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BFC34702
STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
DESIGN OF
REINFORCED
CONCRETE BEAM
CHAPTER 4 – PART 1

Material Properties (Concrete)

Characteristic Strength of Concrete
 Characteristic strength of concrete is described in Cl. 3.1 (EC2).
 Denotes by fck is the 28 days cylinder strength.
 Class C25/30, for example, refer to cylinder/cube strength of 25 N/mm2
and 30 N/mm2 respectively.
1

Source: Table 3.1: MS EN 1992-1-1

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Material Properties (Concrete)

Stress-strain curve of concrete
 Concrete used mostly in compression, it compressive stress- strain curve is of
primary importance. The typical stress-strain curve of concrete:

• The curve is linear in very initial phase of loading.

• The curve then begin to curve to horizontal,
reach the maximum stress at a strain of
approximately 0.0020 and finally show a
descending nature.

Source: Figure 3.2: MS EN 1992-1-1

Material Properties (Concrete)

Stress-strain curve of concrete
 For the design of cross-section, EC2 recommended the used of idealized
stress-strain curve as shown in figure below:
The curve is begin with a parabolic
fck portion up to a strain εc2, from which 2
point of the strain increase while the
stress remain constant
fcd
Partial safety factor of materials
(γmDesign
) situation γm for concrete

Persistent & Transient 1.5

Accidental 1.2
Source: Table 2.1N: MS EN 1992-1-1
Source: Figure 3.3: MS EN 1992-1-1
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Material Properties (Concrete)

Design strength of concrete
 The ultimate design compressive stress, fcd are given by;

 fck  0.85 fck

 0.567f ck fcd
 mc 1.5

 The coefficient 0.85 takes account of the difference between bending

strength and the cylinder crushing strength of the concrete.
 The factor of 1.5 is the usual partial safety factor for the strength of
concrete (Table 2.1N MS EN 1992-1-1).
 The ultimate strain εcu2 = 0.0035 is typical for classes of concrete ≤
C50/60.

Material Properties (Reinf. Steel)

Characteristic strength of steel reinforcement
 The characteristic strength of steel reinforcement is denotes by fyk.
 Specified strength for high yield reinforcement given in EC2 is in the
range of 400 – 600 N/mm2.
 The most commonly use in the UK is grade 500 and grade 250 plain bar 3
is not now recognized and no longer available for general used in UK.
 In Malaysia, the designer have an option to use fyk = 460 N/mm2 (T), 500
N/mm2 (H) for main bar and fyk = 250 N/mm2 for use as link.
 High yield (H) bars may be classified as:
 Class A : which is normally associated with small diameter (≤ 12 mm)
 Class B : which is most commonly used for reinforcing bars.
 Class C : high ductility which may be used in earthquake design.
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Material Properties (Reinf. Steel)

Stress-Strain Curve of Reinforcing Steel
• Steel is high tensile strength material. The typical stress-strain curve for hot rolled steel
are shown in figure below:

Failure mode of steel reinforcement

Tensile strength test

Source: Figure 3.7(a): MS EN 1992-1-1

Material Properties (Reinf. Steel)

Stress-Strain Curve of Reinforcing Steel
 For design purpose EC2 recommended the use of idealized curve shown in figure
below:

4
• The mean value of density may
be assumed to be 7850 kg/m3.

• The design value of the modulus

of elasticity, Es may be assumed
to be 200 GPa.
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Material Properties (Reinf. Steel)

Design strength of steel reinforcement
 The behavior of the steel is identical in tension and compression, being
linear in the elastic range up to the design yield stress.
 Design yield tensile stress can be given as;
Partial safety factor of materials (γm)
f yk f yk
  0.87 f yk fyd Design situation γm for reinforcing steel
 ms 1.15
Persistent & Transient 1.15

Where; Accidental 1.0

Source: Table 2.1N: MS EN 1992-1-1
fyk = Characteristic yield stress
γms = Partial safety factor of reinforcing
steel

Durability Requirement
 Durability requirements are to ensure that a
structure has satisfactory durability
performance under normal circumstances
throughout its lifetime.
• EC2 recommends simple rules concerning
the concrete cover to reinforcement, 5

minimum member dimension, limits of

reinforcement quantities (Max. & Min
area of steel) and spacing which must be
taken into account at the member sizing
and reinforcement detailing stage.
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Durability Requirement
Concrete cover, Cnom
• Based on Sec. 4.4 EC2, the nominal cover can be assessed as follows:
C nom  Cmin  C dev
• Where Cmin shall be provided in order to ensure (Sec. 4.4.1.2 EC2):
• The safe transmission of bond forces, Cmin,b
• The protection of steel against corrosion (Durability), Cmin,dur
• An adequate fire resistance, Cmin,fire
• The greater value for Cmin satisfying the requirements for both bond and
environmental conditions shall be used.
Cmin = max { Cmin,b ; Cmin,dur ; Cmin,fire }
 ΔCdev is and allowance which should be made in the design for deviation
from the minimum cover. It should be taken as 10 mm. It is permitted to
reduce to 5 mm if the fabrication subjected to a quality assurance system.

Durability Requirement
Minimum cover for bond, Cmin,b
 Minimum cover, Cmin,b requirement with regard to bond

Table 4.2; EN 1992-1-1

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Durability Requirement
Minimum cover for durability Cmin,dur
 Minimum cover Cmin,dur requirement with regard to durability for
reinforcement steel.
Table 4.4N; EN 1992-1-1

See Table
4.3N

Reduce
class by 1
S4 => S3

Increase
class by 2
S4 => S6

Durability Requirement
Minimum cover for durability Cmin,dur
Reference of Structural Class = S4 Design working life and structural class

 Exposure classes related to

environmental condition 7
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Durability Requirement
Minimum cover for durability Cmin,dur
 Structural classification and values of Cmin,dur for use in a Country may be
found in its National Annex. The recommended Structural Class (design
working life of 50 years) is S4 for the indicative concrete strengths given
in Annex E and the recommended modifications to the structural class is
given in Table 4.3N.

Durability Requirement
Minimum cover for fire resistance, Cmin,fire
• The recommendation for structural fire design is considered in EC2: Part
1-2. Rather than giving a minimum cover, the method used is based on
nominal axis distance, a.
The axis distance, a is the
distance from the centre of
a sd  a  1 0 the main reinforcement bar 8
b
to the top or bottom
Cmin,fire = asd - link - bar/2 surface of the member.

The permissible combination of member

dimension and axis distance, a of beam and
asd is the axis distance to
slab are shown in Table 5.5, 5.6 and 5.8 EC2 :
a the side of beam for the
Part 1-2.
corner bars (or tendon or
asd
wire) of beams with only
one layer of reinforcement.
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Example 4.1
Concrete cover, Cnom
Determine concrete cover of the simply supported beam as shown below. Given the
following data.
250 mm
Design life = 50 years (S4)
Fire resistance = R60 9

Exposure classes = XC1

Bar diameter = 20 mm 600 mm
Link diameter = 8 mm
fck = 25 N/mm2
fyk = 500 N/mm2
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Solution of example 4.1

Concrete cover, Cnom Table 4.4N; EN 1992-1-1

Min. concrete cover regard to bond, Cmin,b = 20 mm

Min. concrete cover regard to durability, Cmin, dur = 15 mm
Min. required axis distance, a for R60 fire resistance = 30 mm
asd = 30 + 10 = 40 mm
Min. concrete cover regard to fire,
Cmin = asd – Ølink - Øbar/2 = 40 – 8 – 20/2 = 22 mm
Allowance in design for deviation, ∆Cdev = 10 mm

Nominal concrete cover;

Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev = 22 + 10 = 32 mm Table 5.5; EN 1992-1-2

Min. & Max. Area of Reinforcement

 The minimum area of reinforcement is to control thermal and shrinkage
cracking within acceptable limits.
 This ensures that the reinforcement does not yield when concrete in
tension zone cracks due to sudden transfer of stress to the reinforcement.
 The minimum area of reinforcement that must be provided within tensile
zone is; 10

A s,min  k c kf c t ,eff A ct / f yk Refer to Sec. 7.3.2 EN 1992-1-1.

 The minimum area of reinforcement for beam also specified in Section

9.2.1 as follows:
A s,min  0.26( f ctm / f yk )bt d But not less than 0.0013btd
 The limits As,max specified by EC2 in Section 9.2.1 is 0.04Ac for tensionor
compression reinforcement.
As,min < As, prov < As,max
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Spacing of Reinforcement
 The minimum distance between bars is to permit concrete flows around
reinforcement during construction and to ensure that concrete can be
compacted satisfactorily for the development of adequate bond.

 The clear distance between bars should not be less than the maximum of
(i) the maximum bar size,
(ii) the maximum aggregate size + 5 mm, or
(iii) 20 mm. (Specified in section 8.2 EC2).

End of Part 1….

• Materials properties
• Concrete, fck
• Steel reinf., fyk
• Concrete cover, Cnom 11
• Cmin, b
• Cmin, dur
• Cmin, fire
• Min. and Max. area of reinforcement.
• As,min
• As,max
• Reinforcement spacing