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P5 Percentage

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Aqil Subendi
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Chapter 9 Percentage Notes For Pupils In this chapter, it must first be understood that percentage is just another form of fraction or ratio. For example, if John has 3 as many marbles as Mary, in ratio it will be expressed as ‘the ratio of John’s marbles to Mary's marbles is 1:2’. In percentage, it will be expressed as ‘John has 50% as many marbles as Mary’. Another important aspect of percentage is to understand the language used in word problems. The 3 expressions of percentage are ‘more than’, ‘less than’ and ‘as much as’. An important point for pupils to note is ‘unless the original base is 100% or the same’, one percentage cannot be added or subtracted from another percentage directly. 1 NSN Example A shirt in Shop X sells for $25. A similar shirt in Shop Y cost 20% more. How much does it cost in Shop Y? Since the shirt in Shop Y cost 20% more than the shirt in Shop X, the cost of the shirt in Shop X will be the base (100%). When the phrase ‘more than’ is used, the resulting percentages will be 100% Shirt in Shop X cost 100% Shirt in Shop Y cost 120% Shirt X 100% — $25 4% — $25 +25 = $1 and above. Cost of shirt in Shop Y > 120% + 30x $4 = $30 E The shirt in Shop Y costs $30 . : ss oa Try the following questions based on the example in 9.1. Construct: More Than In Percentage 4. Ramesh is 40% heavier than Lionel. If Ramesh is 49 kg, find the weight of Lionel. Visit www.onsponge.comfor solutions and more! Page 165 Name _ Class Date Construct: More Than In Percentage 2. A calculator in Pioneer Bookstore cost $16, which was 25% more than the cost in Selegie Bookstore. How much did the calculator cost in Selegie Bookstore? 3. Jason and his two friends ordered $60 worth of food at a restaurant. A service charge of 10% was added to the bill. How much did each person have to pay if they shared the bill equally? Forfull solution, visit x 120 + phrase ‘less than’ is used, the 10% — 130 10 percentages will be 100% and below. Total — 170% = 17x12 = 204 They have 204 marbles altogether. =m, \ “a | Try the following questions based on the example in 9.2. Construct: Less Than In Percentage 1. Ramesh has 150 stickers which is 25% lesser than Charles. How many stickers does Charles have? thinkingMath @onSponge Page 168 Name : Class : Date : Construct: Less Than In Percentage 2. A notepad cost 15% cheaper in the school bookshop compared to the estate bookstore. Given that the price difference is 90 cents, calculate the cost of the notepad in the school bookshop. 3. Mr Lim was informed that he would be receiving a 20% cut in his salary due to recession. Given that the deduction amounts to $800, how much was his old salary? 4. At a party, there are 50 more women than men. The number of men is 75% as much as the women. How many people are there at the party? Forfull solution, visit a .www.onsponge.com Visit www.onsponge.com for solutions and more! Page 169 Name: Class Date : Construct: Less Than In Percentage 5. In a bag made up of green and blue balls, there are 30% as many green balls as blue balls. How many green balls are there in the bag if there are 28 more blue balls than green balls? Forfull solution, visit 3 -www.onsponge.com \ 6. Abag consists of some 20-cent and 50-cent coins, there are 85% as many 20-cent coins as 50-cent coins. How much money is there in the bag if there are 30 more 50-cent coins than 20-cent coins? In a class, there are 25% as many boys as girls. How many percent more girls than boys are there? as Forfull solution, visit % .www.onsponge.com thinkingMath@onSponge Page 170 E KEY CONSTRUCT: MULTIPLICATION IN PERCENTAGE Example Mrs Lim’s salary was 30% less than her husband. After Mrs Lim had a pay raise of 10%, she earned $460 less than her husband. Find the salary of Mrs Lim in the end. At first, Mrs Lim 70% Mr Lim 100% Percentage raise in Mrs Lim’s salary > 10% of 70% ~ 1x 70% 10 = 7% Since Mrs. Lim earned 30% less than her husband (base), Mrs. Lim's initial salary will be 70%. Mrs. Lim's pay increase of 10% cannot be added — directly because her original salary is not 100%. Therefore the effective increase is actually10% In the end, Mrs Lim 70% + 7% =77% Mr Lim 100% Difference in salary + 100% — 77% = 23% 23% — $460 1% — $460 + 23 = $20 Salary of Mrs Lim — 77% x $20 = $1540 Mrs Lim earned $1 540 in the end. Note: Unless the original percentage is the base (100%), one percentage cannot be directly added or subtracted from another percentage. To find the effective increase or decrease in percentage, first calculate the product of increase or decrease in percentage and the base or original percentage. Visit WWwW.onsponge.com for solutions and more! Page 171 Name Class : Date Try the following questions ‘on the example in 9.3, Construct: Multiplication In Percentage 1. Janice’s savings is 20% more than David's savings. If Janice’s savings is decreased by 20%, their total savings will be $980. How much is Janice’s savings at first? 2. Mr Singh always gives 30% of his income to his wife. When his income is increased by 20%, he gives her $240 more. Find his income before the increase. 3. Kenneth saves 45% of his salary. When his salary is reduced by 20%, his savings is reduced by $90. How much is his salary at first? +hinkingMath@onSponge Page 172 Name = Class : Date : Construct: Multiplication In Percentage 4. A tank was 60% full of water. When 40% of the water was used, 72 litres of water remained in the tank. What was the capacity of the tank? 5. There are 25% more red marbles than blue marbles in a bag. After | removed 40% of the red marbles and increase the number of blue marbles by another 10%, there is now 70 lesser red marbles than blue marbles. Find the number of blue marbles at first, 6. Muthu’s salary was 10% less than Esther. After Muthu had a pay raise of 20% and Esther had a pay cut of 20%, Muthu's salary was $560 more than Esther's. Find the salary of Muthu in the end. Visit www.onsponge.com for solutions and more! Page 173 Name : Class Date : Construct: Multiplication In Percentage 7. A school library had 3 900 books. The number of Chinese, Malay and English books is in the ratio 4:3:6 respectively. When the school bought 510 new books, the number of Chinese books increased by 20% and the number of Malay books increased by 10%. Find the percentage increase in the number of English books. Forfull solution, visit 5 .www.onsponge.com iS 8. The ratio of Vernice’s weight to that of Nathaniel’s weight was 3 : 4. If Vernice’s weight were to increase by 40%, by what percentage must Nathaniel’s weight be increased or decreased so that their weight would be the same? 9. A rectangle is 25 cm long and 20 cm wide. Its length is now increased by 40% and its breadth is increased by 50%, find the perimeter of the new rectangle. thinkingMath@onSponge Page 174 Name : Class Date Construct: Multiplication In Percentage 10.A rectangle measures 20 cm by 16 cm. Its length and breadth are both increased by 25%. Find the percentage increase in its area. Forfull solution, visit a www.onsponge.com, 11. Mrs Ismal always spends 80% of her salary. Her salary for April was 20% less than that for March. As a result, her expenditure in April decreased by $640. What was Mrs Ismal's salary in April? 142.Mr Lim always spends 75% of his salary. His salary for May was 20% more than that for April. As a result, his expenditure in May increased by $450. What was his salary in May? Forfull solution, visit s wwww.ensponge.com N Visit www.onsponge.comfor solutions and more! Page 175 eee OVERLAPPING PERCENTAGE Example Some pupils went to watch a play and a musical. Some went only to the play or only to the musical, and some went to both. 75% of the pupils went to the musical, and 80% of the pupils went to the play. (a) What percentage of the pupils went to both the play and the musical? (b) If 40 more pupils went to the play only than to the musical only, how many pupils went to both the play and the musical? At first, Pupils who watched play — 80% Pupils who watched musical — 75% Total percentage initially + 80% + 75% As the total of = 155% the percentages (75% + 80%) (a) Percentage of pupils who went to both the musical and play —— a ae eS 155% —100% the two groups = 55% that overlaps. This group of . jis went to (b) Percentage of pupils who went to play only ey etal — 80% -55% and play. = 25% Percentage of pupils who went to musical only — 75% — 55% = 20% Difference in percentage of pupils who went to musical and play oe + 25% — 20% vad = 5% 5% — 40 1% > 4075 =8 Number of pupils who went to both musical and play — 55% 55 x8 = 440 440 pupils went to both the musical and play. ae +thinkingMath@onSponge Name : Class : Date : Try the following questions based on the example in 9. Construct: Overlapping Percentage 4. Ina streaming exercise, pupils were asked to choose 2 subjects, which was Grade ‘A Math or Grade B Math. 80% of the students chose Grade A Math, 35% of the pupils chose Grade B Math and 10% of the pupils chose neither subjects. Given that a total of 75 pupils actually chose both Grade A and Grade B Math, how many pupils were involved in the streaming exercise? 2. Ata funfair, the kids can choose to sit for a ride at the Mary-Go-Round and or the Too-too train with their complimentary coupons. 70% of the kids went for the Mary- Go-Round, 45% went for the Too-too train, but 10% of the kids did not go for any of the 2 rides. Given that a total of 75 kids went for both rides, how many kids did not go for any of the 2 rides? Visit www.onsponge.com for solutions and more! Page 177 Name Class : Date Construct: Overlapping Percentage 3. During a school survey, some pupils were asked to choose whether they like badminton and or table-tennis. 65% of the pupils chose badminton, 75% of the pupils chose table-tennis and 5% of the pupils did not choose any of the 2 sports. Given that a total of 90 pupils chose both badminton and table-tennis, how many pupils were involved in the survey? 4. A group of 200 pupils were interviewed to find out whether they enjoy swimming, jogging, swimming and jogging, or neither of the two sports. 82% of the pupils indicated that they liked swimming, 54% of them indicated that they liked jogging and 16% indicated that they did not like any of the two sports. How many pupils enjoyed both swimming and jogging? Forfull solution, visit x -www.onsponge.com \ +thinkingMath@onSponge Page 178 ER SA a Oe) Example If Cheryl sells a watch at a discount of 10% of the usual price, she will make a profit of $30. If she sells it at a discount of 30%, she will incur a loss of $10. Find the cost price of the watch In percentages At first, involving loss and Sells at 10% discount > sell at 90% of the usual selling price | profit it willbe Sells at 30% discount — sell at 70% of the usual selling price | important to Difference in the selling price > 20% — $30 + $10 remember what 20% — $40 each term means. . Profit refers to the 1% — $2 money made while loss is the money Cost price of watch + 90% ~ $30 or 70% + $10 lost; both are found — 90 x 2- $30 or 70 x2 + 10 by calculating the = $150 differences between the selling and cost prices, The watch cost $150. Try the following questions based on the example 9.5. Construct: Profit And Loss 4. If Kim Hock sells a collectable toy at a discount of 20% of the usual price, he will make a profit of $40. If he sells it at a discount of 40%, he will incur a loss of $45. Find the cost price of the collectable toy. Visit www.onsponge.com for solutions and more! Page 179 Name Class Date Construct: Profit And Loss 2. If Tommy sells a book at a discount of 10% of the usual price, he will make a loss of $15. If he sells it at a discount of 30%, he will incur a loss of $60. Find the cost price of the book. 3. If Mr Lim sells a washing machine at a mark-up price of 10% above its usual selling price, he will make a profit of $500. If he sells it at a discount of 20% of its usual selling price, he will incur a loss of $100. Find the cost price of the washing machine. +thinkingMath@onSponge Page 180 Name : Class : Date Construct: Profit And Loss 4. \f Rakesh sells a collectable figurine at a discount of 5% of the usual price, he will make a profit of $75. If he sells it at a discount ‘of 20%, he will still make a profit of $30. Find the cost price of the collectable figurine. Forfull solution, visit www.onsponge.com 5. If Jessica sells a puzzle at a discount of 10% of the usual price, she will make a profit of $40. If she sells it at a discount of 30%, she will still make a profit of $10. Find the cost price of the puzzle. Visit www.onsponge.com for solutions and more! Page 181 9.6__ KEY CONSTRU: PART-WHOLE RELATIONSHIP. Example Daniel spent 20% of his money on a pack of cartoon cards. He spent 75% of the remaining money on a game cartridge. (a) What fraction of his money was left? (b) If he was left with $9, how much money did Daniel have at first? Method 4 (Model Method) 20% — z and 75% — 3 © total Remainder «og *?7 8 cards Game cartridge left | 1 Recall what was covered under (a) Fraction of money left = — the chapter on __ fractions. 5 Whenever a percentage does not 9 represent the whole but what is 1 remaining behind or left behind, (b) e total — $9 the word problem can be classified under —Part-whole Total at first > 5 x $9 Concept. When the model can be = $45 easily divided, the Model Method may be suitable. Otherwise, the Branch Method is a good alternative. thinkingMath@onSponge Page 182 Alternatively, problems involving the Part-whole Concept can also be solved using the Branch Method. Method 2 (Branch Method) 4 (cartoon cards) By multiplying the fractions together, the 5 5 20 fraction that is 4412 representing the whole NX 5 20 3 3 Total 2 | 2xz= tric called the final fraction or vw a* 20 (game cart ne) can be calculated. For 12 4 example, 55 means BN that 12 parts out of the 4 14.4 entire total (20 parts) (Remainder) — —x— = — (left) was spent on the game 4 45 20 cartridge. 4_1 (a) Fraction of money left > >~ = = 20 5 (b) + total $9 mF 5 <> Total at first + 5 x $9 \' = $45 ova | Try the following questions based on the example in 9.6. Construct: Part-whole Relationship 1. Ramesh spent 30% of his money on a box of biscuits. He spent 70% of the remaining money on some donuts. (a) What fraction of his money did he spend on the donuts? (b) If he was left with $4.20, how much money did Ramesh have at first? Visit www.onsponge.com for solutions and more! Page 183 Name Class : Date Construct: Part-whole Relationship 2. Sharon spent 65% of her money on some cookies. She spent 80% of the remaining money on a box of crayons and the remaining $14 on a storybook. (a) What fraction of her money was spent on the storybook? (b) How much money did Sharon have at first? 3 Dinesh spent 60% of his money on some books. He spent 25% of the remaining money on a box of paint and 50% of what was left on some magazines. (a) What fraction of his money was left? (b) Given that the books cost $36 more than the magazines, find the sum of money Dinesh had at first. Forfull solution, visit 4 — a 10 5 sys PR (each box cut into 2 parts) cris RT difference (each box cut into 3 parts) To makes the boxes the same sizes, the model representing boys is divided into 2 equal parts each 0 35 +35 10 parts for boys is now subdivided into 20 parts. For the girls, the 5 parts is sub-divided into 15 parts. The shaded portion represents the part of the fraction that is equal Total» 35[ ] — 35 pupils = 1 pupil Difference between boys and girls > 5{] 5x1 = 5 pupils There are 5 more boys than girls at the gathering Method 2 Using the Unitary Method, instead of 3 2. drawing a model, we use the concept of qo = Bans equivalent fractions and make both the numerators the same. Comparing with S boys + © gins the above model, you will realize that the aan boys 8 anita new fraction of wie Tovincides with Total girls — 15 units the model above as well. However, it is Total pupils 35 units > 35 \ far more efficient and saves more time. unit +1 Difference between boys and girls 5 units E & 5x1 P. =5 \ “var +hinkingMath@onSponge Page 190 Name : Class : Date : Try the following questions based on the example in 9.7. i Construct: Equal Fractions 4. 45% of Calvin’s stickers is equal to 25% of Brian's stickers. If Brian has 32 more stickers than Calvin, what is the total number of stickers Calvin and Brian have? 2. Joanna had $125 more than Kelvin. Joanna spent 65% of her money and Kelvin spent 40% of his money. In the end, Kelvin and Joanna had the same amount of money left. Find the amount of money Joanna had at first. Visit www.onsponge.com for solutions and more! Page 191 Name Class : Date : Construct: Equal Fractions 3. At the school hall, there were 510 lesser boys than girls. After 60% of the boys and 90% of the girls left the hall for recess, there was an equal number of boys and girls that remained inside the hall. Find the total number of pupils remaining in the hall in the end. Forfull solution, visit 5 jww.onsponge.com 4. Rahim had $85 more than Carena. Rahim spent 90% of his money and Carina spent 60% of her money. In the end, Carena had twice as much money as Rahim. Find the amount of money Rahim had at first. +hinkingMath(@onSponge Page 192 Name : Class : Date : Construct: Equal Fractions 5. Mrs Goh baked a total of 350 cheese and chocolate muffins cookies. After giving away 80% of the chocolate muffins and 75%of the cheese muffins, she was left with twice as many chocolate muffins as cheese muffins. Find the number of chocolate muffins that Mrs Goh gave away. Forfull solution, visit 4 wwwi.onsponge.com 6. There were 90 more boys than girls at a school funfair. After 80% of the boys and 30% of the girls left the funfair, there were twice as many girls as boys left behind. Find the number of pupils at the funfair at first. Visit www.onsponge.com for solutions and more! Page 193 eee EXTERNAL UNCHANGED Example In a basket, 40% are oranges and the rest are apples. After | gave away 15 oranges, the oranges will drop to 20%. How many apples and oranges are there in the basket altogether in the end? In using the Unitary Method, instead of drawing a model, the concept of equivalent fractions is used and this makes the number of units for apples the same since the number of apples remains unchanged Method (Unitary Method) 40% — 2 and 20% > + 5 5 Oranges 2 units (40%) x 4 — 8 units Apples 3 units (60%) x 4 — 12 units Oranges 1 unit (20%) x 3 3 units Apples 4 units (80%) x 3 12 units Therefore, after making the units (apples) the same, Decrease in oranges — 5 units + 15 1 unit 15+5 = 3 Total fruits left + 15 units > 15x3 = 45 There are 45 fruits in the basket in the end. +hinkingMath@onSponge Page 194 Name : Class : Date ‘Try the following questions based on the example in 9.8. Construct: External Unchanged 4. Ina class, 60% are boys. After 5 girls leave the class, the percentage of girls will decrease to 30%. How many pupils are there in the class in the end? 2. Ona bus, there were 40% as many children as adults. After 22 adults alighted from the bus, the percentage of children increased to 60%. How many children were there in the bus? Forfull solution, visit 4 www.onsponge.com Visit WWw.onsponge.com for solutions and more! Page 195 Name : Class : Date : Construct: External Unchanged 3. If | add another 40 lemons into a basket of fruits, the percentage of lemons in the basket will increase from 30% to 50%. How many lemons do | have in the basket at first? 4. A telematch took place among a group of boys and girls. Midway, another 20 girls joined in the telematch and the percentage of girls will increase from 40% to 55%. How many boys were at the telematch? Forfull solution, visit x -www.onsponge.com +thinkingMath @onSponge Page 196 Example ads Na Jenny has 25% as many stickers as Melissa and 20% less stickers than Bernard. If they have a total of 125 stickers, how many stickers does Jenny have? Method (Unitary Method) Jenny ‘unit (25%) x4— 4 units Melissa 4 units (100%) x 4 — 16 units Jenny units (80%) — —>4 units Bernard 5 units (100%) — 5 units Therefore, combining the two, we have: Jenny — 4 units Melissa —16 units Bernard — 5 units Total — 25 units + 125 1 unit — 125+ 25 =5 Total stickers Jenny has — 4 units 4x5 = 20 Jenny has 20 stickers. In using the Unitary Method, instead of drawing a model, the concept of equivalent fractions is used to make the repeated individual (Jenny) the same units. It is far more efficient and saves more time Try the following questions based on the example in 9.9. Construct: Repeated Identity 1. Ramesh has 30% more cards than Arun and 40% less cards than Jody. If they have a total of 402 cards, how many cards does Jody have? Visit www.onsponge.com for solutions and more! Page 197 Name : Class Date : Construct: Repeated Identity 2. David has 10% less cookies than lan but 40% more cookies than Rauf. If they have a total of 890 cookies, how many cookies does lan have? 3. Fiona scored 25% higher than Helen but 10% lower than Daniel for an IQ test. If Daniel scored 28 marks higher than Helen, what was Fiona’s score for the test? +hinkingMath@onSponge Page 198 Name : Class : Date Construct: Repeated Identity 4. There are 40% as many boys as girls and 20% more adults than children at a party. Given that there are 34 more adults than girls, how many people were at the party altogether? Forfull solution, visit 1 unit 8 Number of stickers Tammy had at first + 3 units 3x8 = 24 Tammy had 24 stickers at first. Try the following questions based on the example 9.10. Construct: Unchanged Total 4. In an express train, the number of adults is 70% more than the number of children. After 125 adults had alighted from the express train and 125 children had boarded the express train, there are now 20% lesser adults than children. How many adults were there in the express train in the end? Visit www.onsponge.com for solutions and more! Page 201 Name Class : Date Construct: Unchanged Total 2. Jacintha wanted to fix her animal puzzle. On the first day, she managed to fix 45% of the puzzle. On the second day, she fixed another 60 pieces of the puzzle. As a result, 75% of the puzzle was fixed. How many pieces did the puzzle consist of? Forfull solution, visit ww.onsponge.com 3. Moses wanted to fix his Power Ranger puzzle. On the first day, he managed to fix 20% of the puzzle. On the second day, he fixed another 44 pieces of the puzzle. As a result, the number of fixed pieces became 80% of the unfixed pieces. How many pieces did Moses’ puzzle consist of? thinkingMath@onSponge Page 202 Name Class Date : Construct: Unchanged Total 4. Gerald was reading a storybook. After a week, he managed to read 40% of the book. After another two weeks, he managed to read another 60 pages. By that time, he would have read 80% of the book. How many pages were there in the storybook? 5. Samuel was reading a storybook. The number of pages he had read was 40% of the number of pages he had not read. If he reads another 22 pages, he would have read 60% of the book. How many pages are there in the storybook? Forfull solution, visit jww.onsponge.com Visit www.onsponge.com for solutions and more! Page 203 Name : Class : Date : Construct: Unchanged Total 6. Three friends Cherie, Daniel and Elias shared a present for their teacher. Cherie paid 50% of the total share of Daniel and Elias. Daniel paid 30% of the total share of Cherie and Elias. If Elias paid $32 more than Daniel, how much did the present cost? 7. Three brothers Gerald, Xavier and Joshua shared a box of cookies. Gerald took 45% of the cookies. Xavier took 25% of the cookies taken by Gerald and Joshua. If Gerald took 25 more cookies than Xavier, how many cookies did the box contain at first? Forfull solution, visit 3 .weww.onsponge.com +hinkingMath@onSponge Page 204 9.11 KEY CONSTRUCT: CONSTANT DIFFERENCE Example At a funfair, there were 60% as many adults as children. After 40 children and 40 adults left the funfair, there were 40% as many adults as children. How many adults were at the funfair at first? Method (Unitary Method) At first Adults 3. units (60%) x3 9 units Children 5 units (100%) x 3 — 15 units Difference 2 units In the end Adults 2 units (40%) x2— 4units Children 5 units (100%) x 2 > 10 units Difference 3 units Since an equal number of adults and children left the funfair, we will make the difference in units the same. Decrease in units each — 5 units — 40 dunit > 40+5 = 8 Number of adults at first 9 units 9x8 eg = 72 > There were 72 adults at first. Oe! | Since an equal number of adults and children left, the difference between the adults and children before and after the change must remain the same. As there are two sets of units and the absence of such phrase “whole number more than or less than”, the Unitary Method is preferred. Using the principle of common multiple, the difference in units before and after is made the same. Visit www.onsponge.com for solutions and more! Page 205 Name Class Date : Try the following questions based on the example 9.11. Construct: Constant Difference 4. In aclass, 30% were boys. After another 9 girls and 9 boys joined the class, there were 60% as many boys as girls. How many pupils were there in the class in the end? 2. Alan had 75% as much money as Kumar. After Alan and Kumar each donated $400 to charity, Alan had 25% as much money as Kumar. Find the sum of money Alan had at first. +hinkingMath@onSponge Page 206 Name : Class : Date Construct: Constant Difference 3. There were 1 680 pupils in school X and 20% more pupils in school Y. When an equal number of pupils left each school, the ratio of the pupils in school X became 60% that of School Y. How many pupils are there in school X in the end? Forfull solution, visit x swww.onsponge.com \ 4. Shop X had 4 as many shirts as Shop Y. After both shops sold 75 shirts each, Shop X was left with 55% as many shirts as Shop Y. Find the number of shirts Shop X had in the end. Visit www.onsponge.com for solutions and more! Page 207 Name: Class : Date : Construct: Constant Difference 5. The figure is made up of two squares of different sizes. The area of the small square is 40% of the area of the big square. A shaded area a 20 cm? is being removed. The area of the unshaded smaller square is now i the area of the unshaded bigger square. Find the area of the smaller square. Forfull solution, visit www.onsponge.com 6. Alexander is 40% as old as his brother. In 21 years’ time, he will be 75% as old as his brother. How old is Alexander now? +hinkingMath@onSponge Page 208 CHANGED. Example A box contained some square and round cookies. 40% of these cookies are round. After removing 55 square and 10 round cookies, the number of square cookies became 70% as much as the round cookies. How many cookies were there in the box at first? “Use a different label for the different sets of ratios (units and parts) to differentiate the different quantities they represent. “By making the end ratios (parts) the same, identical models are drawn to compare the difference in the units. “» Whenever there is a negative quantity, it is represented on the model of the other person or quantity. Square Round - x10, 2 units (60%) 2 units (40%) Omerat deer ey ae = 55 —=10_ 7. replaced with parts to represent 7 parts 10 parts the different sizes. Since (70%) (100%) nothing remains constant in such problems, the way to ~ solve this type of problem is to Square | 30 units 10.x7 (Round) make the end (parts) the same : by use of common multiple. A Round | ‘units | 55x10 (Square) model representing the ‘same oun number of parts for each amount is drawn, From here, 70 parts the different units and numbers involved can be compared the length Therefore, 16 units —» 550-70 eee 1 unit > 480 + 16 = 30 Number of cookies at first + 5 units = 5x30 = 150 Visit Www.onsponae.com for solutions and more! Pane 209 Name Class : Date Try the following questions based on the example in 9.12. Construct: External Changed 4. A box contained some twenty-cent and fifty-cent coins in the ratio 3:4. When 10 fifty-cent coins were taken out and replaced by twenty-cent coins, the ratio becomes 7:5. Find the sum of money in the box at first. 2. At first, Elias had 45% as many stickers as Ramesh. After Elias bought another 39 stickers and Ramesh bought another 20 stickers, Elias now has 75% as many stickers as Ramesh. Find the number of stickers that Elias had at first. Forfull solution, visit * www.onsponge.com x paez0 +hinkingMath@onSponge Name : Class : Date Construct: External Changed 3. Last year, the enrolment of School X was 90% that of school Y. This year, the enrolment of school X decreased by 220 while that of school Y increased by 200. In the end, the enrolment of school X is 70% that of school Y this year, what was the enrolment of each school last year? 4. Daniel's savings was 75% as much as Annabel. After Annabel saved another $40 and Daniel saved another $20, Daniel's savings became 3 as much as Annabel’s savings. Find Daniel's savings at first. Visit www.onsponge.com for solutions and more! Page 211 Name Class Date Construct: External Changed 5. A farmer had 2 as many chickens as ducks at first. After selling 50 chickens and 8 ducks, he had 25% as many chickens as ducks. How many ducks did the farmer have at first? Forfulll solution, visit 5 -

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