Endemism

Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined

geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or
other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not
endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere.[1] For example, the
Cape sugarbird is found exclusively in southwestern South Africa
and is therefore said to be endemic to that particular part of the
world.[2]

An endemic species can be also be referred to as an endemism or in

scientific literature as an endemite. For example Cytisus aeolicus is Both the orange-breasted sunbird
an endemite of the Italian flora.[3] Adzharia renschi was once (Anthobaphes violacea) and the
believed to be an endemite of the Caucasus, but it was later Kniphofia uvaria plant it feeds on are
discovered to be a non-indigenous species from South America both found exclusively in South
belonging to a different genus.[4] Africa.

The extreme opposite of an endemic species is one with a

cosmopolitan distribution, having a global or widespread range.[1]

A rare alternative term for a species that is endemic is "precinctive",

which applies to species (and other taxonomic levels) that are
restricted to a defined geographical area.[5] Other terms that
sometimes are used interchangeably, but less often, include
autochthonal, autochthonic, and indigenous, however these terms
do not reflect the status of a species that specifically belongs only to
a determined place.
Bicolored frog (Clinotarsus curtipes)
is endemic to the Western Ghats of
Etymology India.

History of the concept

The word endemic is from New Latin endēmicus, from Greek

ἔνδημος, éndēmos, "native". Endēmos is formed of en meaning
"in", and dēmos meaning "the people".[6] The word entered the
English language as a loan word from French endémique, and
originally seems to have been used in the sense of diseases which
occur at a constant amount in a country, as opposed to epidemic
diseases, which are exploding in cases. The word was used in
biology in 1872 to mean a species restricted to a specific location by Montezuma Well in the Verde Valley
Charles Darwin.[7] of Arizona contains at least five
endemic species found exclusively
The more uncommon term 'precinctive' has been used by some in the sinkhole.
entomologists as the equivalent of 'endemic'.[5][7][8] Precinctive was
coined in 1900 by David Sharp when describing the Hawaiian
insects, as he was uncomfortable with the fact that the word 'endemic' is often associated with diseases.[9]
'Precinctive' was first used in botany by Vaughan MacCaughey in Hawaii in 1917.[10]

Overview
Endemism in general excludes examples kept by humans in
botanical gardens or zoological parks, as well as populations
introduced outside of their native ranges. Juan J. Morrone states that
a species may be endemic to any particular geographic region,
regardless of size, thus the cougar is endemic to the Americas,[1]
however, endemism is normally used only where there is a
considerable restriction in the area of distribution. All species are
not endemics, some species may be cosmopolitan. All endemics are
not necessarily rare; some might be common where they occur. All Chorus cicada (Amphipsalta
rare species are not necessarily endemics, some may have a large zelandica), a species endemic to
New Zealand
range but be rare throughout this range.[11]

Endemism is caused by historical and ecological factors. Vicariant

events caused by drifting continents, dispersal and extinction are some possible historical factors. Ecological
factors can explain the present limits on a distribution.[1] Endemic species are especially likely to develop
on geographically and biologically isolated areas such as islands and remote island groups, including
Hawaii, the Galápagos Islands and Socotra,[12] because of the potential for isolation and therefore evolution
through allopatric speciation. Darwin's finches in the Galápagos archipelago are examples of species
endemic to islands. Similarly, isolated mountainous regions like the Ethiopian Highlands,[13] or large bodies
of water far from other lakes, like Lake Baikal, can also have high rates of endemism.[14]

The stability of a region's climate and habitat through time may also contribute to high rates of endemism
(especially paleoendemism), acting as refuges for species during times of climate change like Ice Ages.
These changes may have caused species to repeatedly restrict their ranges into these refuges, leading to
regions with many small-ranged species.[15] In many cases biological factors, such as low rates of dispersal
or returning to the spawning area (philopatry), can cause a particular group of organisms to have high
speciation rates and thus many endemic species. for example, cichlids in the East African Rift Lakes have
diversified into many more endemic species than the other fish families in the same lakes, possibly due to
such factors.[14] Plants which become endemic on isolated islands are often those which have a high rate of
dispersal, and are able to reach such islands by being dispersed by birds.[16] While birds are less likely to be
endemic to a region based on their ability to disperse via flight, there are over 2,500 species which are
considered endemic, meaning that the species is restricted to an area less than 5 million hectares.[17]

Microorganisms were traditionally not believed to form endemics. The hypothesis 'everything is
everywhere', first stated in Dutch by Lourens G.M. Baas Becking in 1934, describes the theory that the
distribution of organisms smaller than 2mm is cosmopolitan where habitats occur that support their
growth.[18]

Subtypes

The first subcategories were first introduced by Claude P. E. Favager and Juliette Contandriopoulis in 1961:
schizoendemics, apoendemics and patroendemics.[11][19] Using this work, Ledyard Stebbins and Jack
Major then introduced the concepts of neoendemics and paleoendemics in 1965 to describe the endemics of
California.[20] Endemic taxa can also be classified into autochthonous, allochtonous, taxonomic relicts and
biogeographic relicts.[1]
Paleoendemism refers to species that were formerly widespread but are now restricted to a smaller area.
Neoendemism refers to species that have recently arisen, such as through divergence and reproductive
isolation[14] or through hybridization and polyploidy in plants,[21] and have not dispersed beyond a limited
range.[14]

Paleoendemism is more or less synonymous with the concept of a 'relict species': a population or taxon of
organisms that was more widespread or more diverse in the past. A 'relictual population' is a population that
currently occurs in a restricted area, but whose original range was far wider during a previous geologic
epoch. Similarly, a 'relictual taxon' is a taxon (e.g. species or other lineage) that is the sole surviving
representative of a formerly diverse group.[22]

Schizoendemics, apoendemics and patroendemics can all be classified as types of neoendemics.

Schizoendemics arise from a wider distributed taxon which has become reproductively isolated without
becoming (potentially) genetically isolated – a schizoendemic has the same chromosome count as the parent
taxon it evolved from. An apoendemic is a polyploid of the parent taxon (or taxa in the case of
allopolyploids), whereas a patroendemic has a lower, diploid chromosome count than the related, more
widely distributed polyploid taxon.[16][21] Mikio Ono coined the term 'aneuendemics' in 1991 for species
which have more or less chromosomes than their relatives due to aneuploidy.[16]

Pseudoendemics are taxa which have possibly recently evolved from a mutation. Holoendemics is a
concept introduced by Richardson 1978 to describe taxa which have remained endemic to a restricted
distribution for a very long time.[11]

In a 2000 paper, Myers and de Grave further attempted to redefine the concept. In their view, everything is
endemic, even cosmopolitan species are endemic to Earth, and earlier definitions restricting endemics to
specific locations are wrong. Thus the subdivisions neoendemics and paleoendemics are without merit
regarding the study of distributions, because these concepts consider that an endemic has a distribution
limited to one place. Instead, they propose four different categories: holoendemics, euryendemics,
stenoendemics and rhoendemics. In their scheme cryptoendemics and euendemics are further subdivisions
of rhoendemics. In their view, a holoendemic is a cosmopolitan species. Stenoendemics, also known as
local endemics,[11] have a reduced distribution and are synonymous with the word 'endemics' in the
traditional sense, whereas euryendemics have a larger distribution -both these have distributions which are
more or less continuous. A rhoendemic has a disjunct distribution. Where this disjunct distribution is caused
by vicariance, in a euendemic the vicariance was geologic in nature, such as the movement of tectonic
plates, but in a cryptoendemic the disjunct distribution was due to extinction of the intervening populations.
There is yet another possible situation which can cause a disjunct distribution, where a species is able to
colonize new territories by crossing over areas of unsuitable habitat, such as plants colonizing an island –
this situation they dismiss as extremely rare and do not devise a name for. Traditionally, none of Myers and
de Grave's categories would be considered endemics except stenoendemics.[18][23]

Soil

Serpentine soils act as 'edaphic islands' of low fertility and these

soils lead to high rates of endemism.[24][25] These soils are found in
the Balkan Peninsula, Turkey, Alps, Cuba, New Caledonia, the
North American Appalachians, and a scattered distribution in
California, Oregon, and Washington and elsewhere.[26] For
example, Mayer and Soltis considered the widespread subspecies Red Hills near Tuolumne County,
Streptanthus glandulosus subsp. glandulosus which grows on California: a serpentine grassland
normal soils, to be a paleoendemic, whereas closely related endemic forms of S. glandulosus occurring on
serpentine soil patches are neoendemics which recently evolved from subsp. glandulosus.[25]

Islands

Isolated islands commonly develop a number of endemics.[16][27] Many species and other higher taxonomic
groups exist in very small terrestrial or aquatic islands, which restrict their distribution. The Devil's Hole
pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis, has its whole native population restricted to a spring that is 20 x 3 meters, in
Nevada's Mojave Desert.[28] This 'aquatic island' is connected to an underground basin; however, the
population present in the pool remains isolated.

Other areas very similar to the Galapagos Islands of the Pacific Ocean exist and foster high rates of
endemism. The Socotra Archipelago of Yemen, located in the Indian Ocean, has seen a new endemic
species of parasitic leech, Myxobdella socotrensis, appear.[29] This species is restricted to freshwater
springs, where it may attach to and feed upon native crabs.

Mountains

Mountains can be seen as 'sky islands': refugia of endemics because

species that live in the cool climates of mountain peaks are
geographically isolated. For example, in the Alpes-Maritimes
department of France, Saxifraga florulenta is an endemic plant that
may have evolved in the Late Miocene and could have once been
widespread across the Mediterranean Basin.[30]

Volcanoes also tend to harbor a number of endemic species. Plants

Cinder cones and vegetation of Kula
on volcanoes tend to fill a specialized ecological niche, with a very
Volcano in Turkey
restrictive range, due to the unique environmental characteristics.
The Kula Volcano, one of the fourteen volcanoes in Turkey, is
home to 13 endemic species of plants.[31]

Conservation
Endemics might more easily become endangered or extinct because
they are already restricted in distribution.[32] This puts endemic
plants and animals at greater risk than widespread species during
the rapid climate change of this century.[33][34] Some scientists
claim that the presence of endemic species in an area is a good
method to find geographical regions that can be considered
priorities for conservation.[1][35] Endemism can thus be studied as a
proxy for measuring biodiversity of a region.[36]
Aplastodiscus arildae, a species of
The concept of finding endemic species that occur in the same
frog that is endemic to Brazil
region to designate 'endemism hotspots' was first proposed by Paul
Müller in a 1973 book. According to him, this is only possible
where 1.) the taxonomy of the species in question is not in dispute; 2.) the species distribution is accurately
known; and 3.) the species have relatively small distributional ranges.[37][38]
In a 2000 article, Myers et al. used the standard of having more
than 0.5% of the world's plant species being endemics of the region
to designate 25 geographical areas of the world as 'biodiversity
hotspots'.[35]

In response to the above, the World Wildlife Fund has split the
world into a few hundred geographical 'ecoregions'. These have
been designed to include as many species as possible that only
occur in a single ecoregion, and these species are thus 'endemics' to
these ecoregions.[14] Since plenty of these ecoregions have a high The nene (Branta sandvicensis) is
prevalence of endemics existing within them, many National Parks endemic to the Hawaiian islands, but
have been formed around or within them to further promote was introduced to WWT Slimbridge
conservation. The Caparaó National Park was formed in the in the UK to increase its numbers for
Atlantic Forest, a biodiversity hotspot located in Brazil, in order to reintroduction to its native range.
help protect valuable and vulnerable species.[39]

Other scientists have argued that endemism is not an appropriate measure of biodiversity, because the levels
of threat or biodiversity are not actually correlated to areas of high endemism. When using bird species as
an example, it was found that only 2.5% of biodiversity hotspots correlate with endemism and the
threatened nature of a geographic region.[1][40] A similar pattern had been found previously regarding
mammals, Lasioglossum bees, Plusiinae moths, and swallowtail butterflies in North America: these different
groups of taxa did not correlate geographically with each other regarding endemism and species richness.
Especially using mammals as flagship species proved to be a poor system of identifying and protecting
areas of high invertebrate biodiversity.[41] In response to this, other scientists again defended the concept by
using WWF ecoregions and reptiles, finding that most reptile endemics occur in WWF ecoregions with high
biodiversity.[36]

Other conservation efforts for endemics include keeping captive and semi-captive populations in zoological
parks and botanical gardens. These methods are ex situ ("off site") conservation methods. The use of such
methods may not only offer refuge and protection for individuals of declining or vulnerable populations, but
it may also allow biologists valuable opportunities to research them as well.

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External links
The dictionary definition of endemic at Wiktionary

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