
Part II -- Sources, Specifications and Levels of Gear Sound; Part III -- Gear Noise Control.]

Concern with industrial noise created a need for a sound standard on all types of products.
Noise measurement, control and attenuation on gear driven equipment is dependent upon
the individual characteristics of the prime mover, gear unit, and driven machine -- as well as
their combined effects as a system in a particular acoustical environment.
Proper assessment of these considerations is essential for realistic determination of
acoustic values. The knowledge and judgment required to properly evaluate the various
factors comes primarily fromyears of accumulated experiencein designing, manufacturing,
and operating gear units. For this reason, the detailed treatment of the testing and resultant
conclusions for specific product applications is best accomplished by experts in the field.
The complexity makes most sound standards difficult to apply or interpret properly. The
AGMA Acoustical Technology Committee developed the  Gear Sound Manual   299.01 to
provide improved communication between project engineers, gear manufacturer, and user
in the areas of   Fundamentals of Sound as Related To Gears   (Part I),   Sources,
Specifications and Levels of Gear Sound   (Part II), and Gear Noise Control  (Part III).
This Information Sheet was originally issued as three separate documents: AGMA 299.01,
Section I, Fundamentals of Sound as Related to Gears ; AGMA 299.01, Section II, Sources,
Specifications and Levels of Gear Sound ; and AGMA 299.01 Section III,   Gear Noise 
Contro l. Section I was approved by the membership in January 1978, Section II was
approved in October 1978, and Section III was approved in October 1978. Combining the
three entitled, AGMA SOUND MANUAL, was approved by the AGMA Technical Division
Executive Committee in October 1987.
The first draft of AGMA 914--B04 was made in November, 2002. It combines all three parts
into one document with three clauses, updates references, and adds a subclause on Fast
Fourier Transform analysis. It was approved by the AGMA membership in March, 2004.
Suggestions for improvement of this document will be welcome. They should be sent to the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314.

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved v

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

PERSONNEL of the AGMA Sound and Vibration Committee

Chairman: Darwin D. Behlke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Twin Disc, Incorporated

Vice Chairman: Richard A. Schunck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Falk Corporation

ACTIVE MEMBERS

J.B. Amendola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAAG Gear AG

L. Lloyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lufkin Industries, Inc.
J.J. Luz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Electric Company
J.L. Radovich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Davis--Standard
J.R. Sears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Motors Corporation

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS

E.J. Bodensieck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bodensieck Engineering Company

D.L. Borden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.L. Borden, Inc.
F. Choy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . University of Akron
D. Coffey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Motors Corporation
D.R. Houser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ohio State University
A.J. Lemanski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penn State University
J.V. Lisiecki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Falk Corporation
W.D. Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penn State University
H. Minasian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stoneridge Control Devices, Inc.
G.W. Nagorny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nagorny & Associates
D. Palmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pittsburgh Gear Company
E.I. Rivin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wayne State University
D.C. Root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Otis Elevator Company
F.A. Thoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F.A. Thoma, Inc.
A. von Graefe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAAG Gear AG
B. Ward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recovery Systems, LLC

vi   © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04 Part 1

American Gear Manufacturers between purchaser and gear manufacturer when

discussing gear sounds.
Association --

1.2 References
Gear Sound Manual:
The following standards contain provisions which
Part I -- Fundamentals of are referenced in the text of this information sheet.
At the time of publication, the editions indicated were
Sound as Related to valid.

Gears AGMA 913--A98,   Effect of Lubrication on Gear 

Surface Distress 
ANSI/AGMA 1012--F90,   Gear Nomenclature,
Definitions Of Terms With Symbols 
ANSI/AGMA 6025--D98, Sound for Enclosed Heli- 
cal, Herringbone and Spiral Bevel Gear Drives 
1.1 Scope

1.3 Symbols and definitions

The purpose of this manual is to establish a common
base for communications pertaining to various types
The terms used, wherever applicable, conform to
of gear units in differing applications and to encour-
ANSI/AGMA 1012--F90.
age the maximum practical degree to uniformity and
consistency between sound measurement practices NOTE:  The symbols and definitions used in this stan-
within the gear industry. dard may differ from other AGMA standards. The user
should not assume that familiar symbols can be used
Because of the wide variation of gear driven systems without a careful study of their definitions.
and acoustical environments, this manual attempts The symbols and terms, along with the clause
to indicate certain areas where special consider- numbers where they are first discussed, are listed in
ations might be necessary and must be agreed upon alphabetical order by symbol in table 1--1.

Table 1--1 -- Symbols and definitions

  First
Symbol Definition Units
referenced
ai   Sound pressure level from a single source or octave dB Eq 1.5
 f    Frequency Hz Eq 1.1
 Lp   Sound pressure level dB 1.5.2.1
 Lw   Sound power level dB 1.5.2.2
 N    Number of single levels investigated ---- Eq 1.5
 p   Sound pressure being measured   mN/m2 Eq 1.2
 po   Sound pressure, reference   mN/m2 Eq 1.2
v   Velocity -- -- Eq 1.1
W    Sound power picowatt 1.5.2.2
W o   Sound power reference picowatt 1.5.2.2
"   Wavelength -- -- Eq 1.1

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 1

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

1.4 What is sound? where

"   is wavelength;
Sound can be defined as the variations in pressure, v   is velocity;
stress, or particle displacement of a medium, or the
 f    is frequency.
sensation of hearing resulting from these variations.
These variations propagate through the medium to a 1.4.5 Waveform
receiver (ear, pick--up, transducer, etc.). Therefore, Waveform defines the type of sound wave, i.e.,
there are three elements of sound: source, transmit- whether the wave is simple (sinusoidal), complex
ting medium and receiver. deterministic (periodic), or a complex random wave
When an object vibrates, a disturbance is caused in consisting of multiple frequencies, harmonics, ran-
the surrounding medium. This disturbance causes a dom pulses, etc. See figure 1--1.
pressure oscillation, which travels through the
medium to the receiver, where it is transformed back
into a vibration. This receiver may either cause an 1.5 Description of sound
auditory sensation or excite some type of read--out
instrumentation. 1.5.1 Description

Thetransmission of pressure variations is referred to Sound is commonly measured or described by one

as a sound wave. A sound wave has the following or more of the following characteristics:
basic characteristics: Level
-- amplitude; -- sound pressure level;

-- frequency; -- sound power level.

-- velocity; Frequency content

-- wavelength; -- A, B, and C weighing networks;

-- octave and 1/3 octave band filters;
-- waveform.
-- narrow band filters.
1.4.1 Amplitude
Descriptive properties
Amplitude is the amount of variation in the pressure
-- sound intensity;
reading of the medium, relative to a standard
reference pressure. Amplitude determines the ener- -- loudness;
gy level or strength of thesound, normally expressed -- pitch;
in terms of a decibel level. -- tone;
1.4.2 Frequency -- directivity.
Frequency is the number of variations in the 1.5.2 Level
amplitude per a given period of time, normally The level of sound is normally described in terms of
expressed in Hertz (cycles per second). either sound pressure level at a given distance from
1.4.3 Velocity the source or sound power level. In each of these,
the desired quantity (pressure or power) is ex-
Velocity of the sound is the speed of the wave, and is pressed in the numerator of a ratio with thereference
a function of the elastic modulus and the mass level as the denominator. Because of the extremely
density of the medium. wide range of levels measured (very small to
1.4.4 Wavelength extremely large) in everyday environments, both
pressure and power ratios are expressed by loga-
Wavelength is the distance between adjacent waves rithmic scales.
of the same frequency. The relationship of frequen-
cy, velocity, and wavelength is expressed by: 1.5.2.1 Sound pressure level, L p
Sound pressure level,  L p, expressed in decibels, is
" !v (1.1)
20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of

2 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

the sound pressure being measured to the reference The reference sound pressure,  p o, is internationally
sound pressure. accepted as 20 micro Newtons/meter squared,
 p which is about the threshold of normal hearing at a
 L p ! 20 log10 p o , "
dB re 20  m N#m2 $   (1.2) frequency of 1000 Hz. All sound measuring instru-
ments respond to sound pressure.
where
Example: The sound pressure near a punch press is
 p   is sound pressure being measured,  m N/m2;
measured as being 0.0025 psi. What is the sound
 po   is reference sound pressure, 20  m N/m2. pressure re 20  m N/m2 in dB?

Single frequency Example of complex

sinusoidal wave form wave form

Period
(time)     e
    r
Form “A”
    u
    e
    r     s
    u     s
    s     e
    r
    s      P
    e
    r
     P Time
Amplitude
Form “B”
Frequency !   1     e
I
    r
Period     u
    s
    s
    e
    r
     P
Wavelength Time
k--
(distance) Sinusoidal wave form “A”
    e
when combined with form “B”
    r results in complex form A + B
    u
    s
    s
    e     e
    r Form A + B
    r
     P Amplitude     u
    s
    s
    e
    r
     P
I Wavelength
Velocity   !
(speed of sound) Period Time

Wavelength !  Velocity % Period

Example of complex -- random wave

    e
    r
    u
    s
    s
    e
    r
     P

Time
A + B + Random pulses

Figure 1--1 -- Sound wave forms

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 3

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Since 1.0 psi = 6890 N/m2, then 0.0025 psi = 17.225 is interesting to note the tremendous attenuation the
N/m2. A scale performs on low frequencies. At about 95
Hz, for example, there is about a 20 dB attenuation.
 L p "
! 20 log 10
17.22N#m 2
20   mN#m 2
$ Only 1/10 of the actual sound is indicated on the
meter. Therefore, gears generating low frequency
sound are more likely to pass a dBA specification,
! 20 log10"8.612 % 10 5$ and be less annoying to the ear. AGMA sound
standards use an A weighted sound level (dBA) as a
! 118.7 dB "re 20   mN#m2$   (1.3) common indication of performance. See figure 1--3.
So we would commonly say the noise of the punch 1.5.3.2 Octave and 1/3 octave band filter
press is 119 dB.
Another filtering system often used in the measure-
1.5.2.2 Sound power level, L w
ment of sound is the octave and 1/3 octave bands.
Sound power level,   Lw, is the ratio, expressed in These arediscrete filters which only register a limited
decibels, of the sound power under consideration to range of frequencies. The octave and 1/3 octave
the reference sound power, one picowatt (10--12 bands are used for analytical work and are usually
watt). specified by their center frequencies. See table 1--2.
The 63 Hz octave band to the 8000 Hz octave band
W  " $
 L w ! 10 log 10 W  , dB re 10 &12 watt   (1.4) are most commonly used in industry specifications.
o

where 1.5.3.3 Narrow band filters

W    is sound power under consideration, A narrow band filter (spectrum analyzer) is similar to
picowatt; octave band filters, however, the band filter is greatly
W o   is reference sound power, picowatt. reduced in width to allow better resolution of
component frequencies in a noise spectrum. A
Sound power cannot be measured directly. It can be narrow band filter may have a bandwidth of only 2
obtained only by calculation after having measured Hz. Real time analyzers are a special form of narrow
sound pressure levels in a known acoustical environ- band filter that enables the investigator to look at all
ment (i.e., anechoic chambers, reverberant rooms, bands in an instant, instead of sweeping through
etc.). each band slowly.
1.5.3 Frequency content 1.5.4 Descriptive properties
The frequency content of a sound is normally
The characteristics described are the ones which
described as a particular frequency or by the level
must be investigated properly in order to obtain an
content in a band of frequencies.
accurate description of a generated sound level and
1.5.3.1 A, B and C weighing networks to be able to prescribe proper corrective measures
for reduction of excessive levels.
The frequency response of the human ear is not as
good as a sound level meter. Therefore, various 1.5.4.1 Sound intensity
weighing networks (filters) have been established so
that the objective meter measurement will come Sound intensity is the quotient, expressed in watts
close to indicating what the ear hears. Figure 1--2 per square meter, obtained when the average rate of
shows the attenuation of the A, B and C weighing sound energy flowing in a specified direction is
scales of a sound level meter. The A scale is a divided by the area, perpendicular to that direction
filtering system that roughly matches the human toward which it flows.
ear’s response at sound levels below 55 dB. The B 1.5.4.2 Loudness
scale roughly matches the ear at levels between 55
dB and 85 dB, and the C scale is to match above 85 Loudness is the attribute of sound intensity which
dB. However, the A scale (sound pressure level depends primarily on the sound pressure. Loudness
measured in dBA) has received prominence due to is typically ranked on a scale ranging from soft to
its use in OSHA, for measuring levels up to 115 dB. It loud. See figure 1--3.

4 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

A, B, and C electrical weighting networks for the sound--level meter

These numbers assume a flat, diffuse--field response for the sound--level meter and microphone
A--weighting B--weighting C--weighting A--weighting B--weighting C--weighting
Frequency, Frequency,
relative re- relative re- relative re- relative re- relative re- relative re-
Hz Hz
sponse, dB sponse, dB sponse, dB sponse, dB sponse, dB sponse, dB
10.0 --70.4 --38.2 --14.3 500 --3.2 --0.3 0.0
12.5 --63.4 --33.2 --11.2 630 --1.9 --0.1 0.0
16.0 --56.7 --28.5 --8.5 800 --0.8 0.0 0.0
20.0 --50.5 --24.2 --6.2 1 000 0.0 0.0 0.0
25.0 --44.7 --20.4 --4.4 1 250 0.6 0.0 0.0
31.5 --39.4 --17.1 --3.0 1 600 1.0 0.0 --0.1
40.0 --34.6 --14.2 --2.0 2 000 1.2 --0.1 --0.2
50.0 --30.2 --11.6 --1.3 2 500 1.3 --0.2 --0.3
63.0 --26.2 --9.3 --0.8 3 150 1.2 --0.4 --0.5
80.0 --22.5 --7.4 --0.5 4 000 1.0 --0.7 --0.8
100.0 --19.1 --5.6 --0.3 5 000 0.5 --1.2 --1.3
125.0 --16.1 --4.2 --0.2 6 300 --0.1 --1.9 --2.0
160.0 --13.4 --3.0 --0.1 8 000 --1.1 --2.9 --3.0
200.0 --10.9 --2.0 0.0 10 000 --2.5 --4.3 --4.4
250.0 --8.6 --1.3 0.0 12 500 --4.3 --6.1 --6.2
315.0 --6.6 --0.8 0.0 16 000 --6.6 --8.4 --8.5
400.0 --4.8 --0.5 0.0 20 000 --9.3 --11.1 --11.2

    s
     l
    e
     b
     i
    c
    e
     d
 ,
    e Frequency responses for
    s
    n SLM weighting characteristics
    o
    p
    s
    e
    r
    e
    v
     i
     t
    a
     l
    e
     R

Frequency, Hz

Figure 1 --2 -- Frequency responses

1.5.4.3 Pitch but it also depends upon the sound pressure and
wave form.
Pitch is the psychophysical attribute of sound
1.5.4.4 Tone
corresponding approximately to frequency by which
sounds may be ordered from low to high. Pitch Tone is an auditory sensation of pitch. There are two
depends primarily upon the frequency of the sound, types of tones: a pure tone and a complex tone. A

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 5

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

pure tone is created by a simple sinusoidal function. field. Sound does not propagate equally in all
A complex tone is created by a combination of simple directions except in a textbook free field case. In
sinusoidal functions. Most of the sound which is measuring sound pressure level, directionality must
investigated around gear units is a combination of be taken into consideration. A gear unit against a
complex tones and random noise. wall radiates a higher level of sound in a given
1.5.4.5 Directivity direction away from the wall than an isolated unit
Directivity describes the directionality of sound in a removed from reflecting surfaces.

At a given distance from noise source   Environment

Decibels
re 20  m N/m2

140
50 HP siren (100’)
130
Pain Jet takeoff (200’)
120
Deafening
Riveting machine 110 Casting shakeout area
Cut--off saw
Pneumatic peen hammer
100 Electric furnace area

Textile weaving plant

Very loud Subway train (20’) Boiler room
90 Printing press plant

Loud Pneumatic drill (50’) 80 Tabulating room

Inside sport car (50 mph)
Freight train (100’)
Vacuum cleaner (10’) 70
Speech (1’)
Near freeway (auto traffic)
Moderate 60 Large store
Accounting office
Large transformer (200’) Private business office
50 Light traffic (100’)
Average residence
Minimum levels ----
40 residential areas in
Faint Chicago at night
Soft whisper (5’)
30 Studio (speech)

20 Studio for sound pictures

Very faint
10
Threshold of hearing,
youths 1000--4000 Hz
0

Typical A --weighted sound levels increase

Increase in levels
  Increase in sound
" Decibels & 20 log p
 p
o
$ pressure level
1 dB 1.12 times
3 dB 1.41 times
6 dB 2.00 times
10 dB 3.16 times
12 dB 4.00 times
20 dB 10.00 times
40 dB 100.00 times

Figure 1 --3 -- Typical A--weighted sound levels

6 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

Table 1 --2 -- Center and approximate cut --off frequencies for standard set of contiguous--octave and
one--third--octave bands covering audio frequency range
Frequency, Hz
Octave One--third octave
an
Lower band   Upper Lower band   Upper
  Center   Center
limit band limit limit band limit
12 11 16 22 14.1 16 17.8
13 17.8 20 22.4
14 22.4 25 28.2
15 22 31.5 44 28.2 31.5 35.5
16 35.5 40 44.7
17 44.7 50 56.2
18 44 63 88 56.2 63 70.8
19 70.8 80 89.1
20 89.1 100 112
21 88 125 177 112 125 141
22 141 160 178
23 178 200 224
24 177 250 355 224 250 282
25 282 315 355
26 355 400 447
27 355 500 710 447 500 562
28 562 630 708
29 708 800 891
30 710 1 000 1 420 891 1 000 1 122
31 1 122 1 250 1 413
32 1 413 1 600 1 778
33 1 420 2 000 2 840 1 778 2 000 2 239
34 2 239 2 500 2 818
35 2 818 3 150 3 548
36 2 840 4 000 5 680 3 548 4 000 4 467
37 4 467 5 000 5 623
38 5 623 6 300 7 079
39 5 680 8 000 11 360 7 079 8 000 8 913
40 8 913 10 000 11 220
41 11 220 12 500 14 130
42 11 360 16 000 22 720 14 130 16 000 17 780
43 17 780 20 000 22 390

1.6 Sound or noise? sound waves in the form of rms levels at various
frequencies or frequency bands. Using an analyzer
The differentiation between sound and noise can be will help separate undesired frequencies from the
defined simply: sound is a variation in pressure; sound spectrum and contribute to an accurate
noise is undesired sound. Noise also implies interpretation of sound data. The bandwidth of the
undesired frequencies which tend to mask useful analyzer governs the amount of useful data dis-
information, causing possible misrepresentation of played for analysis. The narrower the bandwidth, the
actual sound characteristics. Examples of noises more discrete frequency information available, the
extraneous to gear sound measurement are lubri- easier it becomes to identify extraneous noise
cation pump noise, air--drill noise, 60 cycle hum, frequencies from the other generated sound in a
instrumentation, electrical noise, etc. gear driven system.
Sound measurement and analysis are required to
determine what sound is typically generated and In all possible cases, the elimination of unwanted
what sound is undesired noise. This analysis is noise in the area under investigation should be
accomplished by the use of a sound analyzer. A carried out before proper gear sound analysis is
sound analyzer is an instrument which displays initiated. This will make the engineer’s job of

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 7

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

analyzing the data much easier and will enable him produce noise. Care must be taken to determine the
to give better results. natural frequencies of support structures to ensure
that the rotational frequency and other generated
frequencies are not coincident to, or a multiple of,
natural frequencies. Likewise, lateral and torsional
1.7 Generation of sound in gear units natural frequencies in the rotating system may be
excited to produce noise if they are too close to a
The sounds generated during gear unit operation generated frequency or its harmonics.
can be from one or more of the following major Often, other equipment is required for proper
sources: operation of a gear unit. Accessories such as
-- gear dynamics; cooling fans and lubrication systems (pumps, mo-
tors, relief valves, etc.) can be sources of noise
-- bearing dynamics; which may appear to be generated by the gear units.
-- coupling noises; 1.7.1 Overall sound level
-- system resonance or critical speeds; All of these sources as well as extraneous noise from
-- accessories such as fans, lubrication sys- the surrounding environment (background noise)
tems, etc. add up to the overall sound level in the area of the
gear unit. The interrelationship between them helps
Sound generation in gears is related to design to define the sound level. The overall level is
tolerances and operation. The mating accuracy of a determined by the addition of different generated
gear set must be maintained, commensurate with levels by the following expression:
the desired operation. Gear sound is often gener-
 N 
ated by the mesh action of the teeth. Ifthe teeth have
irregularities in their profile or spacing, noise may be
 L p ! 10 log10  ' 10" 0.1a
i
$   (1.5)
i!1
generated at the frequency of the irregularities. One
where
must understand that a 100% accurate theoretical
tooth profile will still generate sound due to the  Lp   is sound pressure level, dB;
dynamics of gear mesh. Improper lubrication may ai   is sound pressure level from a single source
allow noise to be generatedin the mesh. The sounds or octave;
generated will often be at the mesh frequency (i.e.,
 N    is number of single levels investigated.
the frequency of rotation times the number of teeth
on the rotor), harmonics of mesh frequency, or at In an octave band analysis,   N   is the number of
sideband frequencies (mesh frequency plus and octaves.
minus pinion or gear rotational frequencies).
1.7.2 Example 1
Sound in ball and roller bearings can be generated
The installation in figure 1--4 shows a motor, parallel
by the irregularities in the bearing elements, friction,
shaft double increasing gear unit, and a compressor
deflections under load, misalignments, loose cages
in an industrial plant environment. The sound of
and races, windage, roller skewing and/or skidding,
each piece of equipment was measured by its
etc. Misalignments and deflections under load are
manufacturer to have the listed sound levels at the
the major causes of antifriction bearing noise.
operator location shown. Totaling the levels by the
Couplings may produce noise due to windage. formula gives an expected level at the operator of 94
Exposed bolts, exposed holes and high velocity dBA. Actual measurement after installation indi-
surfaces can all add to the ability of a coupling to cated 95 dBA at full load.
generate noise due to windage. The windage shows
Therefore, a means of adding or subtracting sound
up as a rotational frequency and multiples of
generated from different sources is also available.
rotational frequency, depending on the number of
Any school student will tell you that (82 + 88 = 89) is
exposed bolts and exposed holes.
an invalid equation. However, if we state that in the
System resonances and critical speed generate same environment 82 dB + 88 dB = 89 dB we would
sound in gear units. The structural resonant frequen- be correct. Figure 1--5 shows a chart which can be
cies of the casing and the baseplate can be excited used to assist in adding and subtracting sound
by internally generated frequencies (tooth mesh) to pressure levels in dB units of measure.

8 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

Figure 1--4 -- Calculation for expected sound level

    s
    n     l
    e    e
    e     b
     i
    w
     t     c
    e    e
     b     d
 ,
    e     l
    c    e
    v
    n    e
    e
    r     l
    e    r
     f     e
     f
     i     g
     d    r
    a
     l      l
    a
    c     d
     i
    r     n
    e    a
     l
    m    a
    u     t
     N     o
     t

Numerical difference between total

and smaller levels, decibels
To add levels
Enter the chart with the  numerical difference between two levels being added . Follow the line corre-
sponding to this value to its intersection with the curved line, then left to read the numerical difference be-
tween total and larger level. Add this value to the larger level to determine the total.
Example: Combine 75 dB and 80 dB. The difference is 5 dB. The 5 dB line intersects the curvedline at 1.2
dB on the vertical scale. Thus, the total value is 80 + 1.2 or 81.2 dB.
To subtract levels
Enter the chart with the  numerical difference between total and larger levels  if this value is less than 3
dB. Enter thechart with the numerical difference between total and smallerlevels if this value is between
3 and 14 dB. Follow the line corresponding to this value to its intersection with the curved line, then either
left or down to read the numerical difference between total andlarger(smaller) levels. Subtract this val-
ue from the total level to determine the unknown level.
Example: Subtract 81 dB from 90 dB. The difference is 9 dB. The 9 dB vertical line intersects the curved
line at 0.6 dB on the vertical scale. Thus, the unknown level is 90 -- 0.6 or 89.4 dB.

Figure 1--5 -- Chart for combining levels of uncorrelated noise signals

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 9

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

1.7.3 Example 2 natural resonances of other equipment and struc-

tures, and thus create a sound pressure level louder
There are four gearmotors generating equal
than the source under investigation. If the sound
amounts of sound energy (power). Together they
levels of a gas turbine driven--gear compressor
produce a level of94 dBA. To cut the sound by3 dBto
system are being measured to determine the “gear
91 dBA, two (half) of the gearmotors would have to
noise” one could ask the following questions:
beturnedoff. To be below the OSHA limit of 90dBA a
third (one--fourth original number) gearmotor would -- What is the major noise source: turbine, gear
have to be shut down, resulting in a level for one unit, compressor, piping or structure?
gearmotor of about 88 dBA. -- How much of the noise is traveling through
Also, the lowering of the level of the major contributor the support structures and radiating at some point
to a high noise level from a single gear unit will drop other than its source?
the overall more significantly than lowering any other -- Is the gearunitmesh frequency exciting a nat-
level. ural resonance in the sheet metal cover of the tur-
bine, or the piping, etc.?
1.7.4 Example 3
-- Is a blade pass frequency exciting a natural
There are four levels -- 70, 86, 78, 91 at different resonance of the bull web or the gear housing?
frequencies. When added together the overall is
92.4 dB. Lowering the major contributor (91 dB) by 7 -- What are the sound levels at different loads or
speeds?
dB, lowers the overall to 88.6 dB -- a reduction of 3.8
dB. Lowering the second major contributor (86 dB) This list could be continued at great length; however,
by 7 dB, lowers the overall to 91.5 dB -- a reduction of one can see that there are many different influences
only 0.9 dB. This shows it is the major contributor when trying to determine the sound level of a gear
which must be reduced for effective noise control. unit in the middle of a power transmission system.
The exact same gear unit may generate completely
different sound levels in two different systems.
1.8 Sound transmission

There are two types of sound transmitted to the 1.9 Noise control
receiver. These are structure--borne sound and
airborne sound. Structure--borne sound is sound When we discuss noise control (or noise reduction)
that reaches the receiver over at least part of its path two approaches must be considered: either control-
by vibrations of a solid structure. Airborne sound is a ling the source or controlling the transmission path.
sound that reaches the receiver by propagation Reducing the noise level at its source is accom-
through the air. plished by a change in design and/or manufacturing
(quality). Noise control in the transmission path
An extremely important consideration when evaluat-
involves interrupting the transmission of the noise or
ing generated sound pressure levels of machinery is
changing its direction. The method which is chosen
that sound can be “structure--borne” for consider-
often depends on the economics involved. A
able distances without significant attenuation.
detailed approach on various methods of noise
Structural steel beams may provide a path for
control will be covered in Part III.
structure--borne sound (vibrations) to travel signifi-
cant distances and then radiate “airborne” sound In order for industry to effectively combat the noise
pressure levels at nearly the same level as the problems of today and the requirements of the
source. A screwdriver often is used to transmit future, knowledgeable steps must be taken during all
structure--borne sound from the gear case to the ear. phases of design, manufacture, assembly, test and
Furthermore, structure--borne sound may excite field installations of gear driven systems.

10 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04 Part II

American Gear Manufacturers or 2.1.2. Occasionally, a complex problem may exist

where an analysis of frequencies listed in 2.1.3 is
Association -- necessary for a solution. Therefore, knowing the
major frequencies of mechanical motion or reso-

Gear Sound Manual: nants will supply the origins ofa majority of the sound
sources generated by a gear unit.

Part II -- Sources, 2.1.5 Common frequencies

If the frequency components of the overall sound
Specifications and generated by gear units are reviewed in general,
there will be many similarities. The most common
Levels of Gear Sound frequencies will be the rotational speeds, their
multiples, periodic motions (such as tooth mesh),
windage, critical speeds and natural resonances.
Table 2--1 defines some of the common sources of
2.1 Gear sound sources airborne and structure--borne sounds generated in
gear driven systems.
There are a multitude of factors, as discussed in Part
2.1.6 System frequency range
I, which can contribute to the sounds produced in a
gear driven system. The influence of each factor, its It is interesting to note that the majority of common
contribution, and what methods can be employed to sound frequencies mentioned above for moderate
economically control the sources of noise must be and high speed industrial gear driven systems lie in
analyzed to minimize the generated levels. There- the 250 to 8000 Hz octave bands. These frequen-
fore, it becomes important to separate the specific cies, when related to mechanical motion, might be
sources, specifications and levels related to the gear used to detect sources related to antifriction
unit from others related to the drive system. bearings, hydrodynamic bearings, looseness,
distortion, lube pump systems, etc.
Most industrial gear driven system sounds can be
generally explained by one of the following relation- 2.1.7 Typical sound investigation
ships: The following are typical investigations of gear
system sound generations.
2.1.1 Harmonic frequencies
2.1.7.1 Investigation 1--gear unit
Those directly related to the frequency or harmonic
frequencies of a mechanical motion. A typical result of a gear unit sound investigation to
determine the major sources is shown in figure 2 --1.
2.1.2 Resonant frequencies
Tabulated are the A, B and C weighted sound
Those related to the resonance frequencies and/or pressure levels as measured with a sound level
critical speeds of the system, part of the system, or meter. These results reveal no information as to the
its structure. major sound sources. Octave band results (curve 1)
are plotted versus frequency and reveal the two
2.1.3 Complex frequencies
major source frequencies to be approximately 250
Complex source frequencies due to waveform and 1000 Hz. The exciting frequencies for the gear
combinations, i.e., amplitude modulation, frequency unit show the 1000 Hz peak to be associated with the
modulation, products, sums, differences of mechan- high speed mesh, and the 250 Hz peak to be
ical motion or resonant frequencies. associated with either or both the low speed mesh or
high speed fan. The 1/3 octave band results (curve
2.1.4 Frequency origins
2) further define the frequency spectrum pointing to
Generally, the primary sound frequencies generated the high speed mesh as a major sound source, but
by a gear unit are predominantly described in 2.1.1 still not resolving whether either or both the low

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 11

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

speed mesh or high speed fan are major sources. dB @ 285 Hz). This analysis indicates frequencies
Results of a 1/10 octave band analysis (curve 3) directly related to mechanical motion of the shafts
clearly show the major sources to he the high speed and tooth meshes.
mesh (84 dB @ 1060 Hz) and low speed mesh (81

Table 2--1 -- Common sources of airborne and structure--borne sounds generated in gear drive
systems

Instruments that provide the operator with not only the amplitude of the vibration or noise, but, also the
predominant frequencies can be a tremendous aid in determining sources. These causes normally pres-
ent themselves as follows:

1. Balance.  Residual unbalance presents itself at 7. Resonances.  These also display themselves as
a frequency equal to once per shaft revolution and frequencies at which system members like to vi-
it will increase in amplitude as speed is increased. brate. The distinction from critical speeds is that
resonances occur in other than rotating members,
2. Alignment.  Misalignment will present itself at and affect alignment. Resonances occur at fixed
once or sometimes twice and three times per shaft frequencies and change in amplitude with load,
revolution. However, the amplitude will remain fair- speed and temperature.
ly constant with speed changes.
8. Tooth mesh, i.e., tooth contact.  This will show
3. Friction.  This is difficult to pinpoint by vibration up at tooth mesh frequency (i.e., rotating speed
and noise frequency. Amplitude may be very high times number of teeth) and multiples of this mesh
when continuous sliding occurs. It may also be ran- frequency.
dom, high--amplitude, shock--type pulses, as in hy-
drodynamic bearing rubbing. It may be irregular and 9. Bearing instability. Bad antifriction bearings will
often violent. cause high--frequency vibration at several times
rotational speed; also, friction vibration will occur.
4. Looseness.  This may cause unbalance, mis- Hydrodynamic bearings, lightly loaded, will tend to
alignment and friction rubbing at moderate and high whirl at 0.43 to 0.47 times the rotational speed.
speeds. At low speeds, it may display itself as an This so--called “half frequency whirl” will “on--set”
irregular rattle. Often it shows up at twice shaft violently with speed or temperature changes, and
rotational speed. may continue until the rotor is completely stopped.

5. Distortion.  This is often an indirect cause of 10. System pulses.  These may occur in many
vibration and noise, which also leads to unbalance, types of systems, such as the vane--pass frequency
misalignment, or friction. It will tend to change in of a pump or compressor (rotational speed times
amplitude with load or operating temperatures, the number of vanes), and the beating of recipro-
when speed is held constant. cating engines which cause frequencies at one--half
and one--quarter rotational speed at various ampli-
tudes.
6. Critical speeds.  These occur through any given
speed range and are points at which a rotating sys-
tem likes to vibrate torsionally or laterally at a par- 11. Windage.  Couplings and other rotating parts
ticular frequency. Rotors characteristically show generally create broadband noise, but can be at a
violent increase in amplitude at particular critical bolt pass frequency or fan blade pass frequency.
speeds, but are fairly stable above and below these
speeds. A critical speed may change frequency
with load and temperatures.
NOTE:
All of these types of vibrations and noise frequencies can be generated in a gear drive. Major frequencies can interact
and cause frequency modulation and phase shifts. Any combination, sum, difference and multiple (harmonics) of the
prime frequencies can occur if the forcing magnitude and system freedoms are such that they will cause and allow the
generated vibration to become predominant. Generally, only the prime frequencies will present themselves as problem
modes. However, sometimes very elusivefrequencies appear, suchas periodic cutting machineerror appearing on one
of the gears.

12 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

100
Double reduction gear unit -- fan cooled, 4.8” LS
center distance, 6.26 total ratio, 1820 input rpm, full
load, microphone 5’ from unit side at height of HSS
    a
     P
      m
     0
     2
    e
Sound level meter results
Exciting     r 89 dBC, 88 dBB, 86 dBA
     B
Source frequency, Hz      d
 ,
     l
    e
HS Mesh 1060     v Curve 1:
    e
     l
LS Mesh 285     e octave band
    r results
HS Fan 243     u
    s
HS Shaft 30.4     s Curve 2:
    e
    r 1/3 octave
Int. Shaft 20.4 HS MESH
    p
LS Shaft 4.84      d band results
    n
    u Curve 3:
    o 1/10 octave
     S
band results

Frequency, Hz

Figure 2--1 -- Sound pressure level vs. frequency

2.1.7.2 Investigation 2--gear motor curves 2 and 3, did the sources present themselves.
Resonance frequencies of the motor case and
Similar analysis of a gear motor shown in figure 2--2 support structure, excited by other frequencies in the
did not clearly indicate the major sources of noise system, were responsible for the major frequencies.
even after a 500 band real time analyzer was used. If a narrow band filter had not been used, the major
The major frequencies were present at 565 Hz and sources of noise could have been mistaken for the
1,325 Hz as shown on curve 1, but the sources were high speed gear mesh frequency (1,270 Hz) and two
not apparent. Only after further investigation of the times the intermediate speed gear mesh frequency
system indicated by the structure--borne noise (512 Hz).

Motor resonance
565 Hz Resonant structure
1325 Hz
    a
     P
      m
     0
     2
    e 512
    r Hz
     B Intermediate 1270 Curve 1:
     d Area noise 3 feet
 ,
     l mesh Hz
    e from gear case
256 Hz
    v
    e
     l
    e
    r
    u
    s
    s Curve 2:
    e
    r Support structure
    p structure--borne noise
     d (acceleration)
    n Curve 3:
    u
    o Motor case structure--borne
     S noise (acceleration, fan cover)

Frequency, Hz

Figure 2 --2 -- Triple reduction gear motor frequency analysis

3600 rpm input, ratio -- 45 to 1

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 13

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

2.1.7.3 Investigation 3--spectrum analysis 2.1.7.3.4 Problem aspects

Analysis of a typical industrial sound spectrum Improvement to this particular gear sound level may
reveals much information about component heredity be achieved by improved concentricity of the pinion.
and physical makeup. For example, for a set of However, there are other aspects of the problem to
involute gears, the contact frequency (meshing rate be understood.
of the teeth) is   f c  = 1,038 Hz, the pinion rotates at
2.1.7.3.5 Sidebands
 f p = 38.44 Hz, and the wheel rotates at f w = 27.33 Hz.
The pinion was cut using an indexing wheel with 69 Frequencies around 2,035 Hz are the sidebands
teeth. A 10--Hz--wide frequency analysis of directly associated with the second harmonic of tooth
radiated gear sound is shown in figure 2--3. contact frequency. However, 2  f c  = 2,076 Hz is not
the predominant frequency. All the high level
2.1.7.3.1 Noise regions
sidebands are associated with the pinion, as can be
Three major regions in this spectrum exist: one seen by the 38 Hz spacing. Again, this suggests
centered around 885 Hz, another around 2,035 Hz, pinion eccentricities.
and a third around 2,649 Hz. The first region is
2.1.7.3.6 Ghost noise and index wheel errors
centered around a frequency that is not the contact
frequency, as might be expected. Rather, the The last major frequency region around 2,649 Hz is
maximum level at 885 Hz occurs at an amplitude also amplitude modulated by pinion frequency. But,
modulation sideband caused by some eccentricity in first, it is important to know why the 69th harmonic
the pinion during rotation. (69 % 38.44 = 2,652 Hz) of the pinion rotary speed is
large when no other harmonic is significant. The
2.1.7.3.2 Identifications answer is that this frequency -- 2,649 Hz -- is not a
rotational speed harmonic. Instead, it is associated
This identification can be made because the ampli-
with slight inaccuracies manufactured into the pin-
tudemodulation process gives a set of sum--and--dif-
ion. During manufacture, erroneous table position-
ference terms involving the frequencies in the
ing relative to the gear cutter resulted in periodic
modulation process. If pinion eccentricity causes the
variations of pinion tooth geometry. In effect, the
teeth to be driven into and away from the wheel
cutting machine generated surface undulations
teeth, a load fluctuation results. Thus, amplitude of
appearing as a ghost gear on top of the actual gear.
tooth contact sound level (1,038 Hz) is increased
and decreased and an amplitude modulation pro- Minute errors generated in the pinion’s involute tooth
cess occurs. In its simplest form, a 100 percent form corresponding to errors in the indexing wheel
modulation, the 1,038 Hz frequency disappears and constitute the ghost gear which has the same
two amplitude modulated sidebands are generated number of teeth as does the manufacturing index
at ( f c  +   f p) and ( f c   --   f p). In reality, the modulation wheel. Thus: (number of teeth on indexing wheel) %
process is neither simple nor 100 percent. The (rotary speed of pinion) = [first ghost, ( f gi)].
details of amplitude modulation are discussed in
Secondary and tertiary ghosts have also been
many electronics textbooks. More complex modula-
informally reported. These ghosts are generated by
tion processes allow extended sideband structures
a gear that has inaccuracies from machines that are
about the primary frequency. In the involute gear
one and two generations removed from the machine
example, the fourth lower sideband is the largest;
that manufactured the gear.
that is, ( f c  -- 4 f p) = 886 Hz.
2.1.7.3.7 Sound level improvement
2.1.7.3.3 Amplitude modulation
Therefore, the generated sound level of this gear set
The amplitude modulation sidebands throughout the
could be improved by:
whole analysis are dominated by the pinion rotation,
although wheel effects show up occasionally. These -- improving the pinion eccentricity;
sidebands indicate that there is an eccentric pinion in
the system, as explained above. It is important to -- correcting the machining errors (hone away
remember that a 10 Hz filter can discern frequencies undulations or remachine on a different or
only within (  5 Hz and, during dynamic scanning, improved table).
within ( 8 Hz. The frequency of a peak can then fall NOTE:   Discussions of noise control methods are
within ( 8 Hz of the actual value. covered in Part III of the  Gear Sound Manual .

14 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

     )
    a
     P
      m
     0
     2
    e
    r
     B
     d
     (
     l
    e
    v
    e
     l
    e
    r
    u
    s
    s
    e
    r
    p
     d
    n
    u
    o
     S

     )
    a
     P
      m
     0
     2
    e
    r
     B
     d
     (
     l
    e
    v
    e
     l
    e
    r
    u
    s
    s
    e
    r      6
     i
    p      6
     k
     d
    n
    u
    o
     S

Figure 2--3 -- Gear noise analysis by constant--bandwidth, 10 Hz filter

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 15

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

2.1.7.4 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and the same measurement as a function of its discrete
waterfall analysis frequencies in the spectrum from 0 to 400 Hz.

There are many ways that a measurement of sound

level can be processed to give useful information A “waterfall” plot, using FFT analysis, gives a picture
about a gear unit. A digital, Fast Fourier Transform of a multitude of measurements at different operat-
(FFT) analysis can be used to separate the discrete ing speeds. Such an analysis, see figure 2--6, can
frequencies. Figure 2--4 shows an unfiltered ampli- show the frequency components that change with
tude measurement of sound for a short period of a speed and those that do not. This can give an
gear unit operating at 640 rpm. Very little information indication of the resonant frequencies and the
can be ascertained until the measurement signal is excitation frequencies as a function of operating
processed. An FFT analysis, as in figure 2--5, shows speed.

    s
     t
     l
    o
    v
 ,
    e
     d
    u
     t
     i
     l
    p
    m
     A

Time, msecs

Figure 2--4 -- Unfiltered sound measurement

    s
     t
     l
    o
    v
 ,
    e
     d
    u
     t
     i
     l
    p
    m
    a
     S
     M
     R

Frequency, Hz

Figure 2--5 -- Fast Fourier Transform analysis of sound

16 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

Figure 2--6 -- Waterfall analysis of gear unit sound

2.2 Sound spectrum experience Act (OSHA) Regulations (Standards -- 29 CFR,

Occupational noise exposure -- 1926.52). OSHA
placed limitations on the maximum sound level and
Generally, experience indicates the sound spectrum
exposure times to which an employee may be
of a gear unit will contain tooth meshing frequencies,
subjected at his working station without personal
natural resonances, bearing noises, windage, and
protective equipment. Protection against the effects
sounds of auxiliary equipment--such as lubrication
of noise exposure shall be provided when the
systems. When a gear unit is installed, frequencies
A--weighted sound pressure level exceed those
related to the total system may be evident at the gear
shown in table 2--2.
unit, i.e., prime mover and driven equipment
frequencies, as well as system resonant frequencies When employees are subjected to sound levels
which will be measured in addition to gear exceeding those in table 2--2, feasible administrative
frequencies. or engineering controls shall be utilized. If such
controls fail to reduce sound levels within the levels
of the table, personal protective equipment shall be
2.3 Specification and standards
provided and used to reduce sound levels within the
levels of the table.
Noise specifications are written by governments,
If the variations in noise level involve maxima at
standards organizations, users, manufacturers and
intervals of 1 second or more, it is to be considered
trade associations.
continuous.
2.3.1 Governmental specifications
In all cases where the sound levels exceed the
The most significant governmental noise specifica- values shown , a continuing, effective hearing
tion has been the Occupational Safety and Health conservation program shall be administered.

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 17

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Exposure to impulsive or impact noise should not 2.3.3 User specifications

exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level.
User noise specifications include measurement
Table 2--2 -- Occupational noise exposure1) techniques and required sound levels or octave
OSHA Regulation (Standard 29 CFR) band sound pressure levels to be met by equipment
to be purchased. Formalized user noise specifica-
Duration per day, Sound level tions are becoming more frequent, and it is the
hours dBA slow response purpose of this clause to aid in developing effective
8 90 user gear unit noise specifications.
6 92
4 95
3 97 Table 2--3 -- ANSI noise specifications
2 100 S1.1 –1994 (R1999)*   Acoustical Terminology 
1.5 102 ANSI S1.4--1983 Specification for Sound 
1 105 (R2001) Level Meters 
0.5 110 S1.11--2004   Octave--Band and Frac- 
0.25 or less 115 tional--Octave--Band 
Analog and Digital Fil- 
NOTE:
ters 
1) Whenthe daily noise exposureis composed oftwo
or more periods of noise exposure of different levels, S1.13--1995 (R1999)*   Measurement of Sound 
theircombined effect shouldbe considered, ratherthan Pressure Levels in Air 
the individual effect of each. Exposure to different lev- S3.4--1980(R2003)*   Procedure for the Com- 
els for various periods of time shall be computed ac- putation of Loudness of 
cording to the following formula:
Noise 
T (1) T (2) T ( n ) NOTE:
F ( e ) ! ) )***) ( )
 L(1)  L(2)  L n  * Reaffirmed
F (e) is equivalent noise exposure factor;
T    is period of noise exposure at any essentially
constant level;
 L   is duration ofthe permissible noise exposureat the 2.3.4 Manufacturer specifications
constant level.
Example: A sample computation showing an applica- Manufacturer noise specifications are written to
tion of the above formulais as follows. An employee is describe the noise performance of manufactured
exposedat the following levelsfor the followingperiods: products. However,rather than a single manufactur-
110 dBA for 0.25 hour er issuing a noise specification, more commonly,
100 dBA for 0.5 hour
manufacturers’ groups or trade associations issue
90 dBA for 2 hours
noise specifications covering a particular type of
F ( e ) !
0.25 ) 0.5  ) 2
0.50 2 8 product.
! 0.5 ) 0.25 ) 0.25 2.3.5 Trade associations
! 1.000
Sincethe valueof F (e) doesnot exceed unity, theexpo- Trade associations involved with electric motors,
sure is within permissible limits.
hydraulic pumps and motors, machine tools, pneu-
matic equipment, gear units, etc., have published
noise specifications. Of major concern to the users
of gear units is the gear unit sound standard,
ANSI/AGMA 6025--D98.
2.3.2 Standards organizations
2.3.6 ANSI/AGMA 6025--D98, sound standard

Standard organizations, both national and interna- The overall purpose of the AGMA sound standard is
tional, publish standards related to noise terminolo- to improve communication and understanding be-
gy, instrumentation, testing and analysis. Some tween the gear unit manufacturer and purchaser.
noise specifications, shown in tables 2--3 and 2--4, ANSI/AGMA 6025--D98 utilizes ANSI standards
are used in writing of user, manufacturer and trade where applicable. Clauses 2.3.6.1 through 2.3.6.4
association noise specifications. provide an overview of the sound standard.

18 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

Table 2--4 -- International standards

ISO 3743--1:1994   Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise sources – Engineering 
methods for small, movable sources in reverberant fields – Part 1: Comparison 
method for hard--wall test rooms 
ISO 3744:1994   Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound 
pressure -- Engineering method in an essentially free--field over a reflecting plate 
ISO 3745:2003   Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound 
pressure – Precision methods for anechoic and semi --anechoic rooms 
ISO 3746:1995   Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound 
pressure – Survey method using an enveloping measurement surface over a 
reflecting plane 
ISO 4871:1996   Acoustics – Declaration and verification of noise emission values of machinery and 
equipment 
ISO/TR 7849:1987   Acoustics – Estimation of airborne noise emitted by machinery using vibration 
measurements 
ISO 8579--1: 2002   Acceptance code for gears -- Part 1: Determination of airborne sound power levels 
emitted by gear units 
ISO 9614--1:1993   Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound 
intensity – Part 1: Measurements at discrete points 
ISO 9614--2:1996   Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound 
intensity – Part 2: Measurements by scanning 
ISO 11203:1995   Noise emitted by machinery and equipment -- Determination of sound pressure 
levels at a work station and at other specified positions from the sound power level 
IEC 61260:1995   Electroacoustics -- Octave--band and fractional--octave--band filter 
IEC 61672:2002   Electroacoustics - Sound level meters - Part 1: Specifications 

2.3.6.1 Standards--scope and limitations 2.3.6.3 Standard procedure

The AGMA sound standard is limited to those units The gear unit may be rigidly or resiliently mounted in
its normal operating position and either belt or
designed and rated in accordance with applicable
coupling connected to the driver. The gear unit is to
AGMA product standards. Also, gear units are to be
be run at no load or with a light brake load, and at the
lubricated in accordance with manufacturer’s rec-
application speed. A light brake load, stabilizes the
ommendations and operated in a system free from
rotating elements -- that is, it eliminates the effects of
serious critical speeds, torsional vibrations and
gear mesh backlash and bearing clearances on the
overloads. Compliance with the conditions of gear unit sound. The acoustic environment is to be
ANSI/AGMA 6025--D98 does not imply a warranty of that of shop testing locations, which are typically
gear unit sound levels under installed field service semi--reverberant, and the test machinery may be
conditions, because particular operations and envi- acoustically isolated from the gear unit.
ronments must be considered in view of subjects
2.3.6.4 Microphone position and ambient
covered in this information sheet.
correction
2.3.6.2 Standard instrumentation The microphone is to be located perpendicular to the
center of a vertical surface, but not less than one foot
The standard specifies that sound levels are to be
above the test floor or plate, see figure 2--7. The
measured with a sound level meter, Type 1 (preci- distance between the microphone and gear unit
sion) or Type 2 (general purpose), conforming to depends on the unit size. See table 1 in ANSI/AGMA
ANSI specifications. Also, octave band sound 6025--D98. Both the overall sound level (gear unit
pressure levels, when agreed upon, are to be plus ambient) and the ambient level alone are to be
measured with an octave band analyzer conforming recorded. Corrections for the influence of the
to ANSI specifications. Instrument acoustic calibra- ambient on the gear unit’s sound level are made to
tion is to be checked before and after each test, and provide a truer indication of the gear unit’s sound
slow meter response is preferred when taking sound level. The average meter reading is to be recorded
measurements. when the sound pressure level fluctuates.

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 19

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

2.4 Gear system sound levels sound level can be obtained from test results of
identical or comparable units and/or empirical data
extrapolated from similar equipment. The levels
2.4.1 Typical levels
generally will not include driving or driven equipment
The sources of generated sounds in a gear driven noise and system influences. When a gear unit is
systemare important. However, the levels which are actually installed, the prediction or estimation of its
generated and the methods of measurement be- sound level is difficult, since the gear unit is now part
come the points of major interest when determining if of a total acoustic system which includes, in addition
a system will meet a specification. The gear industry to the gear unit, the prime mover, driven equipment,
has had years of experience measuring sound, both gear unit mounting and surrounding acoustic envi-
on the test stand and in field installations. This ronment. Some insight into this problem can be
experience has indicated the sound levels that may gained by examining the effect of some system
be expected on qualification spin or load tests. This parameters, such as speed and load.

Key:
L= Length of gear unit
H= Height of gear unit
W= Width of gear unit
D= Distance of microphone perpendicular of unit
as specified in standard for size
h = Height of microphone perpendicular to floor
"$
H
2
d = Distance of microphone from corner of unit
" $  " $
L or W
2 2
*Note: Load is optional for factory testing

Figure 2--7 -- Sound test microphone position

20 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

2.4.2 AGMA typical maximum data gear unit sound is load. Much of the experimental
literature to date indicates an increase in noise due
The latest AGMA standard includes typical maxi- to an increase in load, see figure 2--13. Some data
mum sound levels for their representative types of has indicated as much as a 20 dB increase for spur
gear units, see figures 2--8 thru 2--15, for information gearing between a load and no load (spin) test.
only. The typical maximum curves of figures 2--8 However, empirical data collected throughout the
through 2--10 were established based on the mea- gear industry indicates increased noise level does
sured sound levels of gear units given by the points not always accompany increased loading; in some
in the figures. The curves for gearmotors in figure cases, even the reverse occurs, i.e., when the tooth
2--9 were obtained by adding estimated electric geometry has been modified for loaded deflections
motor sound levels (using motor sound power levels and operating temperatures. Until these design
published by the National Electrical Manufacturers loads and temperatures have been reached, the
Association, NEMA) to gear unit sound levels. The mesh action may be noisy.
typical maximum levels given in the AGMA stan-
dards are for the test condition stated in these The average statistical difference in gear unit sound
standards. between no load spin and full load (AGMA rated load
+ service factor) is an increase of approximately 4
2.4.2.1 Speed effects dBA (see figure 2--14 -- helical, herringbone, spiral
Change in speed can significantly effect the sound bevel and worm gearing).
pressure level. Typical data for the effect of speed The maximum increase in sound between no load
(input rpm) on sound levels is presented for informa- and full load observed was 12 dBA. The data
tion in figures 2--11 and 2--12. showed about two--thirds of the units increased in
2.4.2.2 Load effects sound with load. About one--fifth did not indicate a
measured difference with load, and the remainder
Another operating parameter affecting the level of had reduced sound levels with increased load.

I    

     A
     B I    
I    
     d ANSI/AGMA 6025--D98
 ,
     l
    e
    v I    
    e
     l
    e  C 
    r
    u A 
    s
    s
    e
    r
    p
     d
    n
    u
    o
     S

High speed mesh pitchline velocity, fpm

Enclosed helical, herringbone and spiral bevel gear drives
Single, double and triple reduction
No load or light brake load
No cooling fan

Figure 2--8 -- AGMA typical maximum and average sound pressure level vs. high speed mesh pitch
line velocity

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 21

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Therefore, for gears of this type a majority showed field installed loaded operation. Table 2--5 shows
an average increase of 4 dBA. Only in similar gear additional data on the operation of geared systems
drive systems may this be used as a guideline for the loaded and unloaded.
expected difference between a shop spin test and

110

100

     A
     B ANSI/AGMA 6025--D98
     d
 ,
     l
    e
    v
    e
     l
    e
    r
    u
    s
    s
    e
    r
    p
     d
    n
    u
    o
     S

Catalog power rating, HP

Gearmotors, in--line reducers and increasers
Single, double, triple and quad reduction
No load or light brake load
No cooling fan on gear unit
Figure 2--9 -- AGMA typical maximum and average sound pressure level vs. catalog power rating

ANSI/AGMA 6025--D98

     A
     B
     d
 ,
     l
    e
    v
    e
     l
    e
    r
    u
    s
    s
    e
    r
    p
     d
    n
    u
    o
     S

High speed mesh pitch line velocity, fpm

High speed helical and double helical, single reduction
gear units at full speed, light load or spin test
Figure 2--10 -- Sound pressure level vs. pitch line velocity taken 3 feet from housing (values shown
are for information only)

22 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

     A
     B
     d
 ,
     l
    e
    v
    e
     l
    e
    r
    u
    s
    s
    e
    r
    p
     d
    n
    u
    o
     S

Input speed, rpm

Figure 2--11 -- Change in dBA sound pressure level relative to that at 1750 rpm
(! LPA) vs. input speed

     A
     B
     d
 ,
     l
    e
    v
    e
     l
    e
    r
    u
    s
    s
    e
    r
    p
     d
    n
    u
    o
     S

Input speed, rpm

Figure 2--12 -- Sound pressure level vs. worm speed

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 23

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

     A
     B
     d
 ,
     l
    e
    v
    e
     l
    e
    r
    u
    s
    s
    e
    r
    p
     d
    n
    u
    o
     S

Power ratio

Figure 2--13 -- Change in dBA sound pressure level relative to that at no load (! LPA) vs.  P / Pat

     B
     d
 ,
     l
    e
    v
    e
     l
    e
    r
    u
    s
    s
    e
    r
    p
     d
    n
    u
    o
     S

0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Power ratio

Figure 2--14 -- Change in dBA sound pressure level relative to that at no load (! LPA) vs.  P / PR

24 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

Worm gear speed reducers -- single reduction

light or no load, 1750 rpm input, fan cooled

     A
     B
     d
 ,
     l
    e
    v
    e
     l
    e
    r
    u
    s
    s
    e
    r
    p
     d
    n
    u
    o
     S

Unit center distance, inches

Figure 2--15 -- Sound pressure level vs. center distance -- taken 5 feet from housing

Table 2--5 -- No twist steel rod mills “A” weighted sound levels
(with and without rod in mill)

Basic data of sample rod mills

Mill horsepower Gear speed (rpm)
Mill   Load w/rod No load w/o rod min. max.
A 2200 150 950 6600
B 1100 100 570 4000
NOTE:
There are approximately 35 gear meshes in each mill. The meshes transmit anywhere from 100% of horsepower at the
lowest RPM to a small fraction of total horsepower. The primaryincrease of soundlevel with rod load appears to be from
the gear meshes.

Observed sound level test data at sample rod mills

Distance, w/rod w/o rod Diff. Background
Mill Location ft dB “A” dB “A” dB “A” dB “A”
A Between strands 1 & 2
a) Near motor end 5 98 95 3 90
b) Midway along mill 5 95 93 2 90
A Between strands 3 & 4
a) Near motor end 5 94 93 1 90
B Between strands 1 & 2
a) At 3 high gear increments 3 93 90 3 81
b) Midway along mill 3 93 89 4 81
c) At high speed end 3 91 89 2 81
B Between strands 3 & 4
a) At 3 high gear increments 3 93 89 4 81
b) Midway along mill 3 94 90 4 81
c) At high speed end 3 93 89 4 81

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 25

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04 Part III

American Gear Manufacturers 3.1.2 Design for environment

Association -- Gear unit noise control must begin with the design of
the system components and end with satisfactory
operation. This section of the gear manual is
designed to give a broad outline of noise control.
Gear Sound Manual: Specific details must be developed by the manufac-
turer’s design for the known acoustical environment.
Part III -- Gear Noise
Control 3.2 Gear design noise control

3.2.1 Influence factors

There aremany factors which experience hasshown
to influence the amount of sound generated by
operating gears in a power transmission system.
3.1 Source noise control
Table 3--1 lists items which are often considered
when quiet operation is desired.
The first two sections of the   Gear Sound Manual 
reviewed the nature of sound, the characteristics Table 3 --1 -- Considerations for noise control
pertaining to gear driven systems, and levels that
-- Type of gearing
may be expected from some standard gear units.
The sounds generated by a gear unit in a power -- Tooth profile and pitch
transmission system can be caused by the rotating -- Pressure angle
gear unit elements interacting with the prime mover,
-- Geometry modifications
driven machine, and connected mounting struc-
tures. Sound can be transmitted either through air or -- Total gear contact ratio
vibration of the connected structures. The effects of -- Design load versus operation
the sounds transmitted are greatly influenced by the
-- Quality (accuracy and finish)
acoustical environment. To reduce or control noise
requires attention not only to the gear units but to the -- Unbalance and alignment
collecting equipment, the transmission phenomena, -- Tooth ratios
and the acoustical environment.
-- Type of bearing support
3.1.1 System dynamics -- Gear blank design

Periodic acceleration, deceleration, and vibratory -- Pitch line velocity

dynamic loads in a gear driven system can cause the Each item in table 3--1 can beargued as to its relative
meshing gear teeth to generate sounds. The system importance; however, they all must be considered
dynamics which generate sound can be caused by with the thought that the main object is to achieve
gear tooth inaccuracies, the meshing phenomenon, smooth operation under certain performance condi-
or by the interaction of the total mass elastic system tions. To transfer a specific power with minimum
including driving and driven machines. Although this change in the angular velocity of the meshing gears
manual is specifically dealing with the sounds is themost desirable characteristic. One can seethat
generated from an enclosed gear drive, the broader there is great difficulty in describing a “simple” model
aspects associated with the total system dynamics of a gear driven system. Therefore, to say the
must be considered in any practical noise control generation of gear noise can be simply described or
procedure. analyzed may be an impossibility. However, one

26 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

should reserve thinking about the many degrees of gear unit that will be its quietest at all required
freedom (lateral, longitudinal and torsional) and their speeds and loads. Therefore, the user should not
modes that may develop into gear noise, and expect a gear unit to be quiet under all conditions of
concentrate on eliminating the system vibrations. operation.

3.2.1.1 Manufacturing quality 3.2.2 Total gear contact ratio

One major internal source of gear noise can be The variation of meshing stiffness is one of the major
related to differences in gear geometry during influences on noise generation. The total contact
engagement (meshing) of teeth. If a “perfect” gear ratio as a sum of the helical overlap ratio and the
set could be designed and manufactured, there transverse contact ratio significantly influences the
would not be any sudden accelerations or decelera- stiffness variation. By careful selection of both
tions of the rotors during the transfer of power, and ratios, the influence of transmission error and noise
noise or vibration, due to operation, would be can be reduced significantly. In general, increasing
minimized. Therefore, the imperfect geometry, both ratios will lead to a lower noise level, but
profile, and spacing of gear teeth must be controlled experience and investigation have shown the best
to minimize the noise. The items in table 3--1 results are at values for both factors which are more
pertaining to gear geometry must be discussed in or less a whole number. For example, selecting a
terms of reducing the sudden accelerations and transverse contact ratio of2 can result in a sum of the
decelerations during tooth mesh for a particular total contact ratio as a whole number. Therefore,
application. One prime consideration is that no simply increasing the ratios is not enough; rather
matter how good the design, it is the result of the finding an optimum value is required. A very high
realistic quality of manufacturing that determines the total contact ratio in itself may not result in an
sounds generated. improved noise level.
3.2.1.2 Types of gearing The helical overlap ratio can be increased by a
higher helix angle, increased face width, or use of a
The type of gearing for quiet operation must be
finer pitch. But its benefit is limited because the
selected for the speed and power transferred. The
transverse contact ratio will in turn be diminished.
various types of gears such as spur, helical, herring-
bone, worm, bevel, etc., all have individual charac- The transverse contact ratio can be increased by
teristics lending themselves to specific applications, using a lower pressure angle and profile modifica-
speeds, and loads. The tooth profile, pitch, pressure tion, see AGMA 913--A98.
angle, overlap, quality, and ratios are all items that
can be discussed in terms of quiet operation for one A possible difference in action between spur and
or more of the following reasons: helical gears of similar geometry is shown by
comparing figures 3--1 and 3--2 and is further defined
-- enables a manufacturer to reduce in AGMA design standards.
inaccuracy;
Knowledgeable design of helical gears is an implied
-- averages out individual tooth errors over a
requirement as shown figure 3--3. The more
wide number of teeth;
constant the contact length and the more uniform the
-- reduces abrupt changes in tooth contact contact conditions, the lower the dynamic forces
action; which cause noise. The same advantages lie in
-- places generated noise frequencies outside spiral bevel gears when compared to straight bevel
the sensitive audible range or at a frequency that gears.
can be more easily controlled.
3.2.3 Optimum tooth geometry
3.2.1.3 Geometry modifications
The selection of optimum tooth geometry to reduce
Other items such as geometry modifications for noise is complicated by the fact that compromises
designed operating load, misalignments, unbalance are necessary. If a tooth of increased height is used
and types of bearings can also be controlled to to get a greater transverse overlap, both the strength
minimize the changes in angular velocity while and scoring resistance might be reduced. If thetooth
transferring loads. Because of the number of items pitch is reduced or the helix angle increased too
to be considered and their dependence on load greatly, reductions in strength are also possible. It
deflections of teeth, it becomes difficult to produce a might appear simple to increase the size of the gears

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 27

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

to increase strength capacity, but a larger gear runs pressure angle. A lower pressure angle reduces the
at a higher pitchline velocity normally producing effect of radial runout and in a minor way decreases
increased noise. tooth stiffness to reduce meshing impulse.
3.2.3.1 Pressure angle selection
Some noise control is related to the selection of

Figure 3--1 -- Contact of helical gears

Figure 3--2 -- Contact of spur gears

28 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

Facewidth, inches

Figure 3--3 -- Variation of length of contact lines/face ratio with face width

3.2.3.2 Profile modifications 3.2.5 Practical design changes

Meshing impulses or dynamic forces can be reduced It is important to realize that, generally, the present
to control noise by profile modifications. As an accepted practices for gear design in accordance
example, tip relief can “ease” an incoming tooth into with AGMA standards are such that reductions of
contact to compensate for the elastic deflection of only 2 to 4 dBA are practically obtainable by
the teeth already in contact as illustrated in figure changing items listed in table 3--1.
3--4.
The gear manufacturer must be given the design
3.2.3.3 Lead modifications flexibility to balance load capacity with the items that
may affect the sound generation.
Besides profile modifications, crowning (or barrel-
ing) across the face and tapering of the lead may be
done to compensate for misalignment and deflec-
tions under a given load. Crowning and tapering can 3.3 Gear housing noise control
also affect the durability and strength capacity of the
gears. Excessive profile and lead modifications can
3.3.1 Surface excitations
increase rather than decrease gear contact noise.
An enclosed gear unit housing consists of a number
3.2.4 Pitchline velocity
of surfaces, each of which, alone or in combination,
Normally gear contact velocities will affect the can be excited into vibration by the gear mesh
generation of noise. Lower pitchline velocities and impulse or other periodic forces of the rotating
sliding generally result in lower noise levels. Lower elements. In addition, excitation can be developed
velocities may be achieved by changing types of by the driving or driven machines. These excitations
gears, materials, hardness, ratios, size, etc. may generate an objectionable sound level.

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 29

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Interference
(exaggerated)

Figure 3--4 -- Tip relief on gear teeth

3.3.2 Frequency determination ability to dissipate heat; therefore, the thermal effect
must be considered for proper gear operating
Design dimensions, proportions, and materials de-
temperatures.
termine the sound frequency and sound pressure
level emanating from housing sections. Sound from
the case vibrations is usually transmitted directly to
the surrounding air and/or structures with very little 3.4 Bearing noise control
attenuation (reduction).
3.4.1 Alignment of bearing
3.3.2.1 Resonant frequencies
Misalignment and deflections can be a cause of
A gear unit housing cannot, in itself, be considered a
bearing and gear noise. Consequently, care must be
primary source of noise since it must be excited by
taken during assembly and installation to maintain
the rotating elements. Acoustical tests are made on
proper fit and alignment of bearings and gears.
many standard units to determine the resonant
frequencies of all housing areas. Those which might 3.4.2 Rolling element noise
be excited by operating frequencies can be modified
Rolling element bearing noise can usually be
by changing their stiffness.
sufficiently low so that it is not a problem except at
3.3.2.2 Constrained layer damping higher speeds. If correction is necessary, bearings
are available (generally more expensive) having
Noise from plate sections of a housing may be
lower noise characteristics. Sometimes preloaded
reduced by using “constrained layer damping”
bearings will operate at a lower noise level although
(sandwiching a damping material between the
a reduction in life might result.
housing section and a constraining plate). If the
predominant noise is due to a plate section reso- Tapered roller bearing sound can be due to runout at
nance, it is conceivable that a 6 dBA reduction may low frequencies (15 to 100 Hz), race waviness at
be achieved by this method. The materials used for intermediate frequencies (100 to 3000 Hz), and
the damping layer must have the ability to absorb surface finish at higher frequencies. The rollers are
large amounts of shear energy. It must be remem- the major source of sound, and the races, the prime
bered that damping layers will lower the housing’s sound radiators.

30 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

Sound generated in rolling element bearings is damping rings are used in circumferential slots cut
caused by the rolling and slipping action of the into the inside of the rim. Damping or resilient
elements and cages or separators with variations in materials can be used for rim--hub isolation or for
the speed, load, and shaft runout. The sound “constrained layer dampening”.
characteristics are also dependent upon the surface
finish of the mating members and the variations in
their geometry. The stiffness of rolling element 3.6 Lubrication noise control
bearings will also affect the vibration of the total
system. 3.6.1 Lubricant viscosity
3.4.3 Sleeve bearing noise The method of gear lubrication may be subject to
Sleeve bearings generate little sound if properly noise control. The sound developed by a gear
designed and adequately lubricated. In a rare case, churning the oil or occurrences developed by oil
“oil whirl” or “whip“ causes dynamic load instabilities being splashed or thrown from a gear onto a housing
to the extent of creating measurable noise. In very wall are not unusual. However, gear mesh noise
lightly loaded bearings with correspondingly large oil from inadequate oil film is most common and
film thicknesses, the stiffness may contribute to the reduced by increasing lubricant viscosity.
vibration and noise of the system. 3.6.2 Fluid noises
Fluid noises, including cavitation, are usually due to
restricted or turbulent high velocity flow. Corrections
3.5 Shaft and hub design noise control are obvious. Noise due to churning or oil throw can
be limited by regulating oil level, use of pans,
3.5.1 Runout noise barriers, and flow guides.

The main contribution of shafts to the generation of

sound is radial or axial runout, caused by inaccura-
3.7 Noise control with system analysis
cies or dynamic unbalance, which affect gear tooth
contact as well as bearing dynamics. Runout can
also be caused by natural resonant vibrations as well Analysis of the total geared system has to be
as elastic deflections. Windage is not of great discussed because it adds a whole different dimen-
importance except at high speeds. sion to gear noise. If the vibratory excitations from a
gear unit are low as discussed, the noise is generally
Noise whose source is caused by shaft runout can low and the forcing functions driving the system
only be successfully corrected by greater accuracy resonance will be low. Even so, the existence of
in manufacture, balance or correcting excessive torsional, lateral, or structural resonances of the
misalignment. When high shaft deflections are gear systemmay become pointsof extreme sensitiv-
encountered, which affect the gear mesh, either ity and sources of high noise generation. Conse-
increased rigidity is required or compensations can quently, resonance must be avoided during design,
be made by profile and lead modifications of the and if discovered during operation, the operating
teeth. conditions or system design must be changed.
3.5.2 Gear blank resonance 3.7.1 System sources
Gear blanks, which are either integral or mounted on Any resonating member is a source of vibration and
the shafts, should be designed sufficiently rigid to sound. There are two types of resonances to be
meet strength and deflection requirements and, concerned about. One is caused by the rotating
normally, are not a major source of noise. Excep- parts and is associated with critical speeds; the
tions occur for certain high speed turbine gears second involves the support foundation and
designed for minimum weight. The types of vibration structures.
developed as standing or traveling waves in the rim
3.7.1.1 Critical speeds
or disc must be known and the gear blank designed
so that these resonant frequencies are not excited in The critical speeds(resonances) of the rotating parts
the operating range. When this is not possible, should be at least 20% from any operating speeds,

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 31

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

from their multiples (harmonics), and from the mesh 3.8 Noise of gear unit accessories
frequencies of the gear teeth. The farther the
operating speed is from the critical speeds, the less 3.8.1 Lubrication system noise
chance there will be of detrimental effects. Care
must be taken in the calculation of torsional and Lubrication and cooling devices can be a source of
lateral critical speeds. The mathematical model of a sound. The pump, pump drive (motor, direct or gear
gear driven system must be carefully developed and driven from a gear unit shaft), and fluid flow in pipes
analyzed. Often the mass elastic characteristics of a and coolers of a pressurized lube system are all
system will vary with changes in speed and/or load. sources of noise.

3.7.1.2 Structural resonance 3.8.2 Cooling fan noise

Cooling fan noise has been investigated, and air flow
Structural resonances of gear systems and support-
turbulence must be avoided as well as periodic
ing members should also be away from operating
passing of blades close to a fin or rib. A major
speeds, multiples, and tooth--mesh frequencies.
problem is one of obtaining the desired air mass flow
This may be difficult to obtain at times so that a
rate within the set limits of shaft speed and mounting
practical minimum may be 10 to 15% differential
location.
depending on how accurately the resonance
frequencies can be determined. Often the components in a gear unit’s lubrication and
cooling system will generate more noise than the
3.7.2 Coupling considerations
gears and bearings.
Couplings between components in a gear driven
system can have a major effect on the system
response and noise generation. The coupling 3.9 Noise control in the transmission path
flexibility should be commensurate with the desired
response to critical speeds. Changing coupling 3.9.1 Minimize transmission
stiffness is often the easiest way of changing a
critical speed. Flexible couplings whether spline Noise can be reduced by control of its source.
tooth, flexible disk, elastomer type, or other designs Performance requirements or economic consider-
all produce noise exciting frequencies particularly ations sometimes make it unfeasible to control or
when operating misaligned. The magnitude of the correct the noise source. For these applications,
excitation may also change with coupling wear. noise at a given location can be minimized by
Consequently, coupling alignment and condition controlling the transmission of airborne or structure--
should be considered during noise control investiga- borne noise from the gear unit.
tions. 3.9.2 Barriers
3.7.3 Connected equipment analysis The vibrations developed within a gear unit travel
through the air or structure, and are then radiated to
Driving and driven equipment in a geared system
the ear. Typical paths for air and structure--borne
may be, by their very nature, either sources or
noise are shown in figure 3--5. The paths are not
transmitters of noise exciting frequencies. The
straight to the receiver, but can be reflected from
periodic excitation of connected components in a
floors, walls, and ceilings. Barriers might partially
system may interact with natural resonant frequen-
absorb or reflect the sound waves.
cies. Typical sources for periodic steady state
excitation are: 3.9.3 Sound absorption
-- internal combustion engines; For severe noise producing installations, noise
control can only be obtained by the use of attenuat-
-- motor pole pass frequency;
ing (noise reduction) devices such as vibration
-- electric pump and compressors; isolators, noise absorbing panels or barriers, total
-- reciprocating pump and compressors; enclosures, and damping devices. The use of
vibration isolators, noise barriers, and total enclo-
-- centrifugal fan blade pass frequencies;
sures is illustrated in figure 3--6 and their effective-
-- impeller or propeller pass frequencies. ness is shown in figure 3--7.

32 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

Figure 3--5 -- Sound transmission paths for gear unit in typical installation

Figure 3--6 -- Noise attenuating devices in gear unit surroundings

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 33

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Figure 3--7 -- Effect of noise attenuating devices in gear unit surroundings -- octave band results

3.9.4 Economic sound reduction effectiveness at low frequencies requires a softness

that may create shaft alignment problems.
Generally, the absorption of sound or isolation of
sound sources and operators are the most economi-
cal means of lowering generated sound levels. 3.10 Noise control materials
Some generated sounds are characteristic of ma-
chines and no amount of redesign or improved There are two general types of material available for
quality will eliminate these sounds. However, the noise control in the transmission path. These are
most desirable method of minimizing sound levels is sound absorbing materials and sound barrier materi-
by design or quality improvements. Improved sound als. Vibration isolation and damping materials are
or vibration levels achieved from “smoother” opera- not included in this section grouping, having been
tion will also tend toward lower dynamic loads and discussed previously in 3.9.5.
improve the durability life of the gears, bearings and
couplings. 3.10.1 Absorbing materials
Sound absorbing materials basically serve the
3.9.5 Control with vibration isolation purpose of minimizing the reflection of sound waves;
they are not particularly effective in blocking the path
Vibration isolation consists of putting a resilient of sound transmission. For these reasons, such
material between the unit and its mounting structure. materials are used to alter the sound characteristics
This reduces the amount of structure--borne noise of a room or area from reverberant to anechoic or
which is normally transmitted to the mounting and semi--anechoic and, in this manner, reduce the
then radiated in the form of airborne sound. Vibration sound pressure level within that area. This type of
isolation with soft (resilient) mountings is generally material should never be used alone as a barrier
most effective at high frequencies. To obtain between a source and a receiver, since the sound

34 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

pressure level would be reduced very little at the Un--assembled panels can be attached rigidly to the
receiver. Some factors affecting the absorption floor or attached to casters for portability; they can
characteristics of a material are mass, surface also he hung vertically from the ceiling in some
condition, pore size and structure, flow resistance, cases.
thickness, and frequency of impinging sound.
Typical materials used are glass fiber and certain
types of polyurethane foam.
3.11 Total enclosures
3.10.2 Reflecting materials

Sound barrier materials are very dense materials If it is determined that the objectionable noise from a
which block the passage of airborne sound waves. gear unit is not an indication of poor operation, then
Since sound waves are not absorbed but reflected the use of a total acoustical enclosure is generally
by these materials, they tend to increase sound level the most economical way of lowering a given noise.
inside the barrier. Some of the most effective barrier
materials are thin lead sheets and lead impregnated 3.11.1 Enclosure structures
vinyl sheets, although all metals and normal
A total enclosure is a completely air--tight structure
construction materials are effective to various de-
surrounding the unit and normally consisting of a
grees if properly used. Since sound barrier and
rigid outer wall and sound absorbing inner wall. The
absorbing materials work on diametrically opposite inclusion of the sound absorbing material is impor-
principles, they are often combined with a sound tant since it prevents noise build--up within the
absorbing material on one or both sides of thebarrier
enclosure. Sometimes resilient mountings are also
material in order to reduce the reflection of sound.
used. The outer wall provides the needed rigidity and
The side of the resulting laminate with the greater
mass. A total enclosure is very effective in reducing
thickness of absorbing material should face the noise, but care must be taken that structure--borne
source.
vibrations do not transmit and then radiate noise
outside of the enclosure. Figure 3--8 shows how
3.10.3 Material selection
vibration isolators and a total enclosure contain the
If the source and receiver are in a reverberant room noise and protect the receiver.
of limited size, sound absorbing material in either
Total enclosures have gained wider acceptance
sheet or roll form or in the form of preassembled
because the gear unit, as well as the driving and
panels can he attached to the walls and ceiling to
driven machine, can be enclosed within the same
change the acoustical character from reverberant to
structure, which can be structurally isolated from
semi--reverberant. Such a procedure can be effec-
other plant equipment.
tive in reducing thesound level, butthe material must
be selected so that its acoustical characteristics are 3.11.2 Effective enclosures
compatible with the predominant frequencies of the
generated sound. The most attractive feature of total enclosure is the
ability to reduce generated noise 10 to 20 dBA by a
3.10.4 Panel location relatively economical and technically sound means.

One approach often employed, and sometimes The effectiveness of a total enclosure is very
moderately successful in the treatment of larger dependent upon even the small openings. Openings
plant areas, is the placement of preassembled for shafts or other equipment and small cracks
sound panels (barriers) at various locations, but around panels and doors, can drastically reduce the
primarily between the source and receiver. These sound transmission loss which would otherwise be
panels must be close to the source or to the receiver expected.
and must be a combination of sound absorbing and
3.11.2.1 Operation disadvantage
barrier materials. If the panel is a substantial
distance from both source and receiver, the sound A disadvantage with total enclosures is that if not
waves will circumvent the panel, particularly if the designed properly they can be a hindrance to normal
predominant frequency is low (long wave length). operation and/or maintenance of the equipment.

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 35

 

AGMA 914--B04 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

ABSORBING

Figure 3--8 -- Sound transmission paths for gear unit with vibration isolators and total enclosure

3.11.2.2 Thermal disadvantage directional, changing its angular position sometimes

can prove useful.
It must be remembered that an acoustical enclosure
is also a thermal barrier. If a gear unit or an entire
gear driven system is enclosed, care must be taken 3.12 Control summary
to provide adequate means to remove the heat
which is generated during normal operation.
The systems engineer must be aware of the
3.11.3 Enclose operator acoustical nature, sources and the means to control
sounds generated in a gear driven system. The
An operator enclosure is an alternate approach to three sections of this Gear Sound Manual have been
using equipment enclosures. Instead of enclosing developed to facilitate this work.
very large and bulky equipment to reduce the 3.12.1 Compatible methods
operator exposure level, a relatively small enclosure
can be built for the operator(s). This section presents information concerning sound
generation and suggests noise control methods
3.11.4 Other solutions compatible with the technical requirements as well
as the economic limitations.
Another solution to a noise problem is the use of
3.12.2 Source reduction, absorption or isolation
earplugs or ear muffs. Also, placing the personnel
further from the system is a simple means of Reducing noise by controlling the sources of noise
attaining results. If the unit noise radiation is sharply generation is possible; gears, housing, shafts,

36 © AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved

 

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 914--B04

bearings, lubrication and cooling devices must be

considered in combination with the entire system.
The noise transmission path can be revised to
absorb noise and prevent radiation at an unfavor-
able angle or the transmission path can be almost
totally blocked by full enclosures and isolation
mountings.

© AGMA 2004 ---- All rights reserved 37

 

(This page is intentionally blank)

 

PUBLISHED BY
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
1500 KING STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 22314