CHAPTER 6

Preparatory Activity
1. Cultural factors
- Cultural factors comprise of set of values and ideologies of a particular community or group of
individuals. It is the culture of an individual which decides the way he/she behaves. In simpler
words, culture is nothing but values of an individual. What an individual learns from his parents
and relatives as a child becomes his culture.

2. Cultural identity
- Cultural identity influences how we interpret and react to situations, so it is important that we
become aware of our own identity in relation to the world around us. Since we have an innate
craving to feel a sense of belonging to a group, when we are under stress, we tend to
subconsciously revert to whatever behaviors make us “feel” safe and accepted. In doing so, we
set up invisible barriers within ourselves and between ourselves and others that impact personal
interactions, professional performance, and organizational success.

3. Social identity
- Social identity refers to a person's membership in a social group. The common groups that
comprise a person's social identity include age, ability, ethnicity, race, gender, sexual orientation,
socioeconomic status, and religion. As a result of your social identity, you are usually a member
of an in-group and out-group. Social identities are labels that people use to categorize or identify
themselves and/or others as members of specific groups. Some common social identities include
generation, ethnicity, race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, (dis)ability, political
affiliation, relationship status, profession, and socioeconomic status.

4. Cultural models
- Cultural models are defined as molar organizations of knowledge. Their internal structure
consists of a core component and peripheral nodes that are filled by default values. These values
are instantiated, that is changed to specific values or left at their default values, when the
individual experiences events of any type. Thus, the possibility arises for recognizing and
categorizing events as representative of the same cultural model even if they slightly differ in each
of their specific occurrences. Cultural models play an important role in the generation of the
individual’s behavior. A proposal is advanced to consider cultural models as fundamental units of
analysis for an approach to culture that goes beyond the dichotomy between the individual
(culture only in mind) and the collective (culture only in the social realm).
5. Cultural integration

- Cultural integration is when individuals from one culture adopt practices from another culture
without diminishing their own. This has also been called globalization due to the examples of
cultural integration that exist. Cultural Integration is important because it maintains a unity and a
certain balance in a particular society. Also, cultural integration helps keep a society together, so
all can share the same beliefs and values in a social system.

Outcome-Based Assessment

1. Fill in the table by identify the most influential multiple traditions that occurred and its impact
to some of the given Southeast Asian countries.

Countries Multiple Traditions General Impact

Indonesia is a vast archipelago of more Indonesian culture has been shaped
than 17,000 islands with a population of by a long interaction between
approximately 255 million people, making indigenous customs and various
Indonesia it the world's fourth most populous foreign influences. Multiculturalism
country. These impressive figures also can also be beneficial to Indonesia.
imply that significant cultural, ethnic, True multiculturalism allows people to
religious, and linguistic diversity can be collaborate while remaining tolerant
expected within its borders, ranging from in the face of disagreement. Genuine
daily Hindu rituals on the island of Bali to engagement with diversity is a source
the prevalence of Islamic sharia law in of social capital that must be
Aceh (Sumatra) or the semi-nomadic protected regardless of location or
hunter-gatherer lifestyles of the Mentawai time.
people. Animists were historically the
religious majority in Indonesia. Hinduism
was introduced to Indonesia from India
shortly after the first century. Two
thousand years after the introduction of
Hinduism, Indonesia was introduced to
the rest of the major religions (i.e.
Christianity, Judaism, etc.)
The first Chinese domination is a period in It was no coincidence that the nearly
Vietnamese history during which Vietnam 1000-year period of Chinese rule had
was under Chinese rule from the north. It profound effects on Vietnamese
Vietnam is the first of four periods of Chinese culture. China was adamant that it
domination of Vietnam, the first three of was the greatest society on the planet
which are almost continuous and referred and attempted to convert all
to as Bắcthuộc ("Northern domination"). Vietnamese peoples into Chinese
Under Chinese rule, Han dynasty officials citizens, a process known as
imposed much of Chinese culture, sanitization. Sanitation also had
including Chinese Buddhism, Taoism, practical applications; the Chinese
and Confucianism, its imperial governors believed that if everyone
 examination system, and mandarin thought of themselves as Chinese
bureaucracy. However, implementing a and gave up their Vietnamese
foreign administrative system and identity, Vietnam would be less likely
signification was difficult due to frequent to rebel. Vietnamese people were
uprisings and rebellions indicating forced to dress in Chinese attire,
Vietnamese opposition to these changes. follow Chinese rituals, and learn to
Some Vietnamese welcomed the read and speak Chinese. This
opportunity to assimilate because they procedure was both successful and
perceived Chinese culture to be more unsuccessful. Chinese mannerisms
civilized, advanced, and superior. Though and styles were widely (and
the Vietnamese incorporated advanced enthusiastically) adopted. Because
and technical elements that they believed China was the cultural center of East
would benefit them, the unwillingness to Asia, many Vietnamese people were
be dominated by outsiders, the desire to eager to try Chinese cuisine.
maintain political autonomy, and the drive Furthermore, when the Chinese
to reclaim Vietnamese independence arrived, they brought with them the
represented Vietnamese resistance and most advanced architectural and
hostility to Chinese aggression, political building technologies in the world.
dominance, and imperialism on Because of Chinese infrastructure,
Vietnamese society. Vietnam has been able to grow
economically and politically.
The Philippines' colonial experiences The Spanish influences have become
have had a significant impact on the indelible in Filipino culture. They have
preservation of the nation's literary and been internalized by the Filipino
Philippines built cultural heritage. The colonial people. They can no longer be
experience appears to have defined how undone. For better or worse, they
heritage is treated and preserved. The have catapulted Filipinos into the
colonial legacy has established a world of Spanish culture, Spanish
precedent that destroys old practices, civilization, and its products.
ways of life, structures, and edifices in Nonetheless, it must be stated that
order to favor the creation of a new set of the Filipinos did not accept the
world orders, thereby establishing a cultural influences of Spain passively.
culture of neglect and disregard for They responded in a way that
cultural heritage conservation. The demonstrated their ability to master
imposition of the Roman Catholic faith the new and balance the new against
upon the Filipino population permanently the old, in a way that demanded their
influenced the culture and society of the ability to balance values and
Philippines. Finally, the Spaniards principles with critical and informed
enriched the Filipino languages through judgment, and in a way that
lexicographic studies conducted by the demanded their ability to separate
friars. Many Spanish words have made what is essential from what is not.
their way into Tagalog and Visayan. The
Spanish words fit into the phonetic
patterns of the Filipino languages in some
way. These Spanish words, such as
"mesa" (table), "adobo" (marinated
cooked food), and others, are commonly
used in everyday practical transactions
between Filipinos. Ironically, the friars
produced excellent studies on Filipino
culture and languages while attempting to
 overthrow this same culture through the
establishment of Spanish civilization.
Thailand's religious history is fascinating, According to official census data,
as evidenced by the many sacred sites more than 90% of Thais practice
and temples scattered throughout the Buddhism. However, the country's
Thailand country. Except for the law requiring the religious life is more complex than
King to be Buddhist, Thailand has no such statistics portray. The majority
official religion, which means that all Thai of the large Thai Chinese population
people have religious freedom. However, who practice Buddhism have been
Buddhism is the most widely practiced integrated into the dominant
religion in Thailand, with approximately 95 Theravada tradition, with only a small
percent of the population adhering to this minority retaining Chinese Buddhism.
Theravada religion. The remaining Otherwise, a large proportion of Thai
population is Muslim (4.6 percent), Chinese continue to practice ethnic
Catholic Christian (0.7 percent), and Chinese religions such as Taoism,
Hindu, Sikh, and Jewish (the remaining Confucianism, and Chinese
1%). There is no official state religion in Salvationist religions (such as
the Thai constitution, which guarantees Yiguandao and the Church of Virtue).
religious freedom for all Thai citizens, Even though they are freely
though the king is required by law to be a practiced, these religions have no
Theravada Buddhist. The main religion official recognition, and their
practiced in Thailand is Buddhism, but adherents are classified as
there is a strong undercurrent of Hinduism Theravada Buddhists in statistical
studies. In addition, many Thai and
Isan people practice their ethnic Tai
folk religion.

2. In a concise statement discuss the process of re-interpreting the identity of the society and
culture of some Southeast Asian countries due to the encounters of multiple traditions significantly
dominating on the aria. Write your answer on the space provided below given country.
a. Indonesian
- Indonesia is centrally located along ancient trading routes between the Far East, South Asia,
and the Middle East, resulting in many cultural practices being strongly influenced by a multitude
of religions, including Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, and Islam, all strong in the
major trading cities. Indonesian society is hierarchical, organized predominantly by age. One's
status, education and perceived power will demand degrees of deference, but age usually
becomes the overriding factor determining the level of respect. The Indonesian culture is formed
by the indigenous people as well as influences from China, India, Europe, and the Middle East. It
varies from traditional to contemporary. Religions also have impacted cultural assimilation,
creating the most diverse society in the world.
b. Vietnam
- In Vietnam’s traditional society, a typical family has three or four generations living under the
same roof. With the view of "more children, more fortunes", many families want to have lots of
children and grandchildren. Influenced by Confucianism and the feudal view of male preference,
men play the most important roles in family and always have final say. Most ethnic groups in Viet
Nam have their own costumes that reflect their unique cultural identities. Most of these costumes
are decorated with vivid patterns in contrast colors: black-white, black-red, green-red or green-
white and made of natural fiber such as ramie, silk, pineapple yarn or cotton. These materials are
fine, durable and sweat-absorbing, suitable for tropical climate. The traditional costume of
Vietnamese men was white pants, brown tops with scarf and ordinary sandals or wooden clogs
called "guoc". The official costume for men includes velvet or cotton long dress and turban. For
women, costumes are more complicated and colorful with black skirt, white brassieres, four-panel
dress with "crow-beak" scarf and pergularia-like belt.

c. Philippines
- Philippine society is a unique blend of diversity and homogeneity. Although geographically part
of Southeast Asia, the country is culturally strongly Euro-American. Forces of assimilation have
constantly worked to overcome cultural differences between the various ethnic groups that are
scattered sometimes in relative isolation throughout the archipelago. Nearly four centuries of
Western rule, however, have left an indelible imprint on the Philippines, serving as a conduit for
the introduction of Western culture and as the catalyst for the emergence of a sense of Philippine
political and cultural unity. While the Christian churches built by the Spanish and the mosques
built by the Muslims provided a spiritual anchor, the educational system established by the United
States and expanded by the Filipinos has become emblematic of cultural unity and socioeconomic
progress. Nonetheless, through the persistence of strong family ties, the revival of
the barangay as the smallest unit of government, increased attention to Asian history and
literature, and subsequent revival of dormant traditions, the Philippines has strengthened its
Asian heritage without abandoning its Western cultural acquisitions.

d. Thailand
- Often referred to as ‘the Land of Smiles’, Thailand is renowned for the welcoming and warm
disposition of its culture and people. Rice plantations and ornate temples are interspersed in and
around busy cosmopolitan cities, reflecting the diversity of landscapes and lifestyles. Being a
historically autonomous Asian kingdom, Thailand is significantly influenced by its traditions.
Buddhism and the monarchy have historically been seen as sources of order and stability in
society and continue to act as symbols of unity for the Thai people. Yet, the culture is also
accommodating of contemporary practices and values. Many Thai people have embraced
progressive ideas as their country has globalized. This is reflected in the country’s capital,
Bangkok, which is a vibrant cosmopolitan city containing a melting pot of traditional influences
and contemporary attitudes.
3. Express your analysis on the impact and local responses to a particular aspect of the culture
and society of a particular country from the encounters within and between traditions.
a. The impact of the animism, and Hinduism to culture of the Islamic society in Central Jakarta.
- The tradition of Indonesia has been fashioned by using long interplay between original
indigenous customs and a couple of foreign influences. Javanese Abangan belief, the fusion of
Hinduism, Buddhism, and animism in Bodha, and the fusion of Hinduism and animism in
Kaharingan are all examples of fusions of Islam and Hinduism. Balinese dances tell testimonies
about ancient Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms, whilst Islamic art forms and structure can be found
during Sumatra, mainly in the Minangkabau and Aceh regions. PencakSilat is a martial art shape
that combines common art, music, and sport. Despite all variations in its multicultural society -
there is a proper feel of harmony among the people of Indonesia.
b. The impact of the Chinese domination to the socio-political condition of Thailand.
- During the subsequent numerous hundred years of Chinese colonization and dominance, a
mixture of Han imperial army power, normal settlement, and an inflow of Han Chinese refugees,
officers and garrisons, merchants, scholars, bureaucrats, fugitives, and prisoners of conflict
delivered about the Sinification of the newly conquered Nanyue. At the identical time, Chinese
officers had been keen to capitalize on the region's herbal resources and alternate opportunities.
In addition, Han Chinese officers additionally seized fertile land conquered from Vietnamese
nobles for newly settled Han Chinese immigrants. I suppose the Chinese domination has a
extremely good affect to socio-political circumstance of Thailand. Because China used to be the
cultural middle of East Asia, many Vietnamese people had been keen to strive Chinese cuisine.
Furthermore, when the Chinese arrived, they added with them the most superior architectural and
constructing technologies in the world. Because of Chinese infrastructure, Vietnam has been
capable to grow economically and politically.
c. The impact of the Spanish Colonization to the dominant religious and socio-cultural belief of
the Philippines.
- The Philippines' colonial experiences have had a good-sized influence on the preservation of
the nation's literary and built cultural heritage. The colonial legacy has installed a precedent that
destroys historic practices, methods of life, structures, and edifices to choose the advent of a
new set of world orders, thereby setting up a culture of neglect and push aside for cultural
heritage conservation. Spain's policy toward the Philippines, its solely colony in Asia, had three
goals: to obtain a share of the spice trade, to set up contacts with China and Japan to in
addition Christian missionary efforts there, and to convert the Filipinos to Christianity. The
imposition of the Roman Catholic faith on the Filipino population had a long-lasting have an
impact on on Philippine subculture and society. This is due to the fact the Spanish friars who
took on the significant challenge of evangelizing the Filipino natives noticed their missionary
work and exercise as involving greater than easy conversion. The Filipinos chosen to accept
Spanish Roman Catholic Christianity. The Spanish gathered the dispersed Filipino population
into clustered village settlements, the place they should be extra easily suggested and
Christianized underneath the supervision of a friar. This coverage laid the groundwork for the
modern machine of politico-territorial organization of villages, towns, and provinces.
d. The impact of the several distinct religious traditions to the Buddhist Thai.
- Thailand's Buddhist population is predominantly Theravada, however it has additionally adopted
Chinese and people beliefs such as ancestor worship. Buddhism is the faith in Thailand that is
accountable for the majority of the country's awesome temples, with Buddhist temples recognized
for their tall domes, golden statues, unique architecture, and outstanding detail. According to
official census figures, more than 90% of Thais practice Buddhism. However, the spiritual
existence of the us of a is more intricate than such numbers suggest. Most Buddhists in Thailand's
big Chinese populace have been assimilated into the mainstream Theravada school, with only a
small minority keeping Chinese Buddhism. The Thai constitution, which ensures non secular
freedom to all Thai citizens, incorporates no legit kingdom religion, yet the king is obliged with the
aid of law to be a Theravada Buddhist. Thailand's predominant religion is Buddhism, then again
there is a huge Hindu undercurrent, with a type of brahmins performing sacerdotal functions.