Palompon Institute of Technology

College of Maritime Education

Marine Engineering Department

Engr. Genelyn A. Runa

Subject Instructo
 Table of Contents: Basic Marine Engineering
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Diesel Engine
Learning Outcomes:
1.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Engines
1.4. Classification of Diesel Engines At the end of this topic, the students will be able to:
 Explain the operating principles of a diesel engine.
1.4.1 According to operating /thermodynamic cycle  Identify the basic parts of diesel engine.
1.4.2 According to methods of charging  Differentiate the classification of diesel engine
1.4.3 Method of supplying air
1.4.4 According to the running gear 1.1 Introduction
1.4.5 According to general design A diesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine
1.4.6 According to the cylinder arrangement that generates power by burning heavy oil called diesel.
1.4.7 According to the method of fuel injection
1.4.8 According to their speed Rudolf Diesel, a German Engineer, built the first diesel
engine in 1897. It works by sucking air into a cylinder and
compressing it with a piston. As the air is compressed, its
2 1.5. Basic Parts of Diesel Engine
temperature rises. A carefully measured amount of fuel is
sprayed into the cylinder where the air inside is so hot
1.5.1 Structural Parts that the fuel immediately ignites.
1.5.2 Running Parts
1.5.3 Support System Diesel engine operates with a fixed sequence of events,
which may be achieved in either four strokes or two
1.6. Basic Diesel Engine Cycle strokes.

1.6.1 Four-stroke cycle

1.6.2 Two-stroke cycle
Fig.1-1 Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel

1.7. Scavenging A stroke is measured as the piston travels between its extreme points. Each stroke is
accomplished in half a revolution of the crankshaft. It is also called an internal combustion
SUMMARY engine.
 In 1912, the first ocean-going vessel
to have diesel engines installed was
the Selandia. The engines were 8
cylinder 4 strokes. An idea of their
size can be got from the man
standing by the engine controls half
way down the engine.

Fig.1.2 Selandia Figure 1-3 types of engine according to the method of combustion

1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Engines

3 1.2 Diesel Engine The diesel engine offers a number of advantages including:
o high reliability in operation
Diesel Engine, any internal-combustion engine in which air is compressed to a sufficiently o low fuel cost
high temperature to ignite diesel fuel injected into the cylinder, where the combustion and o high power per pound of engine
expansion actuate a piston. It converts the chemical energy stored in the fuel into o low fuel consumption per horsepower hour
mechanical energy, which can be used to power freight trucks, large tractors, locomotives, o low fire hazard
and marine vessels. o high sustained torque

There are two (2) types of engine according to the method of combustion: A diesel engine has several disadvantages compared to a similar size gasoline-powered
1. Internal combustion engine - are engines from which the combustion process of the fuel engine, including:
takes place internally or within the engine. o engine noise, especially when cold and or at idle speed
2. External Combustion engine - are engines from which the combustion process of the o exhaust smell
fuel takes place externally or outside the engine. o Vacuum pump that is needed to supply the vacuum needs of the heat, ventilation,
and air –conditioning system.
o cold weather start ability
o heavier than a gasoline engine
o fuel availability
o extra cost compared to gasoline engine
 1.4 Classification of Diesel Engines: C. Method of Supplying air

There are a number of different ways to classify diesel engines. It is important for you to 1. naturally aspirated
know about the different classes or types and the particular service for which each is best 2. supercharged
suited. 3. scavenged
The diesel engine may classify into the following:
D. According to the running gear:
A. Operating cycle
B. Method of charging a. Crosshead type construction - used by all slow speed two stroke engines.
C. Method of supplying air
D. Running gear b. Trunk type construction - used in smaller four stroke engines.
E. General design
F. cylinder arrangement
G. Method of fuel injection
H. Speed

A. According to operating /thermodynamic cycle:

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1. Diesel cycle – (Constant –pressure cycle) are the engines which the burning fuel
takes place at constant pressure.

2. Otto cycle – (Constant volume) because the combustion occurs at constant

volume.

3. Dual Cycle – (Combination cycle )is a cycle where the pressure increases at the
peak during the first combustion and stays more or less constant)

B. According to methods of charging:

1. Four stroke engine – it takes two complete revolutions the crankshaft to complete
the four (4) series of events.

Figure1-4 a. crosshead and b. trunk type

2. Two stroke engine – it takes one (1) complete revolution of the crankshaft to
complete the 4 series of events
 G. Method of fuel injection
E. According to general design:
1. Direct Injection diesel engines or D.I – is injected directly into the cylinder.
1. Single acting piston engine- may described as the familiar or conventional
engine, with explosive pressures applied to one face (or head) of the piston to 2. Indirect Injection diesel engines or I.D.I – fuel is injected into a small pre-
produce power. chamber which is connected to the cylinder by a narrow opening.

2. Double acting piston engine- uses both ends of a cylinder and applies explosive
pressure alternately to the two faces of the piston to produce power. The
pressure is applied on both up and down strokes.

F. Cylinder Arrangement

1. horizontal cylinders
2. vertical cylinders
3. in line cylinders
4. v-type cylinders
5 5. radial engines

Figure 1-6: Indirect and Direct injection

Figure 1-5 Cylinder Arrangement

 1.5 Basic Parts of Diesel Engine
H. According to their speed are the
following: To understand how a diesel engine operates, an understanding of the major components
and how they work together is necessary. Figure 1- 9A as an example of a cross section of
1. Low speed engines – the propeller shaft a two stroke cycle engine and Figure 1-9B four stroke cycle engine.
must rotate at 80 rpm to 100 rpm. While
the crankshaft is directly coupled to the
propeller shafting.

2. Medium speed engines – operates at

about 250 rpm to 750 rpm. The gearbox
is used to provide low-speed drive for
the propeller shaft.

3. High- speed diesel engine – has a

steam turbine
which rotates at a very high speed
about 6000rpm? The gearbox is used to
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provide a low-speed drive for the
propeller shaft. Figure 1-7 Two –stroke engine

Figure 1-9A. Cross section of a MAN Diesel & Turbo G95ME-C engine
Figure 1-8 Medium
speed engine,
four-stroke
 1.6 Basic Main Parts

Structural Parts (Stationary Running Parts Diesel Engine Support

Parts) Systems

Main Components: Major Components: Major Systems :

a. Bedplate a. Piston a. Air system
b. Frame or Column b. Piston rod (2 b. Engine cooling system
c. Engine or Cylinder Stroke) c. Engine Lubrication
Block c. crosshead (2 System
d. Cylinder liners stroke) d. Fuel System
e. Cylinder head or d. connecting rod e. Exhaust system
covers crankshaft and its
bearing

Purpose: Purpose: Purposes:

7 o to support running o to convert the o supply of air
parts power of o removal of exhaust
o to keep them position combustion in the o turbocharging
and line cylinders to o supply and injection
o to provide jackets and mechanical works o lubrication
passage for cooling o and cooling
water, sumps for lube
oil
o to form protective
casing for running parts
o to support auxiliaries
(valves, camshaft,
turbo-blowers)

Figure 1-9B Cross section of four stroke engine

 Cylinder liners are made of two types:

A. Structural parts (Stationary Parts) 1. Wet type – when the outside of the liner is in direct contact with water.

a. Bedplate - It works as a foundation block for the two stroke marine diesel engine. They 2. Dry type – does not come in contact with the coolant. Instead, it fits closely against
are right at the same time strong and flexible to support weight and handle fluctuating forces the wall of the cooling jacket in the cylinder block
produced by the engine.

b. Frame or Column - Frame box also known as “A frame” is a separately fabricated

structure mounted on top of the bedplate. They carry crosshead guides while supporting the
cylinder block. And are secured to the bedplate using bolts. The Function of the Frame is to
support the cylinder block or popularly called as Entablature from bed plate.

c. Cylinder block /Engine block - Function- In the bore of cylinder the fresh charge of air-
fuel mixture is ignited, compressed by piston and expanded to give power to piston

Figure 1-11A Wet Liner Figure 1-11B Dry Liner

Figure 1-10 Engine Block

d. Cylinder liner – it is a cylindrical part to be fitted into an engine block to form a cylinder. It
is one of the most important functional parts to make up the interior of an engine.
 e. Cylinder head or cover - the cylinder head performs several functions. B. Running Parts

 First, they provide the top seal for the cylinder bore or sleeve.
 Second, provide the structure holding exhaust valves and intake valves, the fuel
injectors and necessary the linkages.

Figure 1-12 Cylinder head Figure 1-13 Major Diesel Engine Running Parts
 Fi1-13 Major Diesel Engine Running Parts
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Figure 1-14 Camshaft Construction

 C. Diesel Engine Support Systems b. Engine Lubrication System

A diesel engine requires five supporting systems in order to operate: cooling, lubrication, An internal combustion engine would not run for even a few minutes if the moving parts
fuel injection, air intake, and exhaust. were allowed to make a metal-to-metal contact. The heat generated due to the tremendous
amounts of friction would melt the metals, leading to the destruction of the engine. To
a. Engine Cooliong System prevent this, all moving parts ride on a thin film of oil that is pumped between all the moving
The cooling system consists of a closed loop similar to the car engine and contains the parts of the engine.
following major components: Lubrication Oil serves two purposes:
o water pump o Is to lubricate the bearing surfaces.
o radiator or heat exchanger o Is to cool the bearings by absorbing the friction-generated heat.
o water jacket ( which consists of coolant passages in the block and heads)
o thermostat

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Figure 1-15 Main Diesel Engine cooling system

Figure 1-16 Lubrication System
The temperature of the burning fuel inside the engine cylinder -15000C to 20000C. In order
The flow of oil to the moving parts is accomplished by the engine’s internal lubricating
to lower, this temperature water is circulated around the engine. The hot water leaving the
system.
jacket is passed through the heat exchanger. The heat from the heat exchanger is carried
away by the raw water circulated through the heat exchanger and is cooled in the cooling
water.
 c. Fuel System

All diesel engines require a method to store and deliver fuel to the engine. Because disesel
engines rely on injectors which are precision components with extremely tight tolerances
Lubrication oil is accumulated and stored in the engine’s oil pan/storage tank where one or
and very small injection hole(s), the fuel delivered to the engine must be extremely clean
more pumps take suction and pump the oil through one or more oil filters as shown in
and free of contaminants.
Figure 1-16. The filters clean the oil and remove any metal that oil has picked up due to
wear. The cleaned oil then flows up into the engine’s galleries. A pressure relief valve(s) The fuel system must, therefore, not only deliver the fuel but also ensure its cleanliness.
maintains oil pressure in the galleries and returns oil to the oil pan/ storage tank upon high This is usually accomplished through a series of in-line filters.Commonly, the fuel will be
pressure. The oil galleries distribute the oil to all the bearing surfaces in the engine. filtered once outside the engine and then the fuel will pass through at least one or more filter
internal to the engine, usually located in the fuel line at each fuel injector.
Once the oil has cooled and lubricated the bearings surfaces, it flows out of the bearing and
gravity-flows back into the oil pan. In medium to large diesel engines, the oil is also cooled
before being distributed into the block. This is accomplished by either internal or external oil
cooler.

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Figure 1-17 Schematic diagram of a typical diesel engine fuel system

 In a diesel engine, the fuel system is much more complex than the fuel system on a simple d. Starting Air System.
gasoline engine because the fuel serves two purposes.

 One purpose is obviously to supply the fuel to run the engine

 Is to act as a coolant to the injectors.

To meet this second purpose , diesel fuel is kept continuosly flowing through the engine’s
fuel system at a flow rate much higher than required to simply run the engine, an example of
a fuel flowpath is shown in Figure 1-18. The excess fuel is routed back to the fuel pump or
the fuel storage tank depending on the application.

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Figure
1-19 Starting air system

A starting air system is shown in Figure 1-19,. Compressed air is supplied by air
compressors to the air receivers. The compressed air is then supplied by a large bore pipe
to a remote operating non-return or automatic valve and then to the cylinder air start valve.
Opening of the cylinder air start valve will admit compressed air into the cylinder.

Figure 1-18 fuel flowpath

 After being filtered, the air is routed by the intake system into the engine’s intake manifold or 1.6 The Basic Diesel Cycle
air box. The manifold or air box is the component that directs the fresh air to each of the
engine’s intake valves or ports. If the engine is turbocharged or supercharged, the fresh air A diesel engine is a type of heat engine that uses the internal combustion process to convert
will be compressed with a blower and possibly cooled before entering the intake manifold or the energy stored in the chemical bonds of the fuel into useful mechanical energy. This
air box. The intake system also serves to reduce the air flow noise. occurs in two steps. First, the fuel reacts chemically (burns) and releases energy in the form
of heat. Second, the heat causes the gasses trapped in the cylinder to expand, and the
e. Exhaust System expanding gases, being confined by the cylinder, must move the piston to expand. The
reciprocating motion of the piston is then converted into rotational motion by the crankshaft.
The exhaust system of diesel engine performs three functions:
To convert the chemical energy of the fluid into useful mechanical energy all internal
1. The exhaust system rootes the spent cobustion gas away from the engine, where combustion engines must go through four events: INTAKE, COMPRESSION, POWER and
they are diluted by the atmosphere.This keeps the area around the engine habitable. EXHAUST.
2. The exhaust system confines and routes the gasses to the turbocharger, if used.
3. The exhaust system allows silencer to be used to reduce the engine noise All diesel engines fall into one of two categories, two- stroke engine or four-stroke cycle
engines. The world cycle refers to any operation or series of events that repeats itself. In the
case of a four-stroke cycle engine, the engine requires four strokes of the piston (intake,
compression, power and exhaust) to complete one full cycle. Therefore, it requires two
rotations of the crankshaft, or 720 degree of crankshaft rotation (360 degree x 2) to
complete one cycle. In a two-stroke cycle engines the events (intake, compression, power
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and exhaust) occur in only one rotation of the crankshaft or 360 degree.

1.6.1 The Four -Stroke Cycle

The basic internal combustion engine is a very simple machine, in principle. The piston is
forced downwards by the expanding gases of a fuel-air mixture burning in the cylinder space
above it. This causes the crankshaft to rotate. The momentum of the rotating crankshaft
then forces the piston back up again, allowing the next cycle to occur. Often, a heavy
flywheel is attached to the crankshaft, to maintain the momentum of rotation moving up and
down within a cylinder is connected (by a connecting rod (con-rod)) to a rotating crankshaft.
The piston is forced downwards by the expanding gases of a fuel-air mixture burning in the
cylinder space above it. This causes the crankshaft to rotate. The momentum of the rotating
crankshaft then forces the piston back up again, allowing the next cycle to occur. Often, a
heavy flywheel is attached to the crankshaft, to maintain the momentum of rotation.
 The four strokes in the four cycle Diesel Engine: vacuum that pull the air/fuel in to the cylinder by the downward stroke of the piston

2. Second, this stroke begins at BDC. During this

stroke both intake and exhaust valve are closed to
allow the piston to compress the air/fuel mixture.
Compressing the air for producing the heat needed
to ignite the fuel.

3. Fuel valves open

and the fuel is injected into
the hot air where it ignites.

4. Here the second revolution starts, now the

crankshaft have turned 360 degrees. At TDC, the heat and
15
Figure 1-23 Four-stroke cycle engine
compression ignites the compressed air/fuel mixtures,
which force the piston down to BDC. This stroke creates
1. Intake stroke – means drawing or supplying air into the cylinder. the power you feel when you floor the throttle.
2. Compression stroke – means compress the air by upward motion of the piston
3. Power stroke – hot air and fuel mixed produce power by the burning gases.
4. Exhaust stroke – expel or release of product of combustion.

The main series of events in the 4-stroke cycle D.E:

The series of events taking place in a cylinder of a 5. This stroke starts at BDC and ends at TDC, in this stroke
four-stroke cycle engine and making upon complete the piston expel the exhaust valve, which is now open.
cycle are the following:
6. The piston returning upward forces out the remaining
1. First, the piston starts at the very top of the gases in the cylinder. The exhaust valve closes and the
cylinder called Top Dead Center (TDC) and cycle repeats.
ends at the very end of the cylinder called
Bottom Dead Center (BDC). In this stroke, the
intake valve opens and the piston creates a
 1.6.2 The Two-stroke Cycle

The two-stroke engine is mechanically very simple. There are no valves, camshafts, etc.,
just the piston connected by the con-rod to the crankshaft.

Like the four-stroke engine, the two-stroke engine must go through the same four events:
intake, compression, power and exhaust. However, two-stroke engine requires only two
strokes of the piston to complete one full cycle. Therefore, it requires only one rotation of the
crankshaft to complete one cycle. This means several events must occur during each stroke
for all four events to be completed in two strokes, as opposed to the four-stroke engine
where each stroke contains one event.

The two-strokes in a two cycle D.E:

1. One stroke compresses air in the cylinder to ignite the fuel oil.

2. The other stroke is produced by the burning gases. It is the power stroke.
Two- strokes cycle engines can be classified according to the method of scavenging used
Working mechanism: as follows:
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In a 2-stroke engine, the end of the combustion stroke happens simultaneously with a. Cross Scavenging
INTAKE & EXHAUST (scavenging process) functions occurring at the same time. b. Return/ Loop Scavenging
c. Uniflow Scavenging
The main series of events in the two-stroke cycle D.E:
1.7 Scavenging – is the process of removing the remains from the cylinder by the use of
1. First, air intake, when a blower forces air and fills into the cylinder through the open
scavenged air supplied by the blower.
vales/ports.
2. Compression, the piston starting upward squeezing the air into a small volume. This a. Cross Scavenging
is when the fuel is sprayed into the chamber. The air is fully compressed and very
hot. o Cross flow can use either just ports or just valves,
3. Ignition. Just as with a 4-stroke engine, the heat of the compressed air ignites the o In cross flow, when used ports are directly across from each other at the
mixtures of air and fuel. There is no spark plug. bottom, or when valves are used they are located in the top of the
4. The burning fuel form gases, which create a pressure and send the piston combustion space, opening out of the head.
downward, this is the power stroke. o Either way cross flow scavenging is a poor design as the upper areas or the
5. Exhaust, removing burned gases bottom areas do not get ventilated very well, respectively.
6. All in just two strokes. The whole process is a cycle. Everything is back where it
began, ready to run again.
 b. Return/ Loop Scavenging  Inefficient scavenging gives less output per weight
 Incomplete scavenging results in increased fuel consumption per unit power
o Loop scavenging uses only ports for both air and exhaust.  Incomplete scavenging leads to greater piston ring and liner wears.
o As the ports are located on the same side, the flow has to reverse direction  Inefficient scavenging gives higher mean temperatures.
and ventilates the upper area of the combustion space better.

c. Uniflow Scavenging

o The best scavenging method is uniflow, which uses ports and valves.
o Air flows though the ports in the bottom, forcing exhaust out valves at the top.
o The entire space is ventilated and only has to flow one direction. hence
“uniflow

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A diesel engine is a type of I.C.E (Internal Combustion Engine). Rudolf Diesel, a German
engineer, built the first diesel engine in 1987.

Diesel Engine Internal Combustion Engine which air is compressed to a sufficiently high
temperature to ignite fuel injected into the cylinder. It converts the chemical energy into
mechanical energy. There are two types of Diesel Engine according to method of
combustion. The Internal Combustion Engine and External Combustion Engine. Internal
Combustion Engine is the process of fuel takes place inside or within the engine. (i.e.,
Gasoline and diesel engine) while the External Combustion Engine, the process of fuel
takes place externally or outside the engine. (i.e. Steam Boiler)

The Diesel Engine offers a number of advantages and disadvantages. Some advantages of
diesel engine including the low fuel cost, high power per pound of engine, low fire hazards,
etc. while it has some several disadvantages including engine noise, especially when cold,
exhaust smell, heavier than a gasoline engine.
Importance of Scavenging:

 engine efficiency depends on scavenging

 There are numbers of different ways to classify diesel engines. D.E are classified by travels up to TDC, pumping the spent gasses out of the cylinder. At TDC the
operating cycle, method of charging, method of supplying air, running gear, general design, second crankshaft, rotation is complete.
cylinder arrangement, method of fuel injection and by speed. A two-stroke engine requires one rotation of the crankshaft to complete one cycle. The
events occur as follows:
This chapter also deals with different diesel engine parts. The main parts of diesel engine
categorized into three parts; structural parts or stationary parts, Running Parts and diesel  Intake – the piston is near BDC and exhaust is in progress. The intake valve or ports
engine support system. open and the fresh air is forced in. The exhaust valves or ports are closed and intake
continues.
The basic working principle of Diesel Engine The diesel engine is a compression-ignition
engine in which the fuel and air are mixed inside the engine. The air required for combustion
 Compression – after both the exhaust and intake valves/ports are closed, the piston
is highly compressed inside the combustion chamber. This generates high temperatures
travels up towards TDC. The fresh air is heated by the compression.
which are sufficient for the diesel fuel to spontaneously ignite when it is injected into the
cylinder. The diesel engine thus uses heat to release the chemical energy contained within
 Fuel Injection – near TDC the fuel is injected by the injectors and the fuel starts to
the diesel fuel and convert it into mechanical force.
burn, further heating the gasses IN THE CYLINDER.
All diesel engines fall into one of two categories, two- stroke engine or four-stroke operating
cycle engines.  Power – the piston passes TDC and the expanding gasses force the piston down,
rotating the crankshaft.
A four-stroke engine requires two rotations of the crankshaft to complete one cycle. The
18 event occurs as follows:  Exhaust – As the piston approaches BDC, the exhaust valves or ports open and the
exhaust gasses start to flow out of the cylinder.
 Intake – the piston passes TDC, the intake valve(s) open and the fresh air is
admitted into the cylinder, the exhaust valve is still open for a few degrees to
Scavenging – is pushing out exhaust gases with the help of fresh air intake so that a fresh
allow scavenging to occur.
charge of pure air is available for compression that follows.

 Compression – after the piston passes BDC the intake valve closes and the Two- strokes cycle engines can be classified according to the method of scavenging used
piston travels up to TDC (completion of the first crankshaft rotation) as follows:

 Fuel Injection – As the piston nears TDC on the compression stroke, the injectors a. Cross Scavenging
b. Return/ Loop Scavenging
inject the fuel and the fuel starts to burn, further heating the gasses in the
c. Uniflow Scavenging
cylinder.

 Power – the piston TDC and the expanding gasses force the piston down,
rotating the crankshaft.

 Exhaust – As the piston passes BDC, the exhaust valves are open and the
exhaust gasses start to flow out of the cylinder. This continues as the piston
Ma’am Gen 