❑ Quantitative Research Designs

❑ Sampling Techniques
❑ Data Collection Methods
❑ Chapter 2 Format

by: LLOYD PSYCHE T. BALTAZAR

Research Design

▪ Research design refers to the overall strategy that

you choose to integrate the different components of
the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby,
ensuring you will effectively address the research
problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection,
measurement, and analysis of data (de Vaus, 2006).
Quantitative Research Designs
True Experimental
Design
Experimental
Designs
Quasi-Experimental
Design

Quantitative
Research Designs Descriptive Survey
Design

Non-Experimental Descriptive
Designs Comparative Design

Correlational Design
 Experimental Research Design
Experimental Research Design - establishes a relationship between the cause
and effect of a situation. It is a causal design where one observes the impact
caused by the independent variable on the dependent variable.

▪ employs the scientific method to establish cause-effect

relationship among a group pf variables that make up a study

▪ does not always require a laboratory setting

▪ the independent variable is manipulated to determine the effects

on the dependent variable
 Experimental Research Design
1. True Experimental Research Design – is a design in which the researcher
manipulates the independent variable (or variables) to observe its effect on some
behavior or cognitive process (the dependent variable) while using random
assignment of participants to groups in order to control external factors from
influencing the results.

▪ True experiments have four elements: manipulation, control,

random assignment, and random selection.
 Experimental Research Design
2. Quasi-experimental Research Design – is a design that aim to identify the impact of
a particular intervention, program or event (a "treatment") by comparing treated units
(households, groups, villages, schools, firms, etc.) to control units. While quasi-
experimental methods use a control group, they differ from experimental methods in that
they do not use randomization to select the control group.

▪ useful for estimating the impact of a program or event for which

it is not ethically or logistically feasible to randomize

▪ very common in educational research and social science

research, where administrators are unwilling to allow the random
selection of students for experimental samples
 Non-experimental Research Design

Non-experimental Research Design - include research designs in which an

experimenter simply either describes a group or examines relationships between
preexisting groups. The members of the groups are not randomly assigned, and an
independent variable is not manipulated by the experimenter, thus, no conclusions about
causal relationships between variables in the study can be drawn.

▪ simply measure variables as they naturally occur (in the lab or

real world)

▪ usually descriptive and correlational research

 Non-experimental Research Design

1. Descriptive Survey Design - attempts to

establish the range and distribution of some social
characteristics, such as education or training,
occupation, and location, and to discover how
these characteristics may be related to certain
behavior patterns or attitudes.

▪ describes the attitudes, preferences, views, feelings, opinions, and other behavioral
patterns
 Non-experimental Research Design

2. Descriptive Comparative Design – is a

design wherein the researcher considers two
variables that are not manipulated and establish
a formal procedure to conclude that one is better
than the other.

▪ states the differences or similarities between or among people, things, objects, etc.
 Non-experimental Research Design

3. Correlational Design - is a type of research method

that involves observing two variables in order to
establish a statistically corresponding relationship
between them. The aim of correlational research is to
identify variables that have some sort of relationship do
the extent that a change in one creates some change
in the other.

▪ shows the extent and direction of variable relationships, that is, whether a negative or
positive relationship exists
Sampling Techniques
Convenience Simple Random
Sampling
Sampling

Systematic
Purposive Random Sampling
Sampling
Non-probability Probability
Stratified Random
Sampling Sampling Sampling
Techniques Techniques
Quota
Sampling
Cluster Sampling

Snowball Multi-stage
Sampling Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling Techniques

▪ It is a sampling technique wherein not all

members of the population are given
equal chances to be selected at sample.

▪ This is otherwise known as non-

random sampling.
Non-Probability Sampling Techniques

▪ Convenience sampling is a non-probability

sampling technique where samples are selected
from the population only because they are
conveniently available to the researcher.

▪ Samples are chosen just because they are easy to

recruit.

▪ It is also called as accidental sampling because it

is a “man on the street interview”.
Non-Probability Sampling Techniques

▪ Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling

technique where researchers select the samples based
purely on the researcher’s knowledge and credibility. In
other words, researchers choose only those people who
they deem fit to participate in the research study.

▪ Qualified samples based on a predetermined criteria.

▪ It is also called as judgmental sampling.

 Non-Probability Sampling Techniques

▪ Quota sampling is a sampling

methodology wherein data is
collected from a homogeneous
group.

▪ A population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in

stratified sampling. Then judgment is used to select the subjects or units from
each segment based on a specified proportion.
Non-Probability Sampling Techniques

▪ Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling

technique where the researcher begin by identifying
someone who meets the criteria for inclusion in your
study. The researcher then ask them to recommend
others who they may know who also meet the criteria.

▪ It is used when the respondents are difficult to locate.

▪ It is also called as referral approach.

Probability Sampling Techniques

▪ This is a sampling procedure of selecting a sample

size from a universe such that each member of the
population is given a non-zero chance of being
included in the sample and all possible combinations of
size have an equal chance of being selected as the
sample.

▪ This is popularly known as random sampling.

Probability Sampling Techniques

▪ Simple random sampling is a completely random

method of selecting subjects. These can include
assigning numbers to all subjects and then using a
random number generator to choose random
numbers.

▪ Each sampling unit of a population has an equal

chance of being included in the sample.
Probability Sampling Techniques

▪ Systematic random sampling the process of

selecting the sample when units are obtained by
drawing every nth element of the population.

▪ There is a gap, or interval, between each selected

unit in the sample. Each sampling unit of a
population has an equal chance of being included
in the sample.
Probability Sampling Techniques

▪ Stratified random sampling involves splitting

subjects into mutually exclusive groups (strata) and
then using simple random sampling to choose
members from groups.

▪ A population can be stratified by any variable for

which a value is available for all units on the
sampling frame prior to sampling (e.g. age, sex,
province of residence, income).
Probability Sampling Techniques

▪ Cluster sampling is a way to select participants

randomly that are spread out geographically.

▪ A number of clusters are selected randomly to

represent the total population, and then all units
within selected clusters are included in the sample.
No units from non-selected clusters are included in
the sample.
Probability Sampling Techniques

▪ Multi-stage sampling is like cluster sampling,

except that it involves selecting a sample within
each selected cluster, rather than including all units
from the selected clusters.

▪ This type of sampling requires at least two stages.

In the first stage, large clusters are identified and
selected. In the second stage, units are selected
from within the selected clusters using any of the
probability sampling methods.
Data Collection Methods
Direct Method

Indirect Method

Observation Method

Experiment Method

Test Method
Data Collection Methods

▪ Direct method is often referred to as interview

method. In this method, forms are completed
through an interview with the respondent. More
expensive than questionnaires, but they are better
for more complex questions.

▪ Examples are structured interview, face-to-face

interview, telephone interview, web-based
interview.
Data Collection Methods

▪ Indirect method is popularly known as

questionnaire method. This is done by giving
prepared relevant questionnaires to the
respondents of the study from which one would like
to get the needed information.

▪ Examples are paper-pencil questionnaire, web-

based questionnaire, checklist, rating scale.
Data Collection Methods

▪ Observation method is used to collect data

pertaining attitudes, behavior, values, and cultural
patterns of the samples under investigation.
Subjects may be taken individually or collectively. It
is usually used when subjects cannot talk.

▪ Examples are recording sheets, checklist, field

notes, and observation guides.
Data Collection Methods

▪ Experiment method is used if the researcher

would like to determine the cause and effect
relationship of certain phenomena under
investigation. In this method, a researcher change
some variables and observe their effect on other
variables.

▪ This method is used in experimental researches.

Data Collection Methods

▪ Test or Measurement method is used to collect

data that will provide important information about a
specific knowledge or skill of a participant. It
usually uses standardized tests.

▪ Examples are problem-solving test, proficiency

test, intelligence test, and math test.
Chapter 2 Format

▪ Introductory Paragraph Sample

Chapter 2 Format

▪ Research Design Sample

Chapter 2 Format

▪ Research Participants Sample

Chapter 2 Format

▪ Data Analysis Sample