Overview on the Impact, Interactions and

Challenges faced by AC Transmission Protection

Systems with HVDC Technology
Emily Maggioli Motaz Ayiad Helder Leite Adriano Carvalho
Faculty of Engineering SCADA R&D Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Engineering
University of Porto EFACEC University of Porto University of Porto
Porto, Portugal Porto, Portugal Porto, Portugal Porto, Portugal
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—The present paper is a review on the impact of on the use of HVDC technology; Section V provides a
HVDC networks and technology on existing HVAC Transmission summary of suggested research questions the field; Section
system protection. The first goal is to provide an overview of the VI contains the final remarks on the presented work.
impact and interactions of HVDC technology (DC protection and
VSC-HVDC) on connected AC transmission network protection II. G ENERIC T RANSMISSION P ROTECTION
system. The second is a list of the main challenges faced by AC
protections, followed by an overview of some of the research open This section provides an overview of typical protections
points from the study of the interactions. used in AC transmission networks and close to HVDC links.
Index Terms—HVAC, Power System Protection, HVDC, VSC- A. AC transmission protection
HVDC, Interactions, Challenges, Energy Transmission, AC-DC
networks The typical protection functions available in AC transmis-
sion protection are [5]–[9]:
I. I NTRODUCTION • Over/under current protection: Protection function based
on the comparison of a current threshold;
Proliferation of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) tech- • Over/under voltage protection: Protection function based
nology has increased through the application of the Voltage on the comparison of a voltage threshold;
Source Converters (VSC-HVDC), given the breakthrough in • Distance protection: Measure the distance between the
Isolated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) voltage rating and fault and the relay location, calculating the impedance
control, thus overcoming a lot of the limitations posed by Line based on local current and voltage measurements;
Commutated Converters (LCC) [1], [2]. Given the advantages • Differential protection: Principle based on the first Kirch-
of HVDC in energy transmission over long distances and hoff law (the sum of all incoming currents in a defined
controllability, there has and will be an evolution towards the zone are null).
co-existence of both HVAC and HVDC Transmission networks
[3]. HVDC technology is used in the integration of renewable B. AC transmission protection - Portuguese example
sources (e.g. Offshore Wind Power Plants) and connection This section provides a brief overview on the protection
between countries’ grids (e.g. towards Supergrid concept) to struture and schemes used by the Portuguese TSO based
overcome current transmission network congestion [3], [4]. on [10], [11]. The protection system is composed by 3
In this area, despite the ongoing developments, it is of autonomous protection systems named SPT1, SPT2 and SPT3.
interest to understand the impact of an increase in HVDC links On the one hand, SPT1 and STP2 are panel protections and
on the existing AC networks. The present work focuses on protect a specific element of the network. On the other hand,
presenting the challenges faced by AC transmission protection SPT3 contains global protection functions of a substation. In
systems in this context, listing the main interaction and impact each SPT is contained one or more protection functions (gener-
studies between them and VSC-HVDC and HVDC networks, ically described in the previous sub-section). SPT1 and SPT2
which is the main contribution of this paper. work in parallel with the same objective, so they are usually
This paper is organized in the following sections: Section from different suppliers and/or have distinct algorithms, to
II provides and overview on typical protection schemes used ensure the redundancy of the protection system.
in transmission networks and in the connection with HVDC Below is a list of some of the protection functions used by
links; Section III lists the main interactions and impact of the Portuguese TSO (with ANSI numbers [12]):
VSC-HVDC/HVDC networks on AC protections, having cat- • Differential protection (ANSI 87): Line differential (87L),
egorized these based on the literature review; Section IV lists auto-transformer differential (87T), restricted earth fault
the main challenges faced by protections nowadays, focused (87N) and bus differential (87B);

978-1-7281-4878-6/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 2221

 • Distance protection (ANSI 21): Mho characteristic, in Fig. 2), the first will produce current magnitudes in the
quadrilateral characteristic and quadrilateral with load range of 4-6 p.u. almost instantaneously. On the other hand,
encroachment; the converter is limited by thermal rating of its components,
• Phase over-current (ANSI 51): Defined time and current so it only produces 1.2-2 p.u. (typical value is 1.5 p.u.) with a
dependent time; time delay and a particular ramp rate - settings defined in the
• Overcurrent based on negative sequence currents compo- controller [15], [16]. These parameters are defined within each
nent (ANSI 46); converter current limitation control strategies. Some examples
• Over-voltage (ANSI 69). of these strategies are: i) Constant reactive power; ii) Balanced
current; iii) Constant reactive power control; which were
C. AC protection close to HVDC links
analysed in [15], [17], [18]. The majority of the remaining
The protection of HVDC converter stations can be divided studies did not focus on this point and used one control
into 2 groups: i) conventional protections, which can be found methods during their research (e.g. reactive power support).
in any AC substation; ii) non-conventional protection, that
refers to protections specifically applied for HVDC connec-
tions - also known as Special Protection Schemes (SPS) [6].
Examples of specific protections are those applied to the AC
filter and transformer close to VSC-HVDC stations, which can
be found in [6]. In Fig. 1 is a representation of the typical
protection setup use for a single end VSC-HVDC station.

Fig. 2. Fault response example of SG (a) and VSC-HVDC (b) for a fault at
t = 0.3s [14]

The network code requires that the current output from the
converters should be capable of being unbalanced in response
to unbalanced faults (produce negative sequence current) and
balanced in response to balanced faults (produce positive
sequence current). A detailed overview on these requirements
is covered by the authors in [15]. Another consideration is
the Fault Ride Through (FRT) capability, which is a require-
Fig. 1. Typical VSC-HVDC transmission scheme protection [6]
ment for TSOs [19], [20], was considered in the assessment
performed in [18].
III. I NTERACTION AND I MPACT OF HVDC ON AC The above mentioned points for VSC-HVDC control and
P ROTECTION requirements are taken into consideration when assessing the
From the information gathered in the literature review it was impact of the converters on the existing AC network protection
possible to organise the interactions and/or impact between relays during short-circuits (balanced and/or unbalanced). The
AC protection and VSC-HVDC/HVDC into the following 9 majority of studies found focus on distance protection function
categories. (zone 1, zone 2, zone 3) in both Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL)
and simulation environments [15], [17], [18], [21]–[25]. There
A. VSC-HVDC AC fault response (control) were a couple of past studies which covered other protection
The converter’s fault response is defined, predominantly, by: functions (overcurrent, FID, directional) with Type-4 Gen-
1. Controller; 2. Thermal rating of components; 3. Source/Feed erator models (full VSC-HVDC connected wind generator)
capabilities behind the converter [2], [13]. The controller through simulation [26], [27].
defines the contribution in terms of current magnitude (max- For distance protection the general finding was that VSC-
imum fault current), fault current type (positive or negative HVDC control can lead to the increase of fault response time,
sequence) and delay response time (converters cannot response fault impedance calculation fall within the next protection zone
instantaneously like Synchronous Generators (SG)) [14], [15]. (e.g. fault in zone 1 is seen as fault in zone 2) [23] [22].
Comparing the SG and VSC-HVDC fault response (example In some cases the relay does not operate, because of non-

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conventional short-circuit characteristics [17], [18], [24]. The C. Short-Circuit Ratio (SCR) with HVDC-links
general agreement between the studies is that the converter When analyzing the impact of VSC-HVDC on the system
control has an impact on the protection performance, as it SCR the analysis can be broken down into: 1) VSC-HVDC
affects the fault level response. The study presented in [23] link impact (micro view); 2) Multiple VSC-HVDC connecting
identified a boundary for the impact of other relays in the DG in Power Systems (macro view).
network. However, in [22] the HVDC control is shown to From a macro view, just the VSC-HVDC connection to the
improve the system protective functions and reduce the impact AC system has minimal impact on SCR, thus for this reason
of contingencies (load shedding). only there is no impact on the protection settings [6] [5].
The research converge towards a common suggestion for However, from a macro point of view, with the combination
further testing with different commercial relays (settings) and of decommissioning of SG and the introduction of converter
different protection functions (e.g. differential, over-current, interfaced sources (e.g. renewable sources), this will lead to
frequency), given the focus of most of the studies on distance a decrease in the system strength, which results in a SCR
protection. It should be noted that the impact of the converter level reduction. Lower SCR leads to wider and deeper voltage
will be higher in scenarios considering the converter points depressions during and after faults, which limits the voltage
as the only source contributing during the fault, which is also ride through (FRT) of the system (voltage stability) [28].
considered the worse case scenario as the fault level is lower Additionally, there is an decrease in the overall inertia of the
[15]. system (traditionally covered by SG), which causes dynamic
As a way of pre-determining possible risk of interaction issues and affects protection operation [5].
between new HVDC links and existing HVAC networks, [16]
proposes a model for calculating this risk, which is applied to D. Network compensation techniques and impact on fault
part of the French grid. The example used a planned HVDC response – combined effect with VSC-HVDC
link in this and the risk assessment was performed using an As presented in section III-C, there is an impact of HVDC
analytical approach based on Multi Infeed Interaction Factor on the power system’s SCR, which requires new proposal
(MIIF), identifying the risk of interactions between several for compensation, such as Inertia Emulators and Synchronous
components. This could be a usefull consideration for focusing Condensers (SC) [17] [29].
on particular component interactions. In [17], a combined Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) tests for
SC and VSC-HVDC impact on the Point of Common Coupling
(PCC), to confirm if there is an improvement of using SC with
B. Protection settings and system stability various converter control strategies. In a general perspective
the SC helps retain the relay behaviour under unbalanced
Modern power systems contain variable operating condi-
faults, but it is very dependent on the control characteristics,
tions and characteristics. If protection settings are not adequate
covered Section III-A.
for the new characteristics of the Power System it can lead to
long fault clearing time, if it exceeds the Critical Clearing E. DC grid contingencies and DC network fault clearance and
Time (CTT) the system can enter the instability area [23]. restoration
The studies covered in Section III-A, suggest longer op- Based on [30], DC protection contingencies can be broken
erating times for some interaction scenarios between VSC- down into: i) Converter failure; ii) DC protection actuation.
HVDC and protection functions. This raises the point about the From the perspective of the DC protection actuation it will
collaboration between engineers who perform stability studies depend on the protection philosophy which can be: 1) Fully
and protection engineers to contribute towards developing Selective; 2) Partially selective; 3) Non-selective [31]. The
more adequate protection settings [4]. non-selective philosophy is commonly applied to Point-to-
From the review presented by authors in [28] collates point HVDC links and it relies on the AC Circuit Breaker to
results from many stability studies of AC by the interaction clear the fault [31]. This is achieved through communication
with VSC-HVDC. There were studies performed on small between the converter and the closest AC side protective relay
disturbance angle stability which used realistic models of (SPS) [6]. Considering the philosophy 1, based on results from
AC grids and found that VSC-HVDC have a large influence [30], the protection actuation is typically in the order of a few
on host AC system inter-area stability, although this is also milliseconds (see Fig. 3). This means it will have insignificant
dependant on the system strength. This raises questions about impact on the connecting AC grid, if fast power restoration
the impact/interaction with protections and the possibility of is achieved, as the time frames and rate of change of DC
cascaded failure. protection are faster than AC protection.
In [11], which is based on the Portuguese TSO failure
data, the incorrect parameters/settings for protective relays are F. Harmonics and resonance
defined as one of the failure modes in the network. This con- Harmonic and resonance phenomena can occur in the
firms the concerns raised in [4]. The method proposed by [23] presence of HVDC and Flexible AC Transmission Systems
aims at helping protection engineers identify protective device (FACTS) connected to an AC grid [32]. Resonance phenomena
settings which require revision due to HVDC interaction. can be caused under two conditions: close proximity of HVAC

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 is standardized, by using a “soft-start” resistor to charge the
DC capacitors and start the converter - otherwise shunted. For
the stop or shut-down procedures, these are vendor dependant
and will vary with the application [6].

I. Ground Loop
Ground loop currents can appear in the case of mono-pole
or bi-pole HVDC schemes in the case of a ground return.
This will not be an issue if the earthing electrode is properly
Fig. 3. Selective DC protection strategy using fast DC breakers [30] located. However, if this is not the case, these currents could
lead to half-wave saturation of the iron core of the transformer
between the VSC-HVDC AC side and the AC network. These
and HVDC cables or through the converter connected to an currents will cause harmonics and current distortion, which
AC grid [32], [33]. However, the first is out of the scope of in worse case, could overcome the frequency protection and
this work and for this reason not covered in this section. damage the shunt capacitor bank [5].
In [6] is presented an example of the harmonic interference
in the Mackinac VSC-HVDC HVDC station, which measured IV. AC P ROTECTION CHALLENGES
a large frequency distortion (approx. 13.4 kHz) in communica- This section lists the main challenges in AC power system
tion channel of an adjacent substation. This was a result of the protection with the increase integration of HVDC into the
switching frequency in the controller Pulse-Width Modulation networks.
(PWM) circuit, which was causing communication failures in
the Power Line Carrier (PLC) at the adjacent substation. The A. Change in Power System characteristics with increase
solution in this case consisted in installing a modified filter converter based connections
which met the project distortion limits.
The study model presented in [34] describes the impact One of the main challenges for protection relays are the
of harmonics on protective relays. Harmonics in the current changes in power system characteristics, which affect the
signal (1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th) may impact the performance System’s SCR, inertia, frequency stability and the rate of
of current related relays, such as overcurrent or differential change of network parameters. These changes will have an
protection. Differently, harmonics in both current and voltage effect on relays, leading to mis-operation, longer response
signals (1st and 3rd) may impact the performance of voltage times or no operation [4] (also see Section III). There are more
related protection, such as directional and distance protection. effects with regards to system stability, which are discussed
These harmonics can be introduced by the switching of the in [4], [28], however they are out of the scope for this paper.
Distributed Energy Resources (DER) - intermittent behaviour The authors in [36] alert to the limited data on conventional
- and raw signals distortion passing through the measurement protection schemes operating in low inertia and low fault level
equipment (Current Transformers (CT), Voltage Transformers systems. Besides the grid characteristics, new components
(VT)). Distortion in the measured signals, which are the input such as inertia emulators and SC are being introduced into
for the protection control system, directly affect the relay the network as could have an effect on protection performance
operation. However, in [6] suggests that there is not a high [17].
risk of interaction given the preventive measures such as filters
B. VSC-HVDC fault response control and Grid code specifi-
and improved control in the state of the art network topologies
cations
and converters.
There is no standardized response of the VSC-HVDC to
G. Hybrid faults (HVAC and HVDC) AC faults because it is ad-hoc solution (specific to the HVDC
Due to proximity and future co-existence of HVDC and connection and supplier) and also the requirements in the Grid
HVAC lines, there is new form of faults which can occur – Code are non-specific in the exact contribution. It is up to each
hybrid faults. An example can be the result of the short circuit TSO to incorporate and manage what the response limits can
between the two cables or resonance due to proximity, however be [4], [14]. The authors in [4] have even raised the point
there is currently no specific protection for this kind of fault of having a standardizing authority to support the uniformity
[6], [35]. There has been some investigation on how this is throughout TSOs (e.g. Fault Ride Through - FRT), similarly to
perceived and how it could possibly be handled by existing NERC in North America. Despite various studies of the fault
network protection systems covered in [33], [35]. response on protection (mainly focused distance protection),
exact times and values are not specific in the code. This creates
H. HVDC link start/stop seen by AC grid a challenge for defining protection parameters and anticipating
To the authors’ best knowledge, there are no reported the VSC-HVDC response [13], [14]. Challenges also lie in
incidents on the negative interaction of the HVDC normal performing studies, as there are many combinations of relay
condition start/stop with AC protections. The startup procedure settings/types with converter topologies and control strategies.

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C. DC Protection strategies and regulation V. R ESEARCH OPEN POINTS
DC protections are not as established as AC protections, This section presents, based on the literature review, a list
given requirements are still being discussed towards mutliven- of some of the gaps and questions which remain unanswered
dor solution, as described in [31]. The challenge for existing or require more data to support the findings. Below are listed
AC protection is that there is an unknown factor of DC fault some of the research open points raised:
clearing and the interaction with AC network, despite some of 1) DC Protection requirements and interaction of new
the findings suggest the impact is insignificant if the fault is DC technology with AC protection: Particularly fully
cleared and the normal operation restored [30]. selective and partially selective, as the non-selective
philosophy is considered already known;
D. HVDC topology and control 2) Detailed AC network modelling in stability studies be-
Most of the experience and tests performed of HVDC links tween AC and DC networks, as most of the studies
and protections consider Point-to-point connections. However, simplify the network;
there is an emerging trend with the use of Multi-terminal DC 3) ENTSO-E network code requirements: Provide further
(MTDC) type HVDC links, given advantages in case of a DC detailed requirements for the VSC-HVDC AC fault
fault the DC link is not de-energised, contrary to what happens response in order to support more integrated grids from
with the first [19]. There is a challenge here for protection different TSOs;
given that droop-control is applied to MTDC grids [29], [37], 4) Further testing on the interaction between AC Protec-
which could have an effect on protections under normal or tion and VSC-HVDC, as there are many scenarios not
fault conditions. considered (e.g. assumptions made about the supply
Recent studies on harmonic transfer through HVDC links availability of DC during AC faults). It is also necessary
using VSC-HVDC are covered in [38], [39], given that LCC to have more data (more relay settings and types) to
is already well understood [5]. In the presence of certain support findings from researchers.
conditions, such as unbalanced operation and faults, the AC From analysing the procedures in the studies from the
can excite resonance into DC networks which can be propa- literature review, it was also possible to summarize the test
gated into connected AC systems [38]. However these studies case considerations into 3 blocks, which are represented in
are not focused on protection performance, so the challenge Fig. 4. This aims at helping future researchers in designing
would be to assess if existing protection is robust in these their test cases.
scenarios, given that each generation of converters has a
different harmonic footprint [39].

E. Protection settings and system stability

In [4], the concern is raised about the effect of new grid
conditions with DER and network connections, which could
lead to grid instability due to long fault clearing times. This
raises the question about relay settings for current grids and
that there should be a collaboration between stability study
Engineers and Protection Engineers to develop good settings.

F. Co-existing technologies: Relays, converters and AC-DC

technology
With the rapid change in Power System and the technologies Fig. 4. Considerations for test cases for interaction studies between of
protection and VSC-HVDC/HVDC networks
used,result in the co-existence of different technologies. In
modern power systems numerical relays are the state-of-the-
art technology used in protection, and the focus in most VI. F INAL R EMARKS
studies. However, it is important to also consider existing This work provided an overview of the trends, challenges
legacy electromechanical relays which co-exist with numerical faced by AC protections in Transmission networks. A cat-
relays and the emerging HVDC connections [14]. This idea egorization of the impact and interactions of HVDC links,
can also be applied to converters, with the increase of HVDC focused on VSC-HVDC, with AC network protections was
connections and DC networks, there is also the co-existence made, providing an overview of the findings so far. Finally, a
of different converter topologies such (e.g. LCC, MMC, VSC- list of some of the research questions raised and considerations
HVDC) [6]. One other consideration is the possibility of the for designing test cases in the work ahead.
having HVAC and HVDC routed in the same tower or in close
proximity, which can result in inter-system fault, presenting a ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
challenge for protection systems in both AC and DC [33], The current research is done as part of the InnoDC (In-
[35]. novative Tools for Offshore Wind and DC grids) project.

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