ASSIGNMENT

SIN2001 MATHEMATICAL METHODS II

SEM 1, 2022/23

LECTURER: DR. ELAYARAJA A/L ARUCHUNAN

GROUP MEMBERS: LIM SWEE KHEN (U2004534)

SIT YING FEN (U2004620)
TAN ZHAO YU (U2004682)
ANDREW NGU YI HONG (U2004729)
 Table of Contents

Introduction................................................................................................................................3

Literature Review.......................................................................................................................7

Section 1.................................................................................................................................7

Section 2.................................................................................................................................9

Methodology............................................................................................................................12

Case 1 (Refrigeration)..........................................................................................................15

Case 2 (Heating)...................................................................................................................18

Results and Discussion.............................................................................................................21

Case 1 (Refrigeration)..........................................................................................................21

Case 2 (Heating)...................................................................................................................25

Discussion................................................................................................................................28

Conclusion................................................................................................................................29

Reference..................................................................................................................................30
Introduction
Temperature differences occur whenever energy flows into a system and energy flows
out into the environment. The first causes an object to heat up, while the second causes it to
cool down. Heat flow or heat transfer in thermodynamics refers to any type of energy flow
caused by a temperature difference between a system and its surroundings (Incropera,
DeWitt, Bergman, & Lavine, 1996).

Convective heat transfer is the transfer of heat between two bodies by currents of
moving gas or fluid. The heat flows or transmission in fluid is going through the process of
convection. The heat flows from higher temperature end to low temperature end in fluids and
the motion of fluids causes heat convection. The amount of heat transmission by convection
is proportional to the velocity of the moving fluid. The first order differential equation is used
to express the relation between the function and its derivatives. The function that will be
involved in the heat convection is the change of the temperature, which it will be involved in
expressing to form a first order differential equation with respect to the other variables
(Johnson & Rubesin, 1949).

Figure 1: Examples of Heat Transfer in Solids Submerged in Fluids

In reality, there are numerous instances where solids come into contact with fluids at
varying temperatures, as shown in Figure 1. There is heat flow between the contacting solid
and the surrounding fluid in such cases. However, the Fourier's Law governs heat flow in
solids and Newton's Cooling Law governs heat flow in fluids (Hsu, 2018).
 According to Hsu (2018), to derive the mathematical modelling for heat transfer in
solid submerged in fluids, few assumptions are made:

 The solid is initially at temperature T 0

 The solid is so small that it has uniform temperature throughout its volume, so
its temperature varies with time t only
 The time t begins at the instant at which the solid is submerged in the fluid
maintained at a different constant temperature T f
 Variation of temperature in solid is attributed by the heat supplied, or removed
by the surrounding solid.

Figure 2: Heat Transfer in Solids Submerged in Fluids

Since heat flow in the fluid by convection, so the following equation which is known as the
Newton’s cooling law is determined:

qα ( T 1−T 2 )=h ( T 1−T 2 )

where h=¿ heat transfer coefficient between the solid and the bulk fluid.
The heat required to produce temperature change in a solid ∆ T ( t ) during time period ∆ t can
be calculated using the First Law of Thermodynamics by the physical relationship shown
below:

Change in internal energy of the small solid during ∆t = Net heat flow from the small solid

to the surrounding fluid during ∆t

−ρcV ∆ T ( t )=h A [ T ( t )−T f ] ∆ t

where ρ=mass density of the solid; c=specific heat of solid;

V =volume of the solid; A=contacting surface between solid and bulk fluid

∆ T ( t ) −h
= A [T ( t ) −T f ]
∆t ρcV

h
Since h , ρ , c , and V are constant, let α = ,
ρcV

∆ T (t )
=−αA [ T ( t )−T f ]
∆t

Since the change of the temperature of the submerged solid T ( t ) is continuous with respect to
time t , we can express the equation in the form of first order differential equation as follows:

dT ( t )
=−αA [ T ( t )−T f ]
dt

The problem statement of our study is to determine the time taken for heat convection to take
place. The two real-life applications are refrigeration and heating as follows:

i. A small solid at temperature of 80°C is to be cooled in a cooling chamber

maintained at 5°C. We would need to determine the time required for the
temperature of the solid to reach 8°C if the proportionality constant in equation
 dT ( t )
=−αA [ T ( t )−T f ], α = 0.002/m2‐s with a contacting surface area A = 0.2 =
dt
m2. (Hsu, 2018)

ii. The initial temperature of a turkey is 40˚F; if we put it into oven of a 350˚F for an
hour the temperature of the turkey become 100˚F. Find the temperature of the
turkey after two hour and if the temperature of the turkey becomes 170˚F haw
many time will take it. (Adkins & Davidson, 2012)
Literature Review
Section 1
Convective heat transfer related to fluid circulation in rock fractures may be
significant if the fluid pressure gradient is high enough. In this case, the temperature field
could be altered. We chose to model this phenomenon in order to better understand the
magnitude of convective heat transfer.

Lu (1961) investigated the thermal boundary conditions related to viscous dissipation,

suction and injection, and transverse magnetic field that allow similar-type boundary-layer
solutions for the vertical plate. The shapes of axisymmetric, two-dimensional bodies with
closed lower ends and similar boundary-layer flow were derived by (Braun, Ostrach, &
Heighway, 1961).

A boundary-layer analysis was used by (Spalding & Cruddace, 1961) to calculate the
mass flux carried by a heated laminar plume rising above a heated cylinder submerged in
viscous oil. The shear stress was assumed by (Acrivos, 1960) to be inversely proportional to
the velocity gradient in the analysis of non-Newtonian flow and heat transfer in a fluid with a
high Prandtl number on a vertical surface.

A film theory was used to calculate approximate Nusselt numbers for natural
convection around bodies of various shapes. The temperature and velocity distributions
around a horizontal, submerged cylinder were slightly less than predicted by the analysis of
(Sesonske, 1961). Deviations from heat-transfer conditions have been discovered by (Chung
& Anderson, 1961) to be caused by either the surface temperature or a specified time-
dependent body force. A method for calculating the time-variations of the average surface
temperature has been presented for solid vertical cylinders that are heated internally and
naturally convected from the outside.

Based on the study by Fand, Steinberger, and Cheng (1986), metal foams own the
characteristics of low permeability and high solid thermal conductivity, the convective heat
transfer in metal foams is a strong non-linear process with large flow resistance and obvious
local thermal non-equilibrium effect between solid and fluid phases. The local convective
heat transfer between the solid phase and fluid phase is also very notable. Thus, it is very
important to develop empirical correlations for the local convective heat transfer coefficient.
The natural convective heat transfer of water or silicone oil in the porous medium of glass
spheres was investigated.

According to de Vahl Davis (1983), natural convection heat transfer can be used to
model various engineering issues such as building heating and cooling, energy storage,
electronics cooling, meteorological events, nuclear reactor designs, and so on. The number of
numerical studies on natural convection heat transfer has increased as computer technology
has advanced. Numerous engineering problems have been solved using the finite difference,
finite element, and finite volume methods.
Section 2
The Finite difference method (FDM) is one of the ways to solve the ordinary
differential equation (ODE) boundary value problems, where the finite difference formulas
can be used at evenly spaced grid points to approximate the differential equations. In this
method, we can solve a system of algebraic equations from a differential equation (Shamey &
Zhao, 2014). The underlying formula for the finite difference method is:

dy y ( x ) – y ( x−∆ x )
= lim
dx ∆ x→ 0 ∆x

The above equation can be used to discretize a partial differential equation (PDE) and
implement a numerical method to solve to the PDE. The derivation from Taylor’s theorem of
finite difference is first create a Taylor series expansion:

' (2) (n )
f ( x0) f ( x0) 2 f ( x0 ) n
f (x 0+ h)=f ( x 0)+ h+ h +…+ h + R (x)
1! 2! n! n

where n! denotes the factorial of n, and Rn(x) is a remainder term, denoting the difference
between the Taylor polynomial of degree n and the original function. The approximation for
the first derivative of the function "f" by first truncating the Taylor polynomial:

' (2) (n )
f ( x0) f ( x0) 2 f ( x0) n
f (x 0+ h)=f ( x 0)+ h+ h +…+ h + R (x)
1! 2! n! n

Setting, x0 = a,

'
f (a+ h)=f ( a)+ f ( a ) h+ R1 ( x)

Divide h on both sides:

f ( a+h) f ( a) ' R (x)

= +f ( a ) + 1
h h h

Solving for f’(a):

' f ( a+h)−f (a) R 1 (x)

f ( a )= −
h h
If R1(x) is sufficiently small, the approximation of the first derivative of f is:

f ( a+h ) −f ( a )
f ' (a)≈
h

Not by chance, this follows the definition of derivative, which is as follows:

' f ( a+h )−f ( a )

f ( a )=lim
h→0 h

Using the finite difference formulas, the differential equation's derivatives are roughly
calculated when using the finite difference method. The interval of [a, b] can be divided
into n equal subintervals of length h as shown in the following figure (Kong, Siauw, &
Bayen, 2020). The solution at these discrete points is approximated by solving algebraic
equations including finite differences and values from surrounding points. The spatial domain
and time interval (if necessary) are both discretized, or broken into a finite number of steps.

Figure 3: n equal subintervals of length h for interval [a, b]

Since it produces better accuracy, we commonly use the central difference formulas in
the finite difference methods. The first and second derivatives in this case are:
dy y i +1 – y i−1
=
dx 2h
 d y y i−1 – 2 y i + y i+1
2

2
= 2
dx h

If the differential equation is linear, these finite difference expressions are used to
substitute the derivatives of y in the differential equation, which results in a system of n+1
linear algebraic equations. The algebraic equations will also be nonlinear if the differential
equation is. Ordinary differential equations (ODE) or partial differential equations (PDE),
which may be nonlinear, are transformed using finite difference methods into a system of
linear equations that can be resolved using matrix algebra methods. The finite difference
method can be also applied to higher-order ODEs, but it needs approximation of the higher-
order derivatives using the finite difference formula. 
Methodology
Heat flows in the fluid follows the Newton Cooling Law expressed with:

q=h [T (t) – T f ]

where

h=¿ heat transfer coefficient between the solid and the bulk fluid

T (t) = the solid temperature

T f =¿ the bulk fluid temperature

From the First Law of Thermodynamics, the heat requires to produce temperature change in a
solid ΔT(t) during time period Δt can be obtained by the following physical relationship:

Change in internal energy of the Net heat flow from the small solid to
small solid during Δt = the surrounding fluid during Δt

−ρcV ∆ T ( t )=hA [ T ( t )−T f ] ∆ t (1)

where ρ=mass density of the solid;

c=specific heat of solid;

V =volume of the solid;

A=contacting surface between solid and bulk fluid

From equation (1) , we express the rate of temperature change in solid to be:

∆ T ( t ) −h
= A [T ( t ) −T f ] (2)
∆t ρcV
Since h , ρ , c , and V are on the right-hand-side of Equation (2) are constants, we may lump
these constants to let:

h
α=
pcV

with a unit ( / m2 – s)

Equation (2) thus is expressed as:

∆ T (t )
=−αA [ T ( t )−T f ]
∆t

Since the change of temperature of the submerged solid T (t) is continuous with respect to
time, t , for example Δ t=0 , and we can express the equation in the form of a 1 st differential
equation as follows:

dT ( t )
=−αA [ T ( t )−T f ]
dt

With a given initial condition:

T (t)∨t=0=T (0)=T 0

To solve the questions related to the First Order Differential Equation,

Step 1 - Apply the Backward Finite Differential Equation

T i−T i−1
T ' i=
h

Step 2 – Determine the step size, h

Step 3 – Let the i be 1,2,3 , … , n

Step 4 – Rearrange the equations with all T n on the left side

Step 5 – Form the system linear equation in the form Ax=B

Then the linear equation can be solved by literative linear solver.

Then we find the relative true error by using the formula below:

True Value− Approximate Value

Relative True Error ( ε t )= x 100 %
True Value
Case 1 (Refrigeration)
A small solid at temperature of 80 ℃ is to be cooled in a cooling chamber maintained at 5 ℃.
Determine the time required for the temperature of the solid to reach 8 ℃ if the
proportionality constant α =0.002 m2 s−1 with a contacting surface area A = 0.2 m2.

T ' i=−αA [T i−T f ]

T 0=80 ℃

T f =5℃
2 −1
α =0.002 m s
2
A=0.2 m

T ' i=−0.002(0.2)[T i −5]

T ' i+ 0.0004 T i =0.002

T i−T i−1
Using Backward Finite Difference, T ' i=
h
Let h=1000
T i−T i−1
+ 0.0004 T i=0.002
1000
T i−T i−1 +0.4 T i=2

−T i−1+(1.4) T i=2
For i=1 ,−T 0 + ( 1.4 ) T 1=2

( 1.4 ) T 1=82

For i=2,−T 1 +(1.4)T 2=2

For i=3 ,−T 2+(1.4) T 3=2

For i=4 ,−T 3 +(1.4)T 4 =2

For i=5 ,−T 4 +(1.4 )T 5=2

For i=6 ,−T 5+(1.4) T 6=2

For i=7 ,−T 6+(1.4) T 7=2

For i=8 ,−T 7 +(1.4) T 8=2

For i=9 ,−T 8 +(1.4)T 9=2

For i=10 ,−T 9+(1.4) T 10 =2

For i=11 ,−T 10 +(1.4 )T 11=2

For i=12 ,−T 11 +(1.4)T 12=2

For i=13 ,−T 12+(1.4)T 13=2

For i=14 ,−T 13 +(1.4) T 14 =2

For i=15 ,−T 14 +(1.4) T 15=2

System of linear equation Ax=b

[ ]
1.4 0 0 ⋯ 0 0
−1 1.4 0 ⋯ 0 0
0 −1 1.4 ⋯ 0 0
A=
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
0 0 0 ⋯ 1.4 0
0 0 0 ⋯ −1 1.4

[]
T1
T2
T
x= 3
⋮
T 14
T 15

[]
82
2
2
b=
⋮
2
2
Case 2 (Heating)
The initial temperature of a turkey is 40 ℉ ; if we put it into oven of a 350 ℉ for an hour the
temperature of the turkey become 100 ℉ . Find how long will it take for the temperature of
the turkey becomes 170 ℉ .

T ' i=−0.21511[T i−T f ]

T 0=40℉

T f =350℉

T ' i=−0.21511[T i−350]

T ' i+ 0.21511T i=75.2885

T i−T i−1
Using Backward Finite Difference, T ' i=
h
Let h=0.5
T i−T i−1
+ 0.21511T i=75.2885
0.5
T i−T i−1 +0.107555 T i=37.64425

−T i−1+1.107555 T i=37.64425
For i=1 ,−T 0 + ( 1.107555 ) T 1=37.64425

( 1.107555 ) T 1=77.64425

For i=2,−T 1 +(1.107555)T 2=37.64425

For i=3 ,−T 2+(1.107555)T 3=37.64425

For i=4 ,−T 3 +(1.107555)T 4=37.64425

For i=5 ,−T 4 +(1.107555)T 5 =37.64425

For i=6 ,−T 5+(1.107555)T 6=37.64425

For i=7 ,−T 6+(1.107555)T 7=37.64425

For i=8 ,−T 7 +(1.107555)T 8=37.64425

For i=9 ,−T 8 +(1.107555)T 9=37.64425

For i=10 ,−T 9+(1.107555)T 10=37.64425

For i=11 ,−T 10 +(1.107555) T 11 =37.64425

For i=12 ,−T 11 +(1.107555) T 12 =37.64425

For i=13 ,−T 12+(1.107555)T 13=37.64425

For i=14 ,−T 13+(1.107555)T 14=37.64425

For i=15 ,−T 14+(1.107555)T 15=37.64425

System of linear equation Ax=b

[ ]
1.107555 0 0 ⋯ 0 0
−1 1.107555 0 ⋯ 0 0
0 −1 1.107555 ⋯ 0 0
A=
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
0 0 0 ⋯ 1.107555 0
0 0 0 ⋯ −1 1.107555

[]
T1
T2
x= T 3
⋮
T 14
T 15

[ ]
77.64425
37.64425
37.64425
b=
⋮
37.64425
37.64425
Results and Discussion
Case 1 (Refrigeration)
A small solid at temperature of 80 ℃ is to be cooled in a cooling chamber maintained at 5 ℃.
Determine the time required for the temperature of the solid to reach 8 ℃ if the
proportionality constant α =0.002 m2 s−1 with a contacting surface area A = 0.2 m2.

System of linear equation Ax=b

[ ]
1.4 0 0 ⋯ 0 0
−1 1.4 0 ⋯ 0 0
A= 0 −1 1.4 ⋯ 0 0
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
0 0 0 ⋯ 1.4 0
0 0 0 ⋯ −1 1.4

[]
T1
T2
T
x= 3
⋮
T 14
T 15

[]
82
2
b= 2
⋮
2
2
By using Excel, we computed the values of x as follows:

[ ]
Excel Solution Assignment SIN2001.xlsx

5
0 0 ⋯ 0 0
7
52 5
0 ⋯ 0 0
72 6
53 52 5
−1 ⋯ 0 0
A = 73 7
2
7
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
514 5 13 512 5
⋯ 0
7
14
7
13
7
12
7
515 5 14 513 52 5
⋯
7
15
7
14
7
13
7
2
7

[ ]
5
0 0 ⋯ 0 0
7

[ ]
2
5 5
0 ⋯ 0 0
72 6 82
53 52
5 2
−1 ⋯ 0 0 2
x= A b= 7 3 72 7
⋮
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
2
514 513 5 12 5
⋯ 0 2
7
14
7
13
7
12
7
15 14 13 2
5 5 5 5 5
15 14 13
⋯ 2
7 7 7 7 7
 [ ][ ]
T1
T2 58.57
T3 43.27
32.33
T4
24.52
T5 18.95
T6 15.96
T7 12.11
x= T 8 = 10.08
T9 8.63
T 10 7.59
T 11 6.85
6.32
T 12
5.94
T 13 5.67
T 14 5.48
T 15

For the temperature to reach 8 ℃ , it takes approximately 10,000 seconds according to the
discretization model.
T ' i=−αA [T i−T f ]

T 0=80 ℃

T f =5℃
2 −1
α =0.002 m s
2
A=0.2 m

T ' i=−0.002(0.2)[T i −5] (1)

T ' i+ 0.0004 T i =0.0 02

We can rewrite equation (1) as:

dT (t )
=−0.0004 dt
T ( t )−5

By integrating both sides of the equation, we get

 dT (t)
∫ =−0.0004 ∫ dt+ c1
T ( t )−5

This leads to the solution :

T (t)– 5=e−0.0004t +c =ce−0.0004 t

1
(2)

The integration constant in the above equation can be obtained by the condition T (0)=80 ° C
which results in c=75
So, the solution to T(t) in the equation (2) is:
T (t e )=8=5+75 e−0.0004 t e (3)

Solve for equation (3) , we get t e =8047 s

True Value¿ 8047 s
Approximate Value=10,000 s

Relative True Error ( ε t )

True Value− Approximate Value

¿ ×100
True Value

8047 s−10,000 s
¿ ×100 %
8047 s

¿−24.27 %
Case 2 (Heating)
The initial temperature of a turkey is 40 ℉ ; if we put it into oven of a 350 ℉ for an hour the
temperature of the turkey become 100 ℉ . Find how long will it take for the temperature of
the turkey becomes 170 ℉ .

System of linear equation Ax=b

[ ]
1.107555 0 0 ⋯ 0 0
−1 1.107555 0 ⋯ 0 0
0 −1 1.107555 ⋯ 0 0
A=
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
0 0 0 ⋯ 1.107555 0
0 0 0 ⋯ −1 1.107555

[]
T1
T2
x= T 3
⋮
T 14
T 15

[ ]
77.64425
37.64425
37.64425
b=
⋮
37.64425
37.64425
By using Excel, we computed the values of x as follows:

Excel Solution Assignment SIN2001.xlsx

[ ]
0.9028897 0 0 ⋯ 0 0
0.8152098 0.9028897 0 ⋯ 0 0
−1 0.7360445 0.8152098 0.9028897 ⋯ 0 0
A =
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
0.2392686 0.2650032 0.2935056 ⋯ 0.9028897 0

[ ][ ]
0.2160332 0.2392686 0.2650032 ⋯ 0.8152098 0.9028897

T1
T2 70.10
T3 97.28
121.83
T4
143.98
T5 163.99
T6 182.05
T7 198.36
−1
x= A b= T 8 = 213.09
T9 226.38
T 10 238.39
T 11 249.23
259.01
T 12
267.85
T 13 275.83
T 14 283.03
T 15

For the temperature to reach 170 ℉ , it takes approximately 2.5 hours according to the
discretization model.

From the equation we can obtain the general formula of

rt
T (t)=c e
Since T (0)=40° F , this implies that
40=350+c
c=−310

To obtain r, we put T (1)=100 in the last relation.

So,

100=T (1)=350−310 er
Solving the equation for r , we get
r =−0.21511

Temperature of the turkey after two hours is T (2)=350−310 e 2 r ≈ 148.39℉ for the second
part we want to find t so that T (t)=170 , that is, solve 170=T (1)=350−310 ert .
18
From the solution, we obtain the required time, rt=¿ so t ≈ 2 h 32 min
31

8
So, true value ¿ 2 hour
15
1
Approximate Value ¿ 2 hour
2

Relative True Error ( ε t )

True Value− Approximate Value

¿ ×100
True Value

8 1
2hour −2 hour
15 2
¿ ×100 %
8
2 hour
15
¿ 1.32 %
Discussion
In Case 1, the time for a small solid at temperature of 80 ℃ to be cooled in a cooling
chamber maintained at 5 ℃ to reach 8 ℃ is approximately 10,000 seconds according to the
discretization model.

Using integration to obtain the general formula, we find the true value of the answer to be
8,047 seconds. The relative true error is 24.27%.

In Case 2, the time for a turkey of initial temperature 40 ℉ to reach 170 ℉ when we put it
into oven of a 350 ℉ is approximately 2.5 hours according to the discretization model.

Using integration to obtain the general formula, we find the true value to be 2 hour 32
minutes. The relative true error is 1.32%.

From these two cases, we can conclude that the discretization model is a useful model to find
approximation answer to the solution, but the step size used heavily influence the accuracy.
The step size used in Case 1 is much larger compared to Case 2, hence the bigger relative true
error.
Conclusion
Reference
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Adkins, W. A., & Davidson, M. G. (2012). Ordinary differential equations: Springer Science & Business
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convection heat transfer. AIChE Journal, 7(2), 352-353.
Shamey, R., & Zhao, X. (2014). Modelling, simulation and control of the dyeing process: Elsevier.
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